PRESENTATION

™ Introduction

™ Planning

™ Design

Reference: Low-Water Crossings: Geomorphic, Biological, and

Engineering Design Considerations; USDA-Forest Service; October 2006

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 INTRODUCTION

¾Types

¾Definitions

¾Benefits

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 TYPES

¾Unvented Fords

¾Vented Fords

¾Low-Water Bridges

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 DEFINITIONS

¾ Unvented Fords
ƒ Unimproved
ƒ Improved

Unimproved Improved
¾ Vented Fords
• Low Vent-Area Ratio
• High Vent-Area Ratio
Low High

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 DEFINITIONS

¾ Entrenchment Ratio (ER)

• ER = Flood Prone Width / Bankfull Width
Where Flood Prone Depth = 2 x Bankfull Depth

¾ Vent-Area Ratio (VAR)

• High: Vent Opening Area ≥ Bankfull Area
• Low: Vent Opening < Bankfull Area
High Low

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 LOW-WATER CROSSING TYPES

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 LOW-WATER CROSSING TYPES

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 LOW-WATER CROSSING TYPES

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UNVENTED SIMPLE UNIMPROVED FORD

Okanagan National Forest - Washington

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 UNVENTED IMPROVED FORD

Plumas National Forest - California

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 UNVENTED IMPROVED FORD

Bighom National Forest - Wyoming

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 UNVENTED IMPROVED FORD

Bighorn National Forest - Wyoming

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 UNVENTED IMPROVED FORD

Tonto National Forest - Colorado

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 BENEFITS

¾Lower Construction Cost

¾Less Channel/Flood Plain Impact

¾Adaptability

¾Stormproofing – Overtoppable Structures

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 PLANNING

¾Evaluation

¾Appropriateness

¾Safety

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 EVALUATION

¾Whole Road

¾Watershed Context

¾Entrenchment Ratio

¾Acknowledging Risk

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 ENTRENCHMENT RATIOS

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 ENTRENCHMENT RATIOS

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 APPROPRIATENESS

¾ Access Priority/Alternative Route

¾ Traffic
ƒ Speed
ƒ Count
¾ Water Flows
ƒ Variability
ƒ High-Flow Duration
ƒ High-Flow Frequency
¾ Debris Loading
¾ Channel Entrenchment

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 SELECTION FACTORS

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 SELECTION CRITERIA

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 VENTED IMPROVED FORD

Fremont National Forest - Oregon

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 VENTED FORD WITH CONCRETE BOX
CULVERT

Eldorado National Forest - California

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 VENTED FORD WITH CONCRETE BOX
CULVERTS

Ouachita National Forest - Arkansas

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 LOW WATER BRIDGE VENTED FORD

Ouachita National Forest - Arkansas

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 CONCRETE BOX CULVERT VENTED
FORD

Plumas National Forest - California

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 FISH LADDER

Plumas National Forest - California

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 DESIGN

¾Site Compatibility

¾Design Development

¾Design Analysis

¾Traffic Controls

¾Water Quality Protection

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 SITE COMPATIBILITY

¾ Straight, Stable, Moderately Broad, Moderatey

Entrenched
¾ Conform to the Natural Channel Shape and
Elevation
¾ Maintain Fish and Aquatic Organism Passage
¾ Maintain Natural Streamed Substrate Material,
Roughness, Slope, and Form
¾ Provide a High Vent-Area Ratio

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 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

¾Surveying

¾Geotechnical Engineering

¾Environmental Evaluation

¾Hydrologic Analysis

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 DESIGN ANALYSIS

¾Geometric Design

¾Hydraulic Analysis and Design

¾Scour and Bank Protection

¾Material Selection

¾Structural Design

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 CONCRETE VENTED FORD

Mt. Baker – Snoqualmie National Forest - Washington

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 VENTED FORD WITH TIMBER BOX
CULVERT

Superior National Forest - Minnesota

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 VENTED FORD WITH CONCRETE BOX
CULVERT

Plumas National Forest - California

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 CONCRETE VENTED FORD

Mark Twain National Forest - Missouri

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 CONCRETE VENTED FORD

Shawnee National Forest - Illinois

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 LOW WATER BRIDGE VENTED FORD

Osceola National Forest - Florida

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 SIX FEET UNDER WATER

Osceola National Forest - Florida

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 TRAFFIC CONTROLS AND SAFETY

¾ Good Sight Distance

¾ Markers

¾ Signage

¾ Curbing

¾ Public Risk/Awareness

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 WATER QUALITY PROTECTION

¾ During Construction
ƒ Dewatering
ƒ Erosion/Sediment Controls

¾ After Construction
ƒ Direct Road Surface Water
ƒ Erosion/Sediment Controls
ƒ Inspect and Maintain

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 CONCRETE VENTED FORD

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 EXAMPLE OF OVERTOPPING

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 Questions?

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