2018

HERIOT-WATT UNIVERSITY

INSTITUTE OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERING

ECLIPSE TUTORIAL 1

(3D 2-Phase)

A Prepare an input data file for simulating the performance of a two-phase (water/oil) reservoir.
The model will have a regular shape, with two wells at opposite corners to simulate production
in a quarter five-spot pattern.

GRIDDING AND ROCK DATA (GRID)

The 3D section of reservoir being modelled has dimensions 2500' x 2500' x 150', and it is
divided into three layers of equal thickness. The number of cells in the x and y directions are
5 and 5 respectively. Other relevant data are given below, using field units throughout:

Depth of reservoir top: 8000 ft

Porosity: 0.20

Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3

Permeability in x direction: 200 mD 1000 mD 200 mD
Permeability in y direction: 150 mD 800 mD 150 mD
Permeability in z direction: 20 mD 100 mD 20 mD

1 2 3 4 5

500 50
500 50
500 50
500
1
500
2
1
3
2
4
3
5

500 500 500 500 500

Figure 1: Schematic of model.

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FLUID PVT AND FLUID-ROCK INTERACTION PROPERTIES (PROPS)

Water and Oil Relative Permeability and Capillary Pressure Functions

Water Saturation krw kro Pcow

(psi)
-- table 1 for 1000mD
0.15* 0.0 0.9 4.0
0.45 0.2 0.3 0.8
0.68 0.4 0.1 0.2
0.8 0.55 0.0 0.1

-- table 2 for 200mD

0.25* 0.0 0.9 9.0
0.5 0.2 0.3 1.8
0.7 0.4 0.1 0.45
0.8 0.55 0.0 0.22
* Initial saturation throughout layer.

Water PVT Data at Reservoir Pressure and Temperature

Pressure Bw cw w
(psia) (rb/stb) (psi-1) (cp)
4500 1.02 3.0E-06 0.8

Oil PVT Data, Bubble Point Pressure (Pb) = 300 psia

Pressure Bo Viscosity
(psia) (rb/stb) (cp)
300 1.25 1.0
800 1.20 1.1
6000 1.15 2.0

Rock compressibility at 4500 psia: 4E-06 psi-1

Oil density at surface conditions: 49 lbs/cf
Water density at surface conditions: 63 lbs/cf

INITIAL CONDITIONS (SOLUTION)

Initial pressure at 8075': 4500 psia

The oil-water contact is below the reservoir (8,500 ft), with zero capillary pressure at the
contact.

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 WELLS AND PRODUCTION SCHEDULE (SCHEDULE)

Drill two wells:

producer PROD, belonging to group G1, in Block No. (1, 1)
injector INJ, belonging to group G2, in Block No. (5, 5)

The inside diameter of the wells is 8".

Perforate both the producer and the injector in all three layers.
The datum depth for pressure measurements during production is 8,000 ft – i.e. the pressure
gauge is located just above the top of the completion.

Produce at the gross rate of 10,000 stb liquid/day with a minimum bottom hole pressure limit
of 2,000 psia

Inject 11,000 stb water/day with a maximum bottom hole pressure limit of 6,000 psia.

Start the simulation on 1st January 2020, and use 10 time steps of 200 days each.

OUTPUT (SUMMARY, GRID & SCHEDULE)

Ask the program to output the following data:

· Initial permeability, porosity and depth data (keyword INIT in GRID section)

· Initial grid block pressures and water saturations into a RESTART file (keyword RPTRST
in SOLUTION section – set ‘BASIC=2’ to give basic dynamic output at t = 0)

· Field Average Pressure (FPR) Bottom Hole Pressure for both wells (WBHP)
Field Oil Production Rate (FOPR) Field Water Production Rate (FWPR)
Total Field Oil Production (FOPT) Total Field Water Production (FWPT)
Well Water Cut for PROD (WWCT) CPU usage (TCPU)
to a separate Excel readable file (using keyword EXCEL) in the SUMMARY section.

· Grid block pressures and water saturations into RESTART files at each report step of the
simulation (keyword RPTRST in SCHEDULE section – again set ‘BASIC=2’ to give basic
dynamic output at each TSTEP)

PROCEDURE

A Start with the file TUT1A.DATA

1 Edit file TUT1A.DATA in folder \eclipse\tut1 by opening it in Notepad or RE Studio, fill in

the necessary data, and save the file. (Make sure the file ending is ".DATA" and NOT
".txt")

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 2 Activate the Schlumberger ECLIPSE Launcher from the Desktop or the Start menu and run
ECLIPSE using the TUT1A dataset or RUN Eclipse within RE Studio.

4 When the simulation has finished, use ECLIPSE Office -> Results and menu File -> Open
-> SUMMARY -> All Vectors, or use MS Excel to open the output file TUT1A.RSM, which
will be in the \eclipse\tut1 folder.

5 Plot the BHP of both wells (WBHP) vs. time and the field average pressure (FPR) vs. time
on Figure 1.

6 Plot the water cut (WWCT) of the well PROD and the field oil production rate (FOPR) vs.
time on Figure 2.

7 Plot on Figure 3 the BHP values for the first 10 days in the range 3,500 psia to 5,500 psia.

1. Explain the initial short-term rise in BHP in the injection well and drop in BHP in
the production well. Account for the subsequent trends of these two pressures and
of the field average pressure, relating these to the reservoir production and
injection rates, water cut and the PVT data of the reservoir fluids.

B Make a copy of the file TUT1A.DATA called TUT1B.DATA in the same folder tut1 (it is easier
to load multiple simulation results into the post-processor from a single folder).

By modifying the keyword TSTEP change the time steps to the following:
15*200

Modify the WCONINJ keyword to operate the injection well at a constant flowing bottom hole
pressure (BHP) of 5000 psia, instead of injecting at a constant 11,000 stb water/day (RATE) –
i.e. delete reference to 11000 and replace with 1*.

Add field volume production rate (FVPR) to the items already listed in the SUMMARY
section.

Run Eclipse using the TUT1B.DATA file, and then plot the two following pictures:

Figure 4: both well bottom hole pressures and field average pressure vs. time, showing
pressures in the range 3,700 psia to 5,100 psia
Figure 5: field water cut and field volume production rate vs. time

Account for the differences between the pressure profiles in this problem and Tutorial
1A. To assist with the interpretation, calculate total mobility as a function of water
saturation for the 4 saturation points given, using:

kro(Sw) krw(Sw)
MTOT(Sw) = +
o w

and show how this would change the differential pressure across the reservoir as the
water saturation throughout the reservoir increases. From Figure 5, explain the impact
of the WWCT profile (fraction) on the FVPR (rb/day).

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C Copy file TUT1B.DATA to TUT1C.DATA in the same folder.

This time, instead of injecting at a constant flowing bottom hole pressure of 5000 psi, let the
simulator calculate the injection rate such that the reservoir voidage created by oil and water
production is replaced by injected water. To do this, modify the control mode for the injection
well (keyword WCONINJ) from BHP to reservoir rate (RESV), and use the voidage
replacement flag (FVDG) in item 8. Set the upper limit on the bottom hole pressure for the
injection well to 8,000 psia again.

Note the definitions given in the manual for item 8 of the WCONINJ keyword. Based on the
definition for voidage replacement,
reservoir volume injection rate = item 6 + (item 7 * field voidage rate)

Therefore, to inject the same volume of liquid as has been produced, set
item 6 to 0, and
item 7 to 1.

Run Eclipse using the TUT1C.DATA file, and then run Floviz or Petrel, to display the grid cell
oil saturations (these displays need NOT be printed).

2. Discuss the profile of the saturation front in each layer, and explain how it is affected
by gravity and the distribution of flow speeds between the wells.

D Copy file TUT1A.DATA to TUT1D.DATA in the same folder.

Increase the limit of the minimum pressure that the producer may flow at 4000 PSI or above
and run the simulation.

E Copy file TUT1A.DATA to TUT1E.DATA in the same folder.

Decrease the limit of the maximum pressure that the injector may flow at 5000 PSI or below
and run the simulation.

F Copy file TUT1A.DATA to TUT1F.DATA in the same folder.

Apply both changes from D and E to the new file and run the simulation.

Plot the BHP of the injector and producer wells for cases A, D, E and F against time on Figure
6. Also plot the cumulative volume of oil produced (FOPT) versus time for the same three
cases on Figure 7.

Why would we apply such pressure limits in a field case?

When changing the pressure limits do we see a significant change to pressure behaviour
at the wells (BHP)? Which pressure limit setting of D-F has the biggest effect on the
cumulative volume of oil produced (FOPT)? Explain the relative effects that each
pressure setting has.
Explain what you think would happen in case F if you tried to increase the production
and injection rates?
In case A, there is scope to increase the production and injection rates. In practice, why
do you suppose we might not be able to attempt higher rates?

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 SENSITIVITIES

The first set of sensitivities below (i) will provide insight into the model and field
behaviour in the third tutorial.

For the sensitivity calculations try variations of +/- 10% (unless otherwise specified) from
the base case (TUT1A), and use a spider diagram to plot the results (we provide an excel
spreadsheet with an example for guidance, we leave you to figure out the details).

(i) Water cut and pressure behaviour: Assess the impact of the following variables
on both the water cut and also the pressure difference between the injector and
producer wells by varying:
a. the average horizontal permeability: multiply PERMX, PERMY and
throughout the model by the same amount using the MULTIPLY keyword. Do
not change PERMZ!;
b. permeability contrast: change PERMX and PERMY in the 1000mD and 200
mD layers to increase or decrease the contrast between them but keep the
average horizontal permeability the same as the TUT1A model. Do not change
PERMZ. First calculate the average PERMX and PERMY for TUT1A. Apply
these two values to all cells for the first sensitivity case so that the contrast is
removed. For the next case, double the contrast so that the ratio of high to low
permeability is 10:1. (Hint: You know average PERMX, write the equation for
the average as if the high perm is 10 times the low perm and solve for the low
perm value - repeat for PERMY).
c. kv:kh (change only PERMZ and by the same amount throughout), for this
sensitivity treble the kv:kh and divide it by three;
d. average porosity.
To assess the pressure difference numerically it is best to plot BHP of both producer
and injector on a graph in Eclipse Office and then view the data as a spreadsheet,
export to a table file and import into Excel to calculate pressure differences between
the injector and producer. You can use the same graph to assess differences less
quantitatively of course. In RE Studio you can also calculate the pressure difference
for plotting purposes.
(ii) Mobility effects: What happens to the pressure differential between the wells when
you use straight line rel perms (by deleting rows in SWOF keyword containing
saturation points 0.5 and 0.7? What if you then change the values of the relative
permeability endpoints (initially Krw = 0.55 and Kro=0.9)?
(iii) Study impact of changing oil density and volume formation factor across the field
on flow distribution in the field.

G This part is essential for TUT2. Copy file TUT1A.DATA to TUT1G.DATA in the same folder.

The data file should be adapted to include the following features:

 Porosities varying according to layer (PORO in the GRID section)
 NTG varying according to layer (NTG in the GRID section)
 Water saturations that can go up to Sw=1 should there be an oil-water contact
introduced into the model

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To implement these changes, replace the entire GRID section with the following:
--================================================================
GRID

EQUALS
-- Keyword value X1 X2 Y1 Y2 Z1 Z2
DX 500 1 5 1 5 1 3 / whole model
DY 500 / same as above
DZ 50 / same as above

TOPS 8000 1 5 1 5 1 1 / grid layer 1

PERMX 200 1 5 1 5 1 1 / geological layer 1

PERMY 150 /
PERMZ 20 /
PORO 0.19 /
NTG 0.95 /

PERMX 1000 1 5 1 5 2 2 / geological 2

PERMY 800 /
PERMZ 100 /
PORO 0.20 /
NTG 0.99 /

PERMX 200 1 5 1 5 3 3 / geological 3

PERMY 150 /
PERMZ 20 /
PORO 0.19 /
NTG 0.95 /

-- Output file with geometry and rock properties (.INIT)

INIT

and replace the old SWOF tables with

-- Water and oil rel perms & capillary pressures
-- Sw Krw Kro Pc
-- ----- ----- --- ----
SWOF
-- table 1 for 1000mD
0.15 0.0 0.9 4.0
0.45 0.2 0.3 0.8
0.68 0.4 0.1 0.2
0.8 0.55 0.0 0.1
1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 /
-- table 2 for 200mD
0.25 0.0 0.9 9.0
0.5 0.2 0.3 1.8
0.7 0.4 0.1 0.45
0.8 0.55 0.0 0.22
1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 /

Run the model in ECLIPSE, visualise the grid and plot the same properties as in TUT1A. The
results should be very similar (why are they not the same?). The purpose of this part of the
exercise is to familiarise you with some features of ECLIPSE that you will find useful later.
No in depth analysis of results is required for part G, but it will be used as a starting point
for Tutorial 2.

Eric Mackay and Karl Stephen 9th January 2018