Fractional frequency of transmission system

ABSTRACT:

The fractional frequency transmission system FFTS is a very promising long -

distance transmission approach, which uses lower frequency (50/3) to reduce
the electrical length of the AC power line, and thus its transmission capacity
can be increased several fold . This paper introduces the primary experiments
results of FFTS.

The experiment uses the phase-controlled cycloconverter as the

frequency changer, stepping up 50/3Hz electricity to 50Hz electricity and
supplying it to the utility grid. Thus, a new flexible ac transmission system
device is successfully established in this experiment. The synchronizing
process of 50/3Hz transmission system with 50Hz utility system is introduced
in this paper. The experiment results show that a 1200km/500kv transmission
line can transmit more than 2000MW electric power when employing the
FFTS.

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 Fractional frequency of transmission system

INTRODUCTION:

Increasing transmission distance and capacity is always the motivation to

advance power industry technologies. In the history of the ac transmission
system, increasing distance and capacity mainly depends on raising voltage of
transmission lines. At present, the highest voltage level of the AC power
transmission line in operation is 750kv.To further up grade, the voltage level
encounters difficulties of material and environment issues. The high voltage
direct current ( HVDC) transmission that has no stability limit program once
become another approach to increasing electricity transmission capacity.
However, the current converters at two ends of HVDC are very expensive. In
addition, up to now, the HVDC practices have been limited to the point to
point transmission. It is still difficult to operate a multi terminal HVDC
system.

The flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) has been used to improve

power system performance and has become a research field. The FACTS
exploits power electronic techniques to regulate the parameters of the ac
transmission, which can raise transmission capacity to some degree.

This paper introduces the experimental installation of FFTS and primary

experiment results. The experiment uses the phase controlled cycloconverter
as the frequency changer, stepping up 50/3Hz electricity to 50Hz and
supplying it to the utility grid. Thus, a new FACTS device is successfully
established I this experiment. The experiment results show that a
1200km/500kv transmission line can transmit more than 200MW electric

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power when employing FFTS. The experiment also illustrates that there is no
essential difficulty to realize FFTS in engineering practice.
The structure of this paper is as follows. The next
section briefly introduces the principle of FACTS. In that section discusses the
components of the experimental FFTS.

This approach can multiply increase transmission capacity and

remarkably improve operating performance. The feasibility arid efficiency of
the FFTS is investigated in this paper by them computer simulation method.
The fractional frequency transmission system (FFTS) is a very promising long
distance transmission approach, which uses lower frequency(50/3Hz) to
reduce the electrical length of the AC power line, and thus, its transmission
capacity can be increased several fold. This paper introduces the experimental
installation of FFTS and primary experiment results. The experiment uses the
phase-controlled cycloconverter as the frequency changer, stepping up 50/3Hz
electricity to 50 Hz electricity. Thus, a new flexible ac transmission system
device is successfully established in this experiment. The synchronizing
process of 50/3Hz transmission system with 50Hz utility system is introduced
in this paper, the experiment also illustrates that there is no essential difficulty
to realize FFTS in engineering practice.

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 Fractional frequency of transmission system

Need of “FFTS”:
Now a day’s power system uses the frequency of 50HZ in that we are
facing some voltage &power stability problems.

In order to limit those problems a new method is proposed that is

“FFTS”.

The proposed approach can multiply increase the transmission

capacitance & improve the operating performance.

FRACTIONAL FREQUENCY TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

(FFTS):

The fractional frequency transmission system FFTS is a very promising long

distance transmission approach, which uses lower frequency (50/3) to reduce
the electrical length of the AC power line, and thus its transmission capacity
can be increased several fold

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 Fractional frequency of transmission system

The AC electricity supplied by utilities has two basic parameters: voltage and
frequency. After the transformer was invented, different voltage levels could
be used flexibly in generating, transmitting, and consuming electricity to
guarantee efficiency for different segments of the power systems. In the
history of electrical transmission, besides of 50_60 Hz, many frequencies were
used, such as 25, 50/3and 133 Hz. In 1896, the first two generators and the
transmission line from Niagara to Buffalo, NY were put into the operation A
25 Hz electric system had been chosen as the winning design

How ever, since 50_60Hz was selected as the standard, changing frequency
apparently become taboo. The reason for this might consist in that o
transform frequency is more difficult than to transform voltage. As new
materials and power electronic techniques continuously advance, different
kinds of large_ frequency changers are developed rapidly.

Fig .1basic structure of FFTS

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This trend may possibly lead to more reasonably selecting different

frequencies for electricity transmission and utilization. For instance, the low
frequency electricity can be used to transmit large power for longer distance,
and the high frequency electricity can be used more efficiently to drive electric
tools Generally speaking, there are three factors limiting transmission
capability, i.e., the thermal limit, stability limit, and voltage drop limit. For
the long-distance ac transmission, the thermal limitation is not a significant
impediment. Its load ability mainly depends on the stability limit and voltage
drop limit [6]. The stability limit of an ac transmission line can be
approximately evaluated by

Pmax=V2/X

Where V is the normal voltage, and X is the Reactance of the transmission

line. We can see from the above equation that transmission capacity is
proportional to the square of the normal voltage and inversely proportional
to the reactance of the transmission line. The voltage drop ∆v% can be
evaluated by

∆v%=QX/V2 *100
Where Q is the reactive power
flow of transmission line. Thus, the voltage drop is inversely proportional to
the square of voltage and proportional to the reactance of the transmission
line. Therefore, in order to raise transmission capability, we can either
increase the voltage level or decrease the reactance of the transmission line.

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 Fractional frequency of transmission system

The reactance is proportional to power frequency (f).

X=2πfl

Where L is the total inductance of the transmission line. Hence, decreasing

the electricity frequency can proportionally increase transmission capability.
The FFTS uses fractional frequency to reduce the reactance of the
transmission system; thus, its transmission capacity can be increased several
fold. For instance, when frequency is 50/3Hz, the theoretically transmission
capability can be raised three times. The principle of FFTS can also view
from another perspective. It is well known that the velocity of electricity
transmission is approximately equal to the light velocity, 300000 km/s. When
electricity frequency is 50Hz, the wavelength is 6000km; for 50/3Hz, the
wave length enlarges to 18000km. Thus, when frequency is 50 Hz, a
transmission line of 1200km corresponds to one fifteenth of the wave length.
Therefore, the “ELECTRICAL LENGTH” decrease to one third. This is the
essential reason why the FFTS can increase transmission capability several
fold and remarkably improve is performance. The basic structure of FFTS is
illustrated in fig 1. The hydropower generator in the figure generates ac
power of fractional frequency (say 50/3 Hz), which is then stepped up by a
transformer and transmitted to the receiving end of the transmission line
where the fractional frequency ac power is stepped up to the industrial
frequency.

The hydropower generator can easily generate low-frequency electric power

because its rotating speed is usually very low. To generate low- frequency

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power, the only change for the generator is to reduce its pole number .this
change has little influence on cost and efficiency of the hydropower unit. For
the transformer, since the electric power that has to be stepped up is of low
frequency, the core section area and the coil turn number must be increased.
Therefore, the cost of the transformer in FFTS is higher than that of the
conventional transformer. The conventional transmission line can be used in
FFTS without any change. The frequency changer is the key equipment in
FFTS, which can be either the saturable transformer or the power
electronics ac-ac frequency changer, such as the cycloconverter . The
ferromagnetic frequency changer has advantages of simpler structure, lower
cost, and more reliable operation, while the electronic type is superior in
higher efficiency and more flexible in installation.

Hydro generator in FFTS:

 Hydro Generators are low speed salient pole type machines.
 Rotor is characterized by large diameter and short axial length.ss
 Capacity of such generator varies from 500 KW to 700 MW.
 Power factor are usually 0.90 to 0.95 lagging.
 Available head is a limitation in the choice of speed of hydro generator.
 Standard generation voltage in our country is 3.3KV, 6.6KV, 11 KV
,13.8 KV, & 16KV at 50 Hz.
 Short Circuit Ratio varies from 1 to 1.4.

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Flexible AC Transmission systems (facts):

The need for more efficient electricity systems management has given rise to
innovative technologies in power generation and transmission. The combined
cycle power station is good example of a new development in power
generation and flexible AC transmission system FACTS as they are generally
known, are new devices that improve transmission systems. Worldwide
transmission systems are undergoing continuous changes and restructuring
.They are becoming more heavily loaded and are being operated in ways not
originally envisioned .Transmission systems must be flexible to react to more
diverse generation and load patterns. In addition the economical utilization of
transmission system assets is of vital importance to enable utilities in
industrialized countries to remain competitive and to survive.

In developing countries, the optimized use of transmission

systems investments is also important to support industry, create employment
and utilize efficiency scarce economics resources. Flexible AC transmission
systems (FACTS) are a technology that responds to these needs. It
significantly alters the way transmission systems are developed and controlled
together with improvements in asset utilization, system flexibility and system
performance.

CYCLOCONVERTER:
In industrial applications, two forms of electrical energy are used: direct
current (dc) and alternating current (ac). Usually constant voltage constant
frequency single phase or three-phase ac is readily available. However, for
different applications, different forms, magnitude and/or frequencies are
required. There are four different conversions between dc and ac power
sources.

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These conversions are done by circuits called power converters. The

converters are classified as:

1-Rectifiers: from single – phase or three-phase ac to variable voltage dc

2-Choppers: from DC to variable voltage DC

3-Inverters: from DC to variable magnitude and variable frequency, single

phase or three phase AC.

4-cycloconverter: from single-phase or three-phase ac to variable magnitude

and variable frequency, single-phase or three- phase

Traditionally, ac-ac conversion using semiconductor switches is done in two

different ways: 1-in two stages (ac-dc and then dc-ac)as in dc link converters
or 2-in one stage (ac-ac) cycloconverters . Cycloconverters are used in high
power applications driving induction and synchronous motors. They are
usually phase-controlled and they traditionally use to their ease of phase
commutation.

There are other newer forms of cyclo conversion such as ac-ac matrix
converters and high frequency AC-AC (HFAC-AC) converters and these use
self-controlled switches. These converters, however, are not popular yet.
Simulation and analysis.

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Operation of cycloconverter:
The three phase to three phase cycloconverter is used to convert the input
source frequency 50/3 to the required output frequency50 Hz. The operation
of phase A is given below

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Basic cycloconverter control system

Ac current goes to voltage transducer .fractional frequency generator the

reference signal and real signal (50/3) Hz goes to synchronous circuit by the
use of start/stop to starts the synchronous circuit. from the voltage traducer
modulation signal from fractional frequency generator reference signal both
are goes to pulse generating circuit to produce the pulses gives gate
controlled circuit by the use of 80c196kc pulse control circuit we can control
the pulses coming from pulse generating circuit .from the gate controlled
circuit the pulses go to pulse isolated amplification circuit goes to
cycloconverter the 50hz frequency can be converted 50/3hz at the end

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control circuit null current can be measured by the use of null current
measurement unit

Basic circuit diagram for experimental setup

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Advantages:
 Corona losses
 Eddy current losses
 Hysteresis losses
 Skin effect

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CONCLUSION:
We proposed FFTS, in this he main idea of which is multiplying raising
transmission capacity by reducing power frequency. The experiment
employs the cycloconverter as the frequency changer to step 50/3 Hz power
to 50Hz power and then supply it to the utility grid. Thus a new FACTS
device is successfully established. The result of the experiment demonstrates
that a 1200km/500kv transmission line can transmit electrical power to by
using FFTS. Comparing with 50 Hz AC transmission line, the transmission
capability increases by 1.5 times. It demonstrates the great potential of
applying this new FACTS device.

Comparing with HVDC, the FFTS can save an electronic converter terminal
,thus reducing investment. In addition, usually HVDC can be used only for
point to point transmission, but FFTS can easily form a network-like
conventional ac system. Nowadays, it is mature to transform power
frequency by the electronic converter (e.g., the cycloconverter). Therefore,
FFTS on/ under 750kv can be completed without any special technical
difficulty.
The fractional frequency transmission system (FFTS) is a very promising
long – distance transmission approach, which uses lower frequency
(50/3Hz)to reduce the electrical length of the ac power line, and thus, its
transmission capacity can be increased several fold.
This paper introduces the experimental installation of FFTS and primary
experiment results .as new materials and power electronic techniques
continuously advance different kinds of large-frequency changes are

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developed rapidly. This trend may possibly lead to more reasonably

selecting different frequencies for electricity transmission and utilization.
For instance, the lower frequency electricity can be used to transmit larger
power for longer distance, and the higher frequency can be used more
efficiently to drive the electric tools.

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References :

[1] X. Wang, The fractional frequency transmission system, in Proc. Inst.

Elect. Eng. Jap. Power Energy, Tokyo, Japan, Jul. 1994, pp. 53“58.
[2] X. Wang and X. Wang, Feasibility study of fractional frequency
transmission
system, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 962“967, May 1996.
[3] O. I. Elgerd, Electric Energy Systems Theory. New York: McGraw-Hill,
1985.
[4] P.P. Biringer, J.D. Lavers, Recent Advances in the Design of Large
Magnetic
Frequency Changers, IEEE Trans. on Magnetics Vol. MAG-12, No. 6,
November 1976
[5] Wang Xifan, Experiment on Fractional Frequency Transmission System,
IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 21, no. 1, February 2006
[6] V.K Mehta, Rohith Mehta, Principles of Power System, S Chand 2004
[7] B.L.Theraja, A.K. Theraja, A textbook of electrical technology, vol II, S
Chand, 2003

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