Perforated Plastic Bottles as Drainage System and Landslide Protection

Chapter I

Introduction

In 2015, the Philippines was ranked by the United Nations Office for Disaster

Risk Reduction (UNISDR) as the fourth most hit by highest number of disaster in the

past 20 years among countries. The geological location and topography of the

Philippines makes it vulnerable to natural disasters and extreme weather condition due

to climate change. Ninety (90) percent of the major disasters were caused by weather

related events were caused by weather-related events such as heavy storms and

rainfalls, landslides and earthquakes. Examples of the naturally occurring disasters in

the whole nation are: From Luzon, Kennon Road Landslide in April 2017, Puerto

Princessa Landslide in May 2017, and the Multiple Landslide in Benguet Province due

to Typhoon Pepeng in September 2009; from Visayas, the Cebu Landslide in January

2017 and the Southern Leyte Landslide in February 2014; and in Mindanao,

theCompostela Valley Landslide in January 2012 and Cagayan de Oro flooding and

landslide due to typhoon Sendong in 2011. Minor landslides that were not reported were

mostly because there were no casualties and no property damages.

Weather-related disasters are becoming more and more frequent with an

average of 335 weather-related disasters per year were recorded from 2005 to 2014

worldwide, with a fourteen (14) percent increase in number from the previous 1995 to
2004 statistics. With the reality that the climate of the world is changing, particularly the

Philippines, effects of these disasters are massive in effect and damage.

Every year, the Philippines experiences various forms of landslides and slope

failures with different magnitudes. Usually, these failures occur in highly urbanized

areas or remote areas in the mountains which has a unique setting due to its geological,

geomorphological, hydrological and geodynamic compositions. However, despite the

annual incidence of these phenomena and its reoccurrence, and notwithstanding the

damaging consequences to major infrastructures and development and the negative

effects through fatalities and casualties to human life, no landslide hazard risk

assessment has so far been developed and implemented, comprehensive enough for

the people and the government (Cardiel, 2007).

In trying to solve the problem with slope failures and major landslides, to at least

reduce the destruction it causes is what the researchers are up to. Plastic materials

such as plastic bottles, bags, etc., have been reproduced nonstop without considering

its negative effects to the planet. Using the wastes produced as something

advantageous to the planet is something that has been done by a lot of researchers, but

the difference in its uses is what differs this research from many other studies. And in

this paper, the Plastic Bottles will be recycled as slope protection and as drainage

system to mountainous areas or steep-sloping grounds.

Background of the Study

Philippines is composed of thousands of islands and fifty-five (55) percent of

those are sloping upland surface in the country, particularly vulnerable to massive

landslides.

DAGDAGAN ANG BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Theoretical Framework

Runoff

Rain Water

Infiltration

Conceptual Framework

Rain Water Rain Water Rain Water

Statement of the problem

The study discuss the effect of rainfall and rainfall infiltration to landslide as the major a

disaster in the Philippines.

The problem of these study is the increasing no. of weather related events that caused

landslide. Specifically, it sought to answer the following question.

 What is the main root cause of landslide and slope failure?

 How does the geocell with drainage system help prevent landslide?

 How does it help the communities?

 Does geocell reduce environmental impact?

Objective of the problem

 To prove that geocell with drainage system help reduce the impact of landslide

 To identify the root cause of landslide

 To be able to help environment in reduction of waste material to useful product.

Significance of the study

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY LAGYAN

Scope and delimitations

This study is focus on the technique used for protection and prevention of landslide and slope

failure by the use of Perforated Plastic Bottles as Drainage System and geotextile.

Definition of terms

Infiltration – is the process by which water on the ground surface enters the soil

Runoff – is water, from rain, snowmelt, or other sources, that flows over the land surface, and is
a major component of the water cycle
Geocell – are widely used in construction for erosion control, soil stabilization on flat ground and
steep slopes, channel protection, and structural reinforcement for load support and earth
retention.
Geotextile - a strong synthetic fabric usually used in civil engineering construction projects (such
as highway or dam building) that stabilizes loose soil and prevents erosion.
 Chapter II

Literature Review

Local and Foreign Studies

Magsend ka ng links na lang ng links ng gusto mong ilagay dito dahil mahirap

maghanap ng Related Lits na di alam kung anong gusting iparating.

 Chapter III

Research Methodology

Research design

-this research used the experimental approach of research design. The experimental research is done by
randomly assigning variables and comparing results of experimental prototype to actual prototype. It
aimed to prove that plastic bottle as geocell incorporated by drainage system design can use as
protection and prevention to landslide.

Source of data

The soil to undergo experimental procedures must first take a permeability testing of granular and fine
grained soil. The said test is conducted and results were provided by Geotechnics Philippines
Incorporated (company that provide a Geotechnical, Geological and Foundation Engineering Services).

Instrumentation and Validation

The research used the following instruments for gathering/collection of data. In the first part, the shovel
for getting the required depth and area size of soil sample. Next, modeling experiments of artificial
rainfall with desired rainfall intensity, simulation of rain is measured in volume of discharge per unit
time with uniform system discharge to accurately measure the rainfall precipitation. Next, is the
measuring cup to measure the surface runoff and seepage volume discharge of the experiment and
compare to computed expected total discharge value.

Evaluation and scoring

This research will use different thickness of plastic geocell with uniform grain size of gravel and with
the same rainfall intensity. For slope protection, increasing slope elevation from 8 degrees to
maximum of 60 degrees. Every section is incorporated with different thickness of geocell and in
changing the elevation of the flat form the experimental sample must undergo a sunlight exposure to
attain the same moisture content of the original. Repeating the process in different flat form slope.

Data gathering

The data gathering for this research is described in detail as follows:

First, after the total running time of artificial rain fall is been attained (24hrs) then the total volume is
calculated. The average discharge per unit time of the artificial rainfall apparatus were also
conducted. For each of the three soil sample section with the same surface area and thickness of the
soil, were placed in a transparent container and given the same amount of rainfall intensity. For the
gathering of data of surface runoff the measuring cup were provided at the level of the surface, and
for the sub base drainage system discharge were also provided by separate measuring cup to measure
data discharge. After the gathering of data the soil sample is subjected to air dry for another process
but with the different flat form slope (with slope value of 10,35,60 degree).

Statistical treatment of data

https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/lahontan/water_issues/programs/storm_water/docs/Chapter06.pdf

soil protection methodoloy

http://personal.cityu.edu.hk/~bswmwong/pl/pdf/slope_protection.pdf

http://www.sgs.ph/en/Public-Sector/Quality-Health-Safety-and-
Environment/Environment/Water/Permeability-Tests.aspx