Sanitation and Hygiene Situation

in India with a Focus on, Bihar

Submitted to; Submitted by;

Prof. E.N.Reddy Harshita Umrao
Amritansh Choubey
Abhishek Kumar

5/2/2018

i|Page
SWAD-2 (DMI, Term-V)
ii | P a g e
Contents
1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................................................. 1
2. World scenario in WASH ........................................................................................................................................... 2
3. Indian scenario in WASH ........................................................................................................................................... 4
3.1 Hygiene condition in India ...................................................................................................................................... 5
3.2 Garbage system in India .......................................................................................................................................... 6
3.3 About Swatch Bharat Mission ................................................................................................................................. 6
3.4 Budgetary Allocation ............................................................................................................................................... 7
4. Bihar Scenario in sanitation ...................................................................................................................................... 7
4.1 About Lohiya Swatch Bihar Abhiyan (LSBA) ............................................................................................................ 9
4.2 Menstrual Hygiene .................................................................................................................................................. 9
4.3 Organisation Structure of LSBA............................................................................................................................. 11
a. State Unit ............................................................................................................................................................ 11
b. District Unit (District Water and Sanitation Committee (DWSC) ........................................................................ 12
4.4 Training of community motivators on Community led approached .................................................................... 12
4.5 Rural Sanitation Awareness Campaigns................................................................................................................ 12
4.6 Declaration ODF .................................................................................................................................................... 13
4.7 Stakeholders and their roles ..................................................................................................................................... 13
4.8 Monitoring and Evaluation ................................................................................................................................... 14
5. Planning Process ..................................................................................................................................................... 16
a. State level Planning ............................................................................................................................................. 16
b. District Level Planning ......................................................................................................................................... 16
6. Budgetary System ................................................................................................................................................... 16
6.1 Fund Flow ....................................................................................................................................................... 17
7. Challenges ............................................................................................................................................................... 17
8. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................................... 17

iii | P a g e
 1. Introduction
Good hygiene and sanitation are the indicators of social and economic development in a society.
Sanitation and health status of a country significantly affects a nation’s economic development
and performance. As per a United Nations factsheet, there are 2.5 billion people in the world who
still do not use an 'improved' sanitation facility and a little over one billion practise open
defecation. Every 20 seconds a child dies as a result of poor sanitation. A recent UNICEF report
says 54 per cent people defecate in the open in India as against just 7 per cent each in Brazil and
Bangladesh. Only 6 per cent rural children below five years in India use toilets. Sanitation in rural
areas is the corner stone of the programme. The Swachh Bharat Mission Garmin aims at
improving the levels of cleanliness in rural areas through Solid and Liquid Waste Management
actives and making gram Panchayats Open Defecation Free (ODF), clean and sanitised. Sanitation
has been conceived as a symbol of dignity, health and safety.

In India 67% people defecate in open which causes 2.7 million deaths annually and approximately
0.8 million child die every year because of Diarrhea. If we see the condition of Bihar, it is one of
the top five states of India where open defecation is significant. The demand for toilets in Bihar
is around 84%, out of which 34% has moved ahead with toilet construction.

Total Sanitation Campaign is a national programme to ensure sanitation facilities in rural areas
with a goal to eradicate the practice of open defecation by 2010. Water Aid India, a UK-based
NGO working in 22 countries on water and sanitation, carried out an assessment of Bihar’s
performance in this programme. Bihar has to create around 99.3 lakhs household toilets in three
years to achieve the targets set for universal coverage by 2012. Of the 17.65 lakh toilets already
built, many are not in use and maintenance is hardly done.

According to the findings of its survey of the Total Sanitation Campaign, a national programme
aimed at eradication of open defecation by making toilet facilities at household level, Bihar needs
to construct 99.3 lakh toilets by 2012 to meet its target. This means a staggering 6,900 toilets
every day for the next three years. This estimate assumes that the toilets already built will be
used and maintained.

Further, poor water and sanitation facilities unequally affect women and girls. More than 30% of
marginalized women are violently assaulted every year as the lack of basic sanitation forces them
to travel long distances to meet their needs. 40% of schools in India do not even have a common

1|Page
SWAD-2 (DMI, Term-V)
 functional toilet, which forces girls to miss class during their menstrual cycles, and eventually one
in four girls drop out of school simply because there are no proper sanitation facilities.

Bihar faces several institutional, infrastructural and service delivery challenges. 24 out of 38
districts in Bihar faces the problems of source sustainability, inadequate water availability and
poor water quality are acute as it contains ferrous, arsenic etc. In addition, extensive usage of
Central and State Govt. is providing an incentive of Rs. 12,000 i.e. in the ratio of 75:25 1. People
have a very expensive notion of what constitutes a toilet. The toilet that people described cost
more than Rs. 21,000, on an average, and in many cases much more. Given these large estimates
from the states like Bihar, it is no surprise that people could not afford to build toilets that safely
contain faeces. There is a widely held belief that toilets are expensive assets, perhaps even
considered as luxury. Although Bihar has lagged behind in achieving the objectives of ODF but,
there are good initiatives taken by the women from Rohtas (Sasaram), Sitamarhi and Khagaria,
where they are driving the campaign to make Bihar ODF. The collective behavioural change is the
result of community participation. Govt. wants to achieve ODF in Bihar by Oct 2nd 2019, but to
achieve this, around 200 GPs has to become ODF every month. It is a very big challenge for Govt.
to implement this mission in a short bandwidth and with limited resources.

2. World scenario in WASH

Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) are critical in the prevention and care for all of the 17
neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) scheduled for intensified control or elimination by 2020. Provision
of safe water, sanitation and hygiene is one of the five key interventions within the global NTD
roadmap. Yet to date, the WASH component of the strategy has received little attention and the
potential to link efforts on WASH and NTDs has been largely untapped.

The need for better sanitation in the developing world is clear. Forty percent of the world’s
population—2.5 billion people—practice open defecation or lack adequate sanitation facilities, and
the consequences can be devastating for human health as well as the environment. Even in urban
areas, where household and communal toilets are more prevalent, over 2 billion people use toilets
connected to septic tanks that are not safely emptied or use other systems that discharge raw sewage
into open drains or surface waters.

2|Page
  68% global population used at least basic sanitation service but 2.3 billion people lack even
that
 892 million people worldwide still practise open defecation
 Poor sanitation contributes to about 700,000 child deaths from diarrhea each year. Chronic
diarrhea can hinder child development by impeding the absorption of essential nutrients and
reducing the effectiveness of life-saving vaccines.
 38% population globally, 63% of the urban and 9% of the rural population have sewer
connections
 711 million people have sewer connections that do not receive minimum level of treatment
– 90% of whom live in urban settings
 South Asia – 61% of rural population defecates in the Open in India
 Unimproved hygiene, inadequate sanitation, and insufficient and unsafe drinking water
account for 7% of the total disease burden and 19% of child mortality worldwide.

Creating sanitation infrastructure and public services that work for everyone and that keep waste out
of the environment is a major challenge. The toilets, sewers, and wastewater treatment systems used
in the developed world require vast amounts of land, energy, and water, and they are expensive to
build, maintain and operate.

Open Defecation-Rural (Percentage)

70 61
60
50
Percentage

37
40
30 21
17
20
10 2 4
0 0
0

Country

Fig: - India in Global Picture

3|Page
 Solving the sanitation challenge in the developing world will require radically new innovations
that are deployable on a large scale. Innovation is especially needed in densely populated
areas, where billions of people are only capturing and storing their waste, with no sustainable
way to handle it once their on-site storage—such as a septic tank or latrine pit—fills up.

Ground breaking improvements in toilet design, pit emptying, and sludge treatment, as well
as new ways to reuse waste, can help governments and their partners meet the enormous
challenge of providing quality public sanitation services.

3. Indian scenario in WASH

Environmental sanitation envisages promotion of health of the community by providing clean
environment and breaking the cycle of disease. It depends on various factors that include
hygiene status of the people, types of resources available, innovative and appropriate
technologies according to the requirement of the community, socioeconomic development
of the country, cultural factors related to environmental sanitation, political commitment,
capacity building of the concerned sectors, social factors including behavioral pattern of the
community, legislative measures adopted, and others. India is still lagging far behind many
countries in the field of environmental sanitation.

In India 67% people defecate in open which causes 2.7 million deaths annually and
approximately 0.8 million child die every year because of Diarrhea. If we see the condition of
Bihar, it is one of the top five states of India where open defecation is significant. The demand
for toilets in Bihar is around 84%, out of which 34% has moved ahead with toilet construction.

Total Sanitation Campaign is a national programme to ensure sanitation facilities in rural areas
with a goal to eradicate the practice of open defecation by 2010. Water Aid India, a UK-based
NGO working in 22 countries on water and sanitation, carried out an assessment of Bihar’s
performance in this programme. Bihar has to create around 99.3 lakhs household toilets in
three years to achieve the targets set for universal coverage by 2012. Of the 17.65 lakh toilets

4|Page
 already built, many are not in use and maintenance is hardly done.

Sectorial demands for water are growing rapidly in India owing mainly to urbanization and it
is estimated that by 2025, more than 50% of the country's population will live in cities and
towns. Population increase, rising incomes, and industrial growth are also responsible for this
dramatic shift.

In rural areas, local government institutions in charge of operating and maintaining the
infrastructure are seen as weak and lack the financial resources to carry out their functions.
In addition, no major city in India is known to have a continuous water supply and an
estimated 72% of Indians still lack access to improved sanitation facilities.

3.1 Hygiene condition in India

Problems of the environment and of domestic hygiene are always related to poverty of
population and the sanitation of settlements. Most cities and towns in developing countries,
like India, are characterised by over-crowding, congestion, inadequate water supply and
inadequate facilities of disposal of human excreta, waste water and solid wastes. Inadequacy
of housing for most urban poor invariably leads to poor home hygiene. Personal and domestic
hygiene practices cannot be improved without improving basic amenities, such as water
supply, waste water disposal, solid waste management and the problems of human
settlements. But even under the prevailing conditions, there is significant scope of improving
hygiene practices at home to prevent infection and cross-infection.

5|Page
3.2 Garbage system in India
India faces major environmental challenges associated with waste generation and inadequate
waste collection, transport, treatment and disposal. Current systems in India cannot cope
with the volumes of waste generated by an increasing urban population, and this impacts on
the environment and public health. The challenges and barriers are significant, but so are the
opportunities.

Garbage Disposal (%)

15.1
4.4
5.5

50.5

24.4

Specified space outside HH

Disposed off nearby agriculture field
Common place outside the HH
Disposed off in biogas plant or manure pit
Throw around the HH

Solid waste management (SWM) is a major problem for many urban local bodies (ULBs) in
India, where urbanization, industrialization and economic growth have resulted in increased
municipal solid waste (MSW) generation per person. Effective SWM is a major challenge in
cities with high population density. Achieving sustainable development within a country
experiencing rapid population growth and improvements in living standards is made more
difficult in India because it is a diverse country with many different religious groups, cultures
and traditions.

3.3 About Swatch Bharat Mission

On 2nd October 2014, the “Swachh Bharat mission” was launched by our Honorable PM
Narendra Modi to achieve Universal coverage of sanitation. The Ministry of drinking water
and sanitation (MDWS) headed by secretary will implement with two submissions i.e. SBM
(Gramin) and SBM (Urban). Swachh Bharat Mission will be implemented on two sub-Missions

6|Page
 - Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin) and Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban). The aim is to achieve
Swachh Bharat by 2019 i.e. on 150th birth Anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi. The rural area will
improve cleanliness by liquid waste management and make gram Panchyat ODF. The Ward is
considered as the Basic Unit for scheme implementation. According to the Ministry of drinking
water and sanitation, sanitation coverage has gone up from 42% in October 2014 to 60% in
January 2017. As per ministry 3 states i.e. Kerala, Himachal Pradesh, and Sikkim – 85 district,
1,52,535 villages has already been declared ODF.
In Bihar, Lohiya Swachh Bihar Abhiyan (LSBA) aim to achieve 100% elimination of open
defecation and promote cleanliness, hygiene by improving wellbeing in rural areas of Bihar.
The project is driven through Swachh Bharat Gramin and LSY (Lohiya SwachhtaYojana)
scheme under the umbrella of Bihar namely Lohiya Swachh Abhiyan. (Jeevika, Department of
rural development).

3.4 Budgetary Allocation

The Central government has proposed an investment of Rs. 1.34 lakh core for rural areas and
Rs. 62,009 core for urban areas over the next five years. In 2017-18, SBM has allocated 13,948
cores which are significantly higher than previous 10,500 crores in 2016-17. The unit costs for
toilets have been enhanced for Individual Household Latrines (from Rs. 10,000 to Rs. 12,000),
school toilets (from Rs. 35,000 to Rs. 54,000), Anganwadi toilets (from Rs. 8,000 to Rs. 20,000)
and Community Sanitary Complexes (CSCs) (from Rs.2, 00,000 to Rs.6, 00,000). Funding for
these new initiatives will be through budgetary allocations, contributions to the Swachh
Bharat Koshand through commitments under Corporate Social responsibility (CSR). It has
raised funds from Government and non-Government sources, including CSR funds and also
implementing CSR projects. Public Private Partnerships (PPP) are also envisaged for
construction of CSCs. Major Initiative by Central Ministries/Departments.

4. Bihar Scenario in sanitation

The Government of Bihar has adopted SBM (G) with a vision of ‘Swachh Bihar’ to make rural
Bihar Open Defecation Free (ODF) and clean by 2019. To achieve the vision of ‘Swachh Bihar’,
sanitation for all has been the core agenda of Government of Bihar (GoB). GoB under SBM
introduced Lohiya Swachh Bihar Abhiyan (LSBA), a state scheme on rural sanitation, to
incentivize all the rural families. However, the still progress is very pathetic. Government is
making relentless efforts to facilitate collective behavioural Change in the village community
with respect to adoption of safe sanitation, sustainable sanitation system and hygiene

7|Page
practices along with addressing the challenges of toilet technologies, supply chain
management and credit access. Panchayati Raj Institutions and women lead community
based organizations nurtured by Jeevika play a very important role in anchoring the WASH
intervention and work towards sustaining the same.

Table :- Bihar Sanitation facts

The impact assessment indicates that there has been a clear improvement in the performance
of socio-economic conditions, hygienic activities, and women’s empowerment in the
individual, family level, society level (Village level) in the region.

IHHL Constructed Under SBM (Gramin)

7000 166

6000 164
Numbers in ‘000 (India)

Numbers in ‘000 (Bihar)

5000
162
4000
160
3000
158
2000

1000 156

0 154
2013-14 2014-15 2015-16(up to
29/2/2016)
Years

India Bihar

8|Page
 It was not possible without Jeevika staff, cadres, Panchayati Raj Institution’s members (PRI),
they received various trainings which have had positive behavioural effects, had carried out
various triggering and awareness building actives by Jeevika Staff and Community Resource
Person (CRP) cadres. The success of the campaign can be attributed to all sections of the
community including political executives, administration, government departments, the
three tiers of Panchayat Raj, school students, Aanganwadi workers, ASHA workers and the
public. Every section of the society came together, in a determined manner to construct
toilets and ensured its usage through early morning field visits.

4.1 About Lohiya Swatch Bihar Abhiyan (LSBA)

Bihar Rural Livelihood Promotion Society (BRLPS) is implementing Swachh Bharat Mission-
Garmin (SBM-G) and Lohiya SwachhYojana (LSY) under Lohiya Swachh Bihar Abhiyan (LSBA)
with a mission to make Bihar Open Defecation Free (ODF) by 2nd October 2019. The objective
is to achieve ODF in all 534 blocks of Bihar and secure sanitation and health for all. LSBA aims
to achieve Open Defecation Free Bihar by improving the cleanliness of rural areas with special
focus on Behavioral Change Communication (BCC) among the community members.

Making Bihar “Open defecation Free” has been the top priority for the state. In 2015, the
Government of Bihar (GoB) made seven policy resolutions titled ‘Viksit Bihar
keliyeSaatNishchay2’, for inclusive development. One of the resolutions is to ensure toilet for
every household to achieve Open Defecation Free Bihar within five years. In this line, the
implementation of “SBM G” and “Lohiya SwachhtaYojana - LSY” was transferred from Public
Health Engineering Department to Rural Development Department (RDD). RDD launched
Lohiya Swachh Bihar Abhiyan – LSBA combining SBM G and LSY.

4.2 Menstrual Hygiene

Poor women also bear tremendous hardships in managing the basic biological function of
menstruation – from the use of unhygienic material and the rashes it causes, the lack of water
and soap to wash the soiled cloth, to lack of private space to change or dry the cloth. Cultural
taboos about menstrual blood further impose difficulties of washing, drying, storing, and
disposing the cloth. Managing menstruation in the rainy season becomes even more difficult.
Lack of easy and safe access to water, toilets and bathrooms with drainage is a major burden

9|Page
affecting women’s ability to maintain personal hygiene in a manner that does not affect men
who are equally deprived of water and sanitation facilities. Men face no social strictures when
they urinate, defecate or bathe in the sight of others. For poor women who are deprived of
safe access, the very act of performing what is basic to human needs also violates norms of
decency imposed on them. And these burdens are not only about defecating in the open
(which has received more attention) but also about bathing, daily perinea hygiene and special
cleansing needs during menstruation.

Menstrual Protection options used in Rural Bihar

Percentage

84% 84%
14% 14% 2% 2%

Old used clothing New cloth bought Sanitary Napkin Nothing - blood others
in Market from the market absorbed by
Garment worn
Girls Women

Graphs :- Menstrual Protection options used in Rural Bihar

Source :- SEWA survey, (Rural Bihar)

Poor women and girls suffer from the absence of these rudimentary requirements over and
above the physical pain and discomfort of menstruation. Unable to maintain hygiene, their
bodies smelled - as one woman said during the FGD, “during the menstrual cycle we smell
even after bathing.”
84 percent of women and girls use pieces of old clothes for menstrual protection and only 14
percent bought commercial sanitary napkin, with girls and women responding similarly. 1
woman reported using only her garments to absorb the menstrual flow.

10 | P a g e
 Frequency of Changing Menstrual Cloth among Women
and Girls in Rural Bihar

2% 2%

17% 18%

61%

Once in 2 days Once a day Twice a day

Three times a day More than 3 times a day

Fig: - Frequency of Changing Menstrual Cloth among Women and Girls in Rural Bihar (
Source: CSE Study Report, “Global target, local challenge”
 None of the women or girl use new cloth for menstrual protection
 Only 18 % of female change menstrual cloth once a day
 Old used cloth and frequency of changing menstrual cloth are one of the major reason for
unhygienic.

4.3 Organisation Structure of LSBA

Sanitation is included in the 11th Schedule of the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992,
that mandates implementation of all programme at all levels through Gram Panchayats (GPs).
Thus, the institutional arrangements proposed under SBM (G) at the District/ Block and GP
level are built around the GP. A multi-tier implementation mechanism has been put in place
at the State, District, Block and GP levels as mentioned below:

a. State Unit
At the state level Lohiya Swachh Bihar Abhiyan (SBM-G + Lohiya Swachhata Yojana) is headed
by Secretary, Rural Development department. Rural development Department is the nodal
department for LSBA. Implementation of LSBA at the state level is the responsibility of State
Project Management Unit (LSBA-SPMU), headed by Chief Executive Officer-Cum-Mission

11 | P a g e
 Director, LSBA. Technical Assistance for implementation is provided by Administrative officer-
cum-State Coordinator, LSBA.
The key responsibility of LSBA-SPMU includes sanctioning of Annual Implementation Plan,
providing policy guidance & directives while ensuring convergence among line departments
and overseeing the District Water and Sanitation Committees (DWSCs) for effective
implementation and monitoring of the LSBA at the district level.

b. District Unit (District Water and Sanitation Committee (DWSC)

At the district level, District Water and Water Sanitation Committee (DWSC) is the key
institution responsible for execution of LSBA. DWSC is the executive body which gives
approval for the annual work plan and accordingly ensures its implementation. DWSC have
been set-up in all districts in the State to oversee the implementation of SBM (G). District
magistrate serves as the Chairman of DWSC; Deputy Development Commissioner serves as
the Vice Chairman, DWSC with Director, District Rural Development Agency serving as
member-secretary. Executive Engineer, PHED, and District Program Manager, Jeevika will be
members of DWSC.
To assist the implementation of LSBA at the district level , district coordinator, district
consultants for IEC, Monitoring and Evaluation, Human resources, SLWM etc are to be
provided ( the process for recruitment of additional staff to aid DWSC is underway)

4.4 Training of community motivators on Community led approached

State has adopted focused and saturation approach to implement the Swachh Bharat Mission
(Gramin). Training to develop capacity of the master trainers on Community Led Total
Sanitation (CLTS) has been imparted with the support of development partners for
undertaking the State’s need to train the Village/ Panchayat level frontline workers on CLTS.
The aim of developing the cadre of trainer is to cater the need of improving the capacity of
the frontline workers and trigger the community to adopt the sanitation facilities. A total of
1505 Community resource persons have been trained and deployed across districts.

4.5 Rural Sanitation Awareness Campaigns

There has been a paradigm shift in the process of implementation of SBM-G. An area based
approach of saturating wards, moving upwards to villages, GPs, and blocks is encouraging
districts to take up intense behavior change communication activities at the village level,
enlisting all the village level functionaries towards mission to achieve ODF.

12 | P a g e
 As a result, a sustained awareness campaign with strong focus on Interpersonal
communication by the enlightened community and the inspired leadership of the DWSC is
underway.

4.6 Declaration ODF

In line with MDWS-GoI Open Defecation Free (ODF) definition, the Bihar State Water and Sanitation
Mission have defined ODF as below:
“(a) No visible faeces is found in the environment/village,

(b) Every household as well as public/community/institutions use safe technology options for
disposal of faeces.”

The Specific ways in which this ODF status is verified through objective indicated is as below:
i. Declaration of Open Defecation Free status by each Ward Sabha of the Gram Panchayat and
the vow to maintain the ODF status.
ii. All households have access to and use functional own or cluster (in case of landless families)
latrines;
iii. Human faeces is completely absent in domestic and public places within the boundaries of
a Gram Panchayat;
iv. All public places have a functional public toilet with water availability;
v. All public institutions have functional toilet with water availability;
vi. All toilets must be visibly clean and there is evidence of its use;
vii. All families are aware of and practice safe disposal of child faeces;
viii. Hand washing with soap practiced by all members of the households after
defecation/handling faeces and before meals;

4.7 Stakeholders and their roles

For the Lohiya Swachh Bihar Abhiyan, various stakeholders are playing an important part into
the mission of rural development. The various departments are:

13 | P a g e
 Rural Dev.
Public Dept.
health & PRI
Dept.

Education
Jeevika
Dept.
DWSC

Welfare
ICDS
Dept.
Info. &
Health
Comm.
Dept.
Dept

- Jeevika
- Government
- PRIs
- NGOs & Societies
- Communities

4.8 Monitoring and Evaluation

1. A systematic Monitoring helps to track the progress of the programme and share the
outcome to higher level for corrective action and replication of successful interventions.
Monitoring of implementation process and outcome indicators in terms of change in
awareness, attitudes and behaviors would be considered. Since the beginning of
implementation of SBM (G), effort has been made in establishing monitoring and review
mechanisms at Community, District and State levels.
2 The Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation, GoI has a comprehensive online
monitoring system, which tracks SBM (G) implementation. The systems track beneficiary-wise
progress of toilet construction. Additionally, the online MIS systems also tracks outcome
indicator of toilet usage by way of monitoring ODF villages and gram panchayats.

14 | P a g e
3 The Nigarani Samitees formed in the triggered villages are playing critical role in
stopping open defecation as well continuing the morning evening follow-ups to sustain the
ODF status. The approach has yielded positive results in all the ODF GPs. The approach will be
further strengthened.

Fig: - Collective Change Approach

5 At State level, the LSBA has developed a detailed monitoring format, which tracks
progress at input, process, output and outcome level.
National water policies are shifting to community-based management approach because local
authorities are in daily contact with users, of whom about 50% are women. Historically,
national policy shifted from attention to distribution of investments in the water sector to
reorganization of water agencies and to building up the capacity of private or voluntary
agencies. The local context allows for more efficient and effective responses to local
conditions. Local institutions and groups are better equipped to solicit local participation.

15 | P a g e
5. Planning Process
In this programme the centre has given the degree of freedom to the state in the planning
process. So Bihar state has integrated SBM with the Lohiya Swatchta Yojna which was already
implementing by the state government. In this programme Management by Objective has
been focused, because the objective is to achieve the 100 percent of the cleanliness till 2 nd
October 2019. Mostly all of the stakeholders, implementing agencies, power and authority to
different departments are included in the programme.

a. State level Planning

State has to mainly focus on the implementation of the programme. SO state makes the plan
for implement it successfully. At the state level following plan has been done to implement
it;

The Bihar government has evolved many departments in these programmes. Their roles and
responsibility has been decided by the state. Mainly Jeevika is implementing it and all of the
departments are assisting Jeevika.

b. District Level Planning

In district Collector is the head, each district one committee has been formed in which all of
the associate departments of the district administration are the members along with the
Jeevika District Project Manager (DPM) and a representative of Swatch Bharat Mission, who
is the representative of the Tata Trust. District has not been given the financial power in this
programme. District in which there is five blocks have target to make district ODF by
December 2018, for rapidly making wards ODF the collector has assigned few panchayats to
all of the departmental head of district and block administration.

6. Budgetary System
This is the central sponsored schemes in which centre and states contributes 60 percent and
40 percent respectively. Centre transfer all of the funds to the state finance department,
which is deposited in a special accounts. Centre and state contribution is deposited in this
16 | P a g e
 account and the authority of access this fund is with having to implementation agency, which
is jeevika in Bihar.

6.1 Fund Flow

In Jevika a special team has been formed for implement it. After the declaration of the ward
ODF report is reached to the Jeevika head office, the entire fund of that particular block is
transferred to the block office from where the block head verify the ward and report and
money transfer to the beneficiaries account from state.

7. Challenges
 Prevention of contamination of water in distribution systems,
 Growing water scarcity and the potential for water reuse and conservation,
 Implementing innovative low-cost sanitation system
 Providing sustainable water supplies and sanitation for urban and semi-urban
areas
 Reducing disparities within the regions in the country
 Sustainability of water and sanitation services.

8. Conclusion
Implementation of low-cost sanitation system with lower subsidies, greater household
involvement, range of technology choices, options for sanitary complexes for women, rural
drainage systems, IEC and awareness building, involvement of NGOs and local groups,
availability of finance, human resource development, and emphasis on school sanitation are
the important areas to be considered. Also appropriate forms of private participation and
public private partnerships, evolution of a sound sector policy in Indian context, and emphasis
on sustainability with political commitment are prerequisites to bring the change.

The SBA has got extensive media coverage which leads to awareness among different section
of society. The upper classes have appreciated the efforts and see it as a business opportunity.
On the other hand the large section of the population has no clue about what has been going
around in the name of swatchta but one thing is sure without sufficient capital and well
trained labour this mission may miss its deadline.

17 | P a g e
18 | P a g e