Experiment # 1

“Conservation Laws”

Aya Sabry Safan

CHEM 117-501

22 September 2010

Lab partner: Varin Chauhan

Lab instructor: Layne Sarvela

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Abstract

The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether the masses and the volumes of two
mixed substances were conserved. In part A, a beaker filled with water was weighted before and
after adding water , alternatively for acetone. In part B, both mass and volume values were
recorded for three trails through mixing different liquids (acetone and water) using the same
procedures in part A. As a result, the volume was not conserved within mixing different liquids
unlike with similar liquids. On the other hand, mass was conserved in all cases. This result is
significant as in the process of separating milk into slim milk and cream, the products mass is the
same as the reactant. Thus the profit share will increase and refund the raw material price.
Additionally, the yeast increases the volume when added to the dough, and hence more pastries
can be made with less money spent on the ingredients.
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Results

Before the experiment was preformed, several assumptions were made. First, all the equipments
were checked for their cleanliness. Moreover, the volumetric pipette was cleaned and rinsed
before usage by the substance, to insure that other substance won’t affect the results.

 Part A:

At temperature 25°𝐶, 𝝆𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 0.997 𝒈/𝒎𝑳

Table 1: Water measurements

Data
Mass (g) Volume (mL) Deviation (mL)
Trails no.
1 4.966 4.981 -0.006
2 4.965 4.980 -0.007
3 4.976 4.991 0.004
4 4.971 4.986 0.001
5 4.982 4.997 0.010
Total 24.860 24.935
Average 4.972 4.987

The negative deviation values show that there was decrement in the average volume, while the
rest was above the limit.

Table 2: Acetone measurements

Data
Trail no. Mass (g) Density (g/mL)

1 3.885 0.779
2 3.814 0.765
3 3.787 0.759
4 3.833 0.769
5 3.757 0.754
Total 19.076 3.826
Average 3.815 0.765

In order to calculate the density, assume that the average volume of acetone is equal to the
average volume of water, as both volumes delivered by the pipette should be approximately the
same.
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 Part B:

When mixing water with acetone, there was a slightly change in color and small bubbles were
formed.

For two trails, acetone was added to water. The procedure was inverted in the third trail

Table 3: mixture of liquids measurements

Data Water – Water Water - Acetone
Total Total Total Total
Mass Volume Mass Volume
mass volume mass volume
Trail no. (g) (mL) (g) (mL)
(g) (mL) (g) (mL)
4.968 5 5.002 5.0
1 9.972 10 8.910 9.6
5.004 5 3.908 4.6
5.015 5 3.924 4.6
2 10.003 10 8.927 9.6
4.988 5 5.003 5.0
4.975 5 5.013 5.0
3 9.970 10 8.923 9.6
4.995 5 3.910 4.6
Average 9.982 10 8.920 9.6

It is shown clearly that the pattern of adding acetone to water did not make a difference. Based
on the results, the mass was conserved but not the volume. This was indicated when mixing
water with acetone no matter the order; there was a difference of 0.4 mL.

Questions

In order to state whether the volume was conserved or not, the final value should equal the
addition of volume in each trail. Therefore, volume of the same liquid was conserved. This
comes to the fact that both substances have the same composition and the same properties.
Hence, there was no reaction taking place (chemical and/or physical changes). In contrast, when
mixing two different liquids (liquids with different densities), the total volume of the two liquids
was not equal to the sum of the two individual liquids. Hence, volume was not conserved. In
fact, water has an open structure that gets broken when acetone is added. Thus, the force of
attraction (hydrogen bonding) between the polar parts increases, resulting in collapsing of the
mixture and becomes more compressed. Hence, less volume than expected. Eventually, volume
was not conserved.

Part A acts as a control for both, water and acetone, as only more of the same substance is
added together to the initial sample. The same procedure was carried on part B. The quiet
difference between both of them was mixing two different liquids together. The mass was
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conserved when the total mass of the mixture was equal to the additions of the individual masses.
However, the small difference between the values was due to the experimental errors and the
limitations of the instruments of measurements used. Eventually, the mass will always be
conserved in chemical reactions. The matter is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical
reaction. Therefore, the startup material will give the same amount of final product but with
different composition.

The acetone’s density calculated beforehand is 0.765 g/mL while the actual value is 0.7925
g/mL. In fact, the actual value is 3.470 % less than the experimental value. Hence, the
experimental density could be considered pretty close to the actual value as the difference
between them is small.
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Calculations

The calculations are rounded to the nearest 3 decimal places.

Part A:

 Mass of water and acetone delivered:

𝑚𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 = 𝑚𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑘 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 5 𝑚𝐿 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑑 − 𝑚𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑘 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 5 𝑚𝐿

𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 57.180 𝑔 − 52.214 𝑔
𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 4.966 𝑔

 Average mass of water and acetone delivered:

(𝑚𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑1 + 𝑚𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑2 + 𝑚𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑3 + 𝑚𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑4 + 𝑚𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑5 )

𝑚𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
5
(4.966 𝑔 + 4.965 𝑔 + 4.976 𝑔 + 4.971 𝑔 + 4.982 𝑔)
𝑚𝑎𝑣𝑔,𝑤 =
5
𝑚𝑎𝑣𝑔,𝑤 = 4.972 𝑔

 Volume of water delivered by the pipette:

𝑣𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒 = 𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ⁄𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

𝑣𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒 = 4.966 𝑔 ⁄0.997 𝑔/𝑚𝐿
𝑣𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒 ≈ 4.981 𝑔/𝑚𝐿

 Average volume of water delivered by the pipette:

( 𝑣𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒,1 + 𝑣𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒,2 + 𝑣𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒,3 + 𝑣𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒,4 + 𝑣𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒,5 )

𝑣𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒,𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
5
(4.981𝑚𝐿 + 4.980𝑚𝐿 + 4.991𝑚𝐿 + 4.986𝑚𝐿 + 4.997𝑚𝐿 )
𝑣𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒,𝑤 =
5
𝑣𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒,𝑤 = 4.987𝑚𝐿

 Deviation of water volume delivered by the pipette:

𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑣𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒 − 𝑣𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒,𝑎𝑣𝑔
𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 4.981 𝑚𝐿 − 4.987𝑚𝐿
𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = −0.006 𝑚𝐿
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Density of acetone delivered each trail:

𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑒 = 𝑚𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑒 ⁄𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑔,𝑤

𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑒 = 3.885𝑔/4.987𝑚𝐿
𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑒 = 0.779 𝑔/𝑚𝐿

Average density of acetone:

(𝜌𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑙1 + 𝜌𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑙2 + 𝜌𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑙 3 + 𝜌𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑙4 + 𝜌𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑙5 )

𝜌𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
5
(0.779𝑔/𝑚𝐿 + 0.765𝑔/𝑚𝐿 + 0.759𝑔/𝑚𝐿 + 0.769𝑔/𝑚𝐿 + 0.754𝑔/𝑚𝐿)
𝜌𝑎𝑣𝑔,𝑎 =
5
𝜌𝑎𝑣𝑔,𝑎 = 0.765 𝑔/𝑚𝐿
Difference in densities percentage:

𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝑥 100%
𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙

0.7925𝑔 𝑔
− 0.765 𝑚𝐿
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝑚𝐿 𝑥 100%
0.7925𝑔
𝑚𝐿
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 3.470 %

Part B:

The same calculations were used as in part A.

Mass / volume of liquids in a vessel:

𝒎𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟+𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑒 = 𝒎 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 + 𝒎𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑒

𝒎𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟+𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑒 = 5.002 𝑔 + 3.908 𝑔
𝒎𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟+𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑒 = 8.910 𝑔

Mass / volume average of liquids in a vessel:

(𝑚𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑙1 + 𝑚𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑙2 + 𝑚𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑙3 )

𝑚𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
3
(9.972 𝑔 + 10.003 𝑔 + 9.970 𝑔)
𝑚𝑎𝑣𝑔,𝑤−𝑤 =
3
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𝑚𝑎𝑣𝑔,𝑤−𝑤 = 9.982 𝑔