1908 Man ing SIRES, areas bole Eoe ‘ee Wea to GM te re md oth te ai cee cca i Cr Dood He a ‘eo a fi ein meen a al tem ‘esi no a ei i ee ce sere ec mae rb Ca Bp ae Ae is ao in may soi Singh dns cn hi tan in ed rei nc ane en he iene nese hh psr ba esd rele renal ie pat abr ce po ate at aceon error hy Cone Cape bin Date ‘lel oie ech ta ge a mage Li We Mae pe lS ati wir one Sin sei hrc Se pe NN 97E 148579903 GA pe) papitata. = Saat tacr cing CW, ctl id hie ale om he ih Ly. sor we sen Tcl tuna Spree ECs “ies ala non th pe ai oy, as Fei ae ta pet od ced el beat stints Contents i of Fes a tio Tae oi Note om Contos 5 ‘etoowdegnents * Frac wi ut 1 Researching iting and Malini 1 1 Research Pets on Bip and Mingle 3 Liwe 2. Resch a Tracie: Linking Mery, Method and Data 8 Maia G. Moyer ae Moca, Methods, a Took 8 23 Types and Source of igual Data as come Nore 4 ‘yl Spc Data Cetera or Cation cy enlope Gardner hoot 5 Seng nd, Grong, a Sis 2 abe ance 6 Sendy Designs Cross scion, Longa, Cate, and Coup a hota and Annable Davi 17. Taborstory Designs aed Pradgns: Wor, Sounds, a Senences "108 Judi F Kral, Chip Cerf, and Pala B. Dass 1 Taging Tecnologie a Juin Abies and Psu Anthony Delle Rosa 9 Tnerviws and Questions 158 Esa Cod 10 Receding Audio and Video od Ip Clovente 11 Tramepion in Mara Teresa Tull and Malis G. Moyer“ comets 12 Quanieation and Satie Nota Toke and Tos Ware 13 Date Banks and Copoca Ad Reckee 14 Doing Enagashy Monta Heer 15. Soil Newer: Analyse Xu Dang, Wan Nise and i Wei 16 Convert ad reco! hoals Holy Cama 17 Cae Door Anais ‘rion Blac 1s Nave ales ‘Aneta Pao 19 Media Anais Tony Paris Pac Pojest Hes, seit, ad Resort 20 Project eas We on Males G. Moyer 21 Disminaing Resse A Gide to Confrence Pesnttion and Journal Peston Meas Moyer ond Li Wet 22 ‘Resour foe Rech on inguin Us Web and Mali G. Moyer tintin References Ider a4 an Ww a6 ws on a6 a xa as ws List of Figures a a 4 Fa a A ta 1 ss a a 1s Is 183 ‘Concept Mediation Mode List Asocton Meds Revol Herel Mod Cnn for dita callin gis eal decison the sting of oes a eal word Engl? “The epetacking paradigm wed to dy rosea ction inspoten word egies ‘he row language pcre word Stoop ack Hoe VOT i ened jemovesent eons wile Spanish Eng peers read Rrusaly bina tees “Toporaic sclpdbation ofthe semanc NADGelie ‘The uration netod in fncteal eeucimaging expec nin activity pats ding gama procesing and “The lotion of eamerition inthe rec roe Rested information ob ele ith arse Sock ap vv sete Siracalpteras of diferent kinds of scl ewok Comparison of tr india’ newocks 1» iu hy Ms rd w uM 1 iss 2 244 as 0Part I Researching Bilingualism and Multilingualism1 Research Perspectives on Bilingualism and Multilingualism Li Wei 1A Introduction or many people biinnin and tai ate aft af He ad ot 2 ob. Coc erween pope peatng ferent nguages hs Ben commen Penton sce ancient se. reve era vee den or ti and emanation wchrolgis pote even ore opprisfor people 1 ere angst eto knoe each ahr en ioe wat hrs snd OME tp ar = monolgual, the oppor tka ray fart ele Nee, seme ean ise fens and i ueon sch ane all hens ec deeop Chen prose special eration rele aciogten tl alliage endo socl nde beer cone These gina estions, tbe atts to which depen on one's enperienes, koweige ofthe henonenn i oi of ew. They re avo wows rnatch questions het feo be adres seni. Fg fom scifi rere om igual ‘nd igus cam provide og eve for nanering tee gations 1.2 Societal and Individual Bilingualism and ‘Multilingualism Fishman (1980 made # weal iintion betwee nga ac mugs ‘an india pheomenon and sci! phenomenon. A dick look atthe je mata she couse ithe we acelin thee 6,00 fen: angus Ts dss not es, howe, (horse nia tans of wlsingual counties ate aetnatenes tn fat, cones wich an cil manga sch alga a Sized may hove many snags in tt ppalaton, while ofall, ‘owsingusl counties, such ae France and Gera, hve sible linge putatio Sel ection ae ete, Why are sore counties fly molt Fpl wires eae fisting? Wha hs do ils nes tes ingore neds fn soa eration? What are the fle of thc langngs ple fs conty on cle? What ae the ls fing ‘se and maligna on the cunts sonmic ad socal deelopnent? "A muilingi india anyone wo ean communicate in mae than oe Aargune bce coh speking and eng piv (coup Henig, esting, Milling indi may hove Deco wha they are dro ‘ery ferent expesnc: ae sy he acqeed a sine one an Thing chdhod, the called Bs Ingsap (Lan ered the nese tte nig whl thers have aqui tv oe mote ist Langage since Bch ‘hare lap ewe he npugerin te poe af ane acon? ‘een snd ate gue at rag nt bind of aga se? Ae lime langage mone easly les and miei’ than oes Tse ae some ‘tte questions tht could reseed th eget aig a lngation ata inde! pheromeacn. "Mencrer vapor thy need o decide whether hey wan tert svc tral vn ay When gl od sige speakers et, Sno for omlderaton ad agora hich language sald te ed Most Fingal aod uligan speners em to Know which Ingge sth not propio give svat, bu How do they know to hls a trang pester ries from one Tega to anete he mide of 3 onveurton, bt why do they do? Bllaget aod mating eration can Sho take plc witow de speskers witching, language ei aes, i ‘ot anconmo for speakers to const exch nea lect language, This Pesomemm fon, lor exaniyn Sri, where sees of Sesh a Rowen co col connie by euch peaking how ange. To wh heer ae dese see ae he ifeence beeen ti lng Tivo nd vce bingy nd agua t by no mesenily sepa Malgpol renee ocaly moelisgal counts fe id them ‘he contained by lial plies nd nable to tie th fall gic ‘reverent as nang in olymuligual counties de dic {Crom kage buna to make fl we ofthe oppreits and sources ‘Motble Cn thee Ld oon eed through egsion? hae wou te then feof tensor of ths kind? 1.3. Research Perspectives Research on bing ad ruling has a ery oso. Det dcrmenaton sci langage cata in rope, or example date ack to Research Panpctes 0 Bi Malling s ‘he seventh entay, Whitey naif he emai sce of ngil ‘pec was publ i 18H; and Cal’ experiment, which compared Word sitios ad ceacton tis of bag! set monaliogu ina, were pulled in 187. Nevertees, bilngustsm and maltingalisn became anor Focus of seni esearch ony inthe las cet especially fom the 1970s ‘hve bread research pergeives canbe Meio ings, peeling, il sociigaii. Each of thee prspctves ha a dint nd reso ehodeoges 1.31 Linguistic perspective Research on bling and mlingualion i conte t the comtespcery legis apna, Chomsky (1986) deed thee base quetione fe inguin: 1 What consints knowlege of langage) 2 How s knowledge of linge sca? 53 How i krowkdg of argue ptt or ings and ligula earch, thse ution ca be easel to take nto sot knowledge of more than oe npg te Cook, 193) 1 Whats then of logue oe ame in Bor ming pon’ a how do dees syens of langage knowl nex and ier 2 How i moe than one amination acqaleed,eier simulans 0 suey? In what eet does Bor mugs aquston ee ‘monolngsal seq? 5 How nh kone we a mas Ins ey he ne sari ing ieacton? ‘Wi regt the fat quo ie nate of mig towed) «key ‘ane ete ad ho oe trent agg i he ig! pro td Icret with one aoe One importa sara othe melgel Ahir ay more betwee ie Images hey an sek ne ame fie, besvng more or el ong i agg nee eens, de, or even woe renting i rg phenomenon known a Codestching Theis rey ae bol offerte deing the sca utes of gna oe sci es cect coe sche ake place at [pei pots na terns he ae sctcly wel ocd se em 1 om fort the aia ost fhe mpgs novel Meike (2000) foe ample ales pong f ceviche of material esi ene “reir conten am engin a tact fom he oe ng “atenaton’ betwen scars fom langage ad "congruent ela” of mater om fens ivetore in Shared ornate ings have dered vatiou modes pein the amma cosis sf hese poco Foran, moi of te teonal pe of ede,‘ we view te constant fs sts propein af ome bse mati Tepes ea the Matis Langage ome mot MjeeeSton (1997 whe ‘todd dparing om len se ccna om cose hing ems ‘Tasco or equelnc oh angus ied the sch Po ceo 96m “arate he tt ngs, comers ae repre 8 008 a sew meld or cose pops More ert ng sis of co ‘ling geen swe eof acon mm onan ap Smadar te pao aft ane ppc set de by Unies ‘Sams MaSwan 20628), fr xa pe a ato ny tht "Nang ‘Sura cote biching pr Go th genes fhe med rma” freee teasers puto that al of the fas ofa feet my ened ene fp sn cee eis pramac wr ech iic wane MS ao qos he Sea ind alonoey pone of he a npg, come 8 wey teh tot by colswiching ras dca oma ch che tne propos! by hiperSonen Whi pene acted that the 0 fn toate mele in cosh oly ics one oii he ovens kame thee proce pease aly opens “Cen ggenes theca ots agege oe heey motte Sa pbs no ted for exp these! pte a ome “Te ond jr ae sesso gation snd tingn cenit a ot ong Er sues of go 0 Sion atcnpsd t the eropestl pts and stage fhe gol hl era aT (97) sees a ing seston wet cep the key gee Suge the hilt has oe Hosa sytem compel of words fom both lange {ech digits wo ilfeent lexicon, but applies the sme setae als wo both langues the child speaks wo lasguges diferente both i eon ae tyatan bt each linge rata With he person wh os th line. Aon ome ss oth lore and afer Vole and Tach a ride cee suport te model hte as bem ch era palsy af the {Ino made sean the ia ro stage. Ts is goteray known 8 the one Syemor no" ibe; Ky obliga ice tein wa fused Ungutie Shem ad psdoly fleets the evo angages, of do they sar wis = {tern syste? Pt of hat debate centers aol question: What counts SS ence for diflcettion or faon? Voters and Thescher (1978) and {Tooniac (1983) foe tte, Based eden om wheter the chk wade appropri cing cok ue whether he cide he gt ings {othe ig perm wae aged that sarees of he two lings sit Playsa crcl cle nding the rw afdleeatton, anda cls abit Rewirch Perspectives on Bi Mailing 7 snake ppoprint guages ef that sarees Howes, a Mean {1984 point oe, the spent hae lng chen ert he nage et they ae sare there ae to ayes ec ale se strony pod {oe asin what meat by awareness ter tha that cike sept he pen any ese, we ned to bea inn tht i's apart Gas hose ce ie Inge for the night adds rth fet ee Kon thr the child hat ome er ewe Kagan: Prt of he gba the ain one of what we ca ifr aout competence fem etormene na fopicul std of gl mamed Kate who war aang Dt Eng [ah'simsaneoly, De Houwer 1990) provided srg endence fo the septate evelopment argument, De Houwer sep that Rate wa only Dutch ith !neaonpul Dh speakers bt would exasinaliy sich Pgh when itr ‘cing wth Datel-Egish ig. Ths, the cd same ste oh ng tbls of he neato, De Hower farther sagged hat Kate wed Engh tl Datch nth same mune do cen reefing noo a nes She was, ascnlng to De Hone alendy fly bing by te ape of 29 ‘Aho cal aig wa ot a fc of De Heer nly che phesomenon srs dlzuned- Inthe majority of Kats ied tracy sg word em os ‘fe ows fom one lang, Wa sete so an trance ht woe ‘ple th eer agg. These mie trees were wel fcmed that rami De Hower ed hie eine forthe ci parte the to ngage 799) abo took ae with Valera ad Tanne (1978, iting thie sage faye miing for bing to egy fin pointed ot that the erdence gen by Vora aad Tacha at sleet 4 spor the ‘potest hat liga caldren met dergo a ste ym ing Staton wich woud mao be explained by the chil pocesig bat a {ngs a si sytem Mil apd tat oe coll ly ie than aspects ‘St remar where the two adult pen dered a aid eps even for insnces of sytctic ming or af ilertiaton betwsen wens. aon ‘esol to nd eae for or gant a en ifr ot inte Stes ee the legenge position of manag chien each langue “ted. Mel fer sagged tha fol be how tht yong bigs chen ws agus stractore in wich te to ae are spc ile, ‘his would conse ede grins the one ste hypotess, There now ents ‘lage body af erate ebuting the “fined” tem bps ping tnd ‘bat iting ave tv dice bt tedeponen sper the at. {ee Gonsce, 198% Mee 1989; De Hower, 1980; Dighe 1992 ane, 99%, Dench Quay, 2000 “Wile the onvesustwoystoms debate coins 1 act ew cil sau, 4 more interes gion fae emerged rearing the acon ‘ing and util! Know. More secs tig and ge Acquton the sae a monolingual aequision? Theol pre deo ‘spose witht thee ring sy sinarty with mowing acquit, Most ‘escort nga ches ngage eveopmeat sy a ‘he same aha of monoingl cen Newertel ss Gene (2002) pots5 LW cout, one need 0 be care abo the inde of conch ane daw ch ‘hence. Snes sn pal and onoingeaacqston Joma ea fh (the to lanpmge ig clang develop m th ame way ret same edo tht (2 he so Linge «ing cld aging, {do mot infer and ert with ch eter ee, Pans € Geese, 19965 Die, 2000, “Thre one which ingen cides ce if rom monolingual chides ney ce sing, Sar show tht muna cen x lees fom dtcu engnges nthe ene trance asm dey can pede ewe stot teams fg De Howe, 190; Lae, 1997; Deochae & Qoay, 20005 {nt Dav, 2000, Lie adic swing, ling en's nag ning ST haiy staed. The operation of coastaints fsa on sic fers of {mms sich as word tr seen om the twoswodaorpbene se a ihe opr of conse bed om abstract tions froma rowtegg mon edn in ling chien ence ey dessa sich owtege vey evi tem nd greene hing) wally arcu 236 sang and biG fer Mee 1994 Kopye Dil, 1995. Aa ‘Genes (002) pins ohne Sigs get that dion ro he Engi “ompecace 0 fmol cet tonongyl aig mulling hide ave these capacity wo coset he gags en acordance wih he [natal consi of ope ange daring iin, Whe hse sais ‘wie fre ede othe cparte evelopment [or toate) ap, hey abo meta ese ath quae snd sae diferent went olga and moooigul aes. “Aol mc ofthe langage aquton esearch oess on hearing langage can be Ue expries The Bld of end langage aeaiion {GLAD sleesey sme of the anda es of ow fers who ay hve epee st monolingual guages a2 ate tie oe ‘eample,whor elect does the ning of ada bnguape eqeition hare 00 ‘heer enn longange swell ar eaiersequed oes? Clearly a ofthe key ttn of econd langage nisin wo become bmg But why do spe rer appr beable to ache noc ihe ee of een ah ec Ieured linge am at mh oer ate Han te ret Cn the a= tmnt evel inthe er sed Inge: Be minained when the speakers ach eadranel ape? Whar pac of tho muting wide maybe abst te aon and ka? Whie any feces espe ase in SLA, ‘Shch's gee comseed ober rm bingans nd malign Teveuch cond langage ers and ober Taecacice Inga wets ae rege aah iporan sd dative prop of ing and ning "Te hd major ar of gist rereach igus ad mingson cones how blige pt tht knee of to 9¢ mae Langa 0 rer sees of ile lngage we omen lepiage cic in leet Contests and for ifr popes: Fass doin alas (2000 1965), fe ‘ample ete the msn hich spears i ngage ois acon ‘eto stings end ppt, Gumpert (1982) sented a ange of decaase nc of tig cade swhing, cada gteation ade spetexion, ‘Reser Peipectos on Mailing . ineseions,wekerton, mean quiion, ad pronation vert bit: Fration Sackdecripve seco al the Todo for te i evden, ‘ech on he pega of tuna specs invoking the novo of “coments” = the pocaes by wich speakers cone the local and gba coments which are neces ot the npc OF ht liga nd nomngieactvies~ Ave 1984, 1995) apr that ‘ulingis seat anges conrecnon ould a ae cece {orth eration ofeach ters enon Accor to Au he iter ‘on of tino neanng of clei i ticace the eet pes of ngage choi. He prope » tinction ereen dino {nacelle swcing Dacor lated code sec crbts {the ogonzaion ofthe ongoing ineacton, whe paren rated code ‘ching penis sessment by parians a he peak’ or and ‘Compete in ne langgs oe the. "rom th spss point of ew, nge coe allows te ocak the ‘clave ont and reves of apes oe langage thr than athe Ts the premise on which Carol Mes Suton Gi eran choir mod” Under sch mode wht ke cies “ena” the pee a be thks cope cans a ae sot hw he er ve ‘iene that inde ily cue feos, bt he seer so comers fis or ker own vals and eles S0 atonal choles ace abe, wih he fo tel in stot ig ator os oe Balboa 200 13.2. Peycbolinguistc perspective dwn inmate {Bly these te ky aur "mating! knoe peal son ‘elim Yr de carmella tee om tn oT sol sd dace lope: Pyengi rea ted we ‘Sons sd Lteatry meso esate mela! ben Tey ign concne wih deisg a npn sacs of manga chy Bee mee m0 wi he cog poe led ecg a ecg ‘ings pec ajhungtie reach onthe copie orion and eeenttion of final nd mating! Kroes pied a acl yt work of ‘Wears Fong oh atop baer he Inge po sp nd te soma cette, Weh (93) ined tee po ‘ea ype fy shen! cones» sic tom eh gg ‘ih aepunte nt of ie Woche th oe (ete Caled pra’) bg te Type del sme vo er tr reac them a 4 age compound, on composi ont ni ct “oped” hig Type Cedar pal whe ane mpage wi he ‘ipa pvp one yale andere) ‘agua He eeprom Eoghan es5 we is evi wins sino ae ofl inetd in the ear fing 0 inh ee ot tats it ft Be ans tect Wein se om cl, Se bia ite domseac a ay gh of pobre thane serdncad in pam aol Reo of specs we one “orate taste isn psig wo ngage nol ne ori fra” wore aston sk) Wms abo be ese Tre St suc apn ite re Sn along cone fee btninae ar compost ead to covet ead at 2 the same for mcd compen cin nc al mate ror Te AeeMpenng os among er ng te ge ad cone feito, ‘cathode pein ee sol tesa Pater S, Von Eta kan (1984 ee efomaaon (eer igo! ical Knowlede olde ered in he id TORTS ceocompting wos he Cont Medion Model the exc nsec nol nthe Comey: Noliason ode wor of bath ad La TaeE"e oda ence repent the esl Avoction Mode on (RES Ind, word Insc ngage esto toh 1 les oa can beter ithe made we ary esa Conceal one ure fs Conse Medan Mot Resear Pspectes on Bi Malian uw ‘Conepena ore ut D word word Fr 12: es Anca Mad to Wein dsincon between coordinative and sbi, At the same in, svel reaches fe Kole Ge Gowater, 1980, and Hammel, 1986) preveed evidence forthe socal dss ml a vere in Figure 12. Thi lower model hw soo ganrstedconssnble rears om the ‘xine ofthe pai “bllgal langage eth whi hs Been posted to acount fr the bina bly fo ch ewe lngiges om he bok ‘inrnmenal demands fe. McNamara, 1967; MacNomaca fe Kas 1972) Suteqoent suis found contig erence in fav of daca moe. Some ‘ofthe confitingevence could te explained By the at that deren yes of Inge sper wer ed inthe eapsnent tet of poiconsy kd sg and contest of sequin Ie spose hat leslie i ited ‘wl fw velo proiency al cote miton with ihe vel exp Fox thove who have become bun sn ter childhood or athood. Some resco called fo » developmental dimension i the weg of Big Tnowedge Inded,alhough te vasousprchotinguie mods were italy proposed without refcence to bigualacgusiton, they cll have mporant Igcton for aqustional research ad meee ated ith ction a, Kell and Stew (1994), for example, propos the Revised Hiei Modal which vepesents concept econ and word section aot a ert ‘models ata serie rots win the see model Gee Se 12) Is wel as dewloping ew mel of binge! mental lexi, peychalingts Inve wed the lat anton nexoinaying ecologies ive the co tne organisation of Langage he fing a ce Atle Capp Pera, 205, or 4 sia) The ay search queion her the lonSip Ieee re vced etapa erate for lle gues an en. metal ineloke intunces sch a a cision, expen, prey Conese store a te awed fa words Fre 1 Reid Hie Modefat uWe sc haecn os whieh pts of in atin sited wih ‘hata apical ings psssny ee rons sie 208 ‘ec mpgs a dec spray crs uch ar prof emt a> Sr mulls rain att: more eee cereal action te ‘acre wh pena tees pf nn sale ion ‘Ti ampleending the ls prose anope ‘eshte ds of gels ings we ees ond 0 ie in ee fhe contin gga ce ces oe tera euler on mtn ct ef big gl ‘Steele tomate spose ngnge ches Mung seers coe ‘ett mg erg icy tt ig i MTpcon ses og membre ry choses ola, thea topes lily spor prone eho he sac ate Grae enenton (sin comer iw, ot, eneannen canst Saye tbe ine etn chara the ae vig Tce nen tee, png se Sn loi ws he ade fe tn ih cleus spe ne, trang owes rece any ot ng oss rain rhe meng gon chaps om ne nag othe SUSU Ntmcn: Or ts bso ch nti, sen (298) ‘Mowe sete am ht nce iret ane ts AL om ESQothe conan lp stay nln nos mos, Sete mcg on eer th es thy hao Ache ne end eco gut detec teat guage wth hy conmniing wigs whe ae treo fr mar lnm wh a ey nal i lng ‘Sueswach an om Test ens gal fd heme seer po ge es val eposon uf he oti The eeenges aed yarn he op dom ofthe ge, and {EoRimnm the mle Adina menos can be ted hen ‘Meta wo tang alates Ake monsingl ed of hci ® urs Pet tos syotery } e LANGUAGES ire 1 Logg moe Resear Popes om Belington 8 bigs aoe che Lnpuge of the mania inteacioe) and deste thar othe langage] a fa posible “then binges i billageal mode, he or she wl ace osc words ‘oom ovo kno produce eens How wards at accu ced spon production sie etal men pcalingatics, ln pyc ‘each on biligualion he question become tht of how diene kaka Hens intent annges may be acesel or ade fern. Flowing cre prychlingisics mod af speck predation ad more econ: work by Caen (1399), Pak (199), and Fckendot (202), Myer Seton (2005) popes Dilfereial Aces Hyp foc bingwal podaston. The yp sees wha i own a he 4M mel, wich diferentes our types of omg ‘hse morphs ad ce tpt stn ngs cai yen mote Uwidge ate mosphere nd ouside ht sytem morpemes snp ht te ire peso epee de the tM model ae diferent acest he strat eel th proscton owes. Specially cote ephemera eatly -ysem morgane are acolo he atl leno bt ae te terpenes do nt become set ur the lo the fxm asin Level ‘Speaking model (198) The poten ha ec conte et te erature ad being teed with range of lng conc phenome. 1.3.3 Sociolinuistic perspective ‘The sesifngaie perigee diff the Bigs and ppcholngue pe pests ced ave i reo oth it seach metho ad ts ala ‘rental conceas. Sovlingite see balan eign a sly nstaced penomenon nd the bing or manga pron asc a or the malig spear, language che i ror oly a eflecte means of emu fut ao ana of identity (Le Pape & Tabor, 18S), Every ie we sy something one age when we ight ust a ely hae ‘si tn another, we ae reconnecting eth people stats ad power ce Epurations from ohn of pt ners ad pining on that history oc ide ose the people ad langengs concerned. Throng gue che, ‘we mitin and change enc group Sounds and penal eet, and onstrct and define “sel” and “other” wii »brder piel economy ad hiv nett is of ngage wea ings ed pycholingas ae “concern wih isons an ise ose ad entation forte ec. “The notion of entity has gone oegh codes changensosingi, tn the carer vation llc won, a exemple by dhe work of tab (09720), teiy wa tae econ te speakers oneness ee, 2s plc of origin. ts assed tht spears expres, ate than nga, ‘enc though thei guage wt, Svral scholy ach a Cameron (1990) ‘0 Johnstone (1996), later sted sch rsnpons and ated ste at iets ar egos Toop social iereion. Ling ome and ates have mull fintions a ano be del nk parle Mente ove sd finest contents: Wor by Ramptan 1995, 1999) aad La (999) for4 iw xine, dont he ds oly omer: More ret Wook by ove ad aig Bled 8 Pos, 2001 Parent Hace, 200%) cops th pcnon of dete he chet soni egos en ba ack to the work of si popculgee we nel op pon aed ero fons {CE Taie 1974, 11 ey, ne poppe ele se fs, comtetd, expec sal commonly the nial win 2 {fou Negotton an a tamctonal ces, whic nda aemet {Ske sy dene my chalga ppt her own and ee? acd ogee Cag tonmcy, 199% 40), ey dems sch thy {ener etna leet, ese oral or yay ecto, paket {Giese of ly uty inact betsearty ia cy wll noone, Stic ety gto ecm onl cla he edge of ting anderson aed, suport ol epee. “Tee are wo majr pcs wth the er group ocak on coogeal appro to enya dy egos the cence a in he ana hentia and hanes wcll eles The wold Stenson congo en ann ge ao gr” or "we oe and "hy code The sell sgn te ara popes mci” atv sper sng fort eet ex) ho ie language an alee ev to ear he age ofthe hove, This roca fen known at “coerce “aetna.” The ec or Frolem comers th spouts ate and bomngone vi of ta ad Sing doy note io act the tors, opel se economic vee the psn sil gop meno. Adon = pss appronch te ona sey, Fak and seg oa Becg SFr, 200 Pevenk 8 Sec, 2043) teeter been Inge ati i sel costire Inverse se mui day ade cng For les eat {nf nts te nay btm lene positon ate Des Tia, 1990, annus tee poston whey fers compl cwaon pre aor owe, The anaes of mk gti ear iy ous emi ga capped olin alge ad squat ade ee renew ety pe ety opto conte at and eer ‘Meg Bc ae ons a pian dle ‘Shun gue tc ny be abi fo ein ous of peste, whe ‘thers ey nt Taku Kel, 1997 aoe wor nll gion oft opis cotualy examine some fe erp an nose common aed thet ‘ota il bilgi nd mstguram For sal ny [iicalcolereicng oes gton sto what gg het of aking ‘lng ode pt, aii nd oe ming sakes ‘hoax wo dee on cops commana eres wich unrated and we ao The gist ema theeore east bes fon at th faery red Slopes (ot Research Passives on Bi Maliingalie 1s atom atic) and of te ordering pecs of oi ie ofp ters (Gal & levine, 1995). This perspective goes bon 2 foc 00 tal FRrcention of figutic knowles opens wp the prs af losing a ‘tngstio aod mullingssn a water of elo, communenive pate, te scl pose. “This pticuaesocinistic perspective has npntant Sgatins fo the my reer colle, ale and ere dit Ife By develope in Tivhopsog, soso, ad coral i, pie have exe come ‘Ehive prcits win and sonst tht can be ehnograpicly denoted tote ned. Working wih he idea of rao sks, gitar, ‘course astcog) cron time abd space ed of dcr sacs whl lee and abo conten he production and celtion af dcr Hele 1995h, 206) hat examined maga practic ina umber of communes al nye he sch prac ort othe eomtaton of ial bonis tte resoutees thse bounties rept. They theeorsz rae he sion the sci and Ksrial codon that lw foe the develope of atest ‘pines of Tonpag, fo tie reproduction, thie comeation and, evenly, fie motion oe taser. father, slow eae seni wbich oct hae extended he work flings and peelings on ington aed sainguin that of the sequin of Engst haowledge, Bale om carer reach on age ‘exalt, wich focsed on yours eden acquiring thee St langage “ao speci way, scholars suck Keck (1982), Crago, Amat, 20d Nios 1983), Zena (1997), and Schecter ane Bayley (2002) examine Iatnget ad igual chiens developing compen nvm ech aed leeay event Fariclaraeotion gen othe geo bgt srs thle or ne, in Bla snd mldngual comatose ad the way in whch ‘len, aswell alse and at ean o chose anong these aoe: fae hee syle ale Te resestcher esl guage section interac prose which thew being esis act at ate tha seve panite ites This nw of inquiry aso dense how donne of tnowlaeae contracted through language a ela prt, abd how the Intra poston alec the proce a bao cians constton (ee farther Bape 8 Seber, 200. 14 The ransdisciplinary Future “Thee no doubt that & mach ne mace pace ofthe han Inge fact, sid sade of the human mind, hos emerged as ares of xt ‘eetch on lingam and rntiognsn ope mary decades. We updesand Ie about the Iman capacity for Inge through sich esearch tha the rmonolingel perpecive ex eve oer, Themis of hansn hnuage sid nd ae bce lforme new andes mas by rssh o ing16 Liwe itingaian, New reach quetane Hae een ake, Ipoh orm purais comeated The miley acre of iia a i ipaton eee a ved tte sne dcuson of te vaso earch apts hus Bena et sent the Sl Neverthe se feo he Freres 1 mee comperbese emework st eased the arow p= SE dbeinary ree So what ae the main alleges v fig aod ‘hina rsrel a mees forward ro teaser fate? ira hee he Bse of langege Hack dap devas Own BO. CCommanication sre dixie may prover be dal since i eis the (io tera ee tate nt well unde by exile fy the the “Gkvatdiplioe Bren men the same terse wd th intend eating ‘oonaations may be mister dae lnk of common backround For ‘Sample vee ern “lange” may cage ay die Ege syste (rr pyclops bt eny tery probleme die fr 2 Ings. Say, wins "spl pe ine Reser fom ieee siney back roy cen a wih ser) diferent anne, Soe my sion ha no onal cern at ly ers ar happy to icide aul econd o foreign Tempe Teste bigs Sll thee may argue tt Inguge eo ney tnd dominance ee dtenaing factor. “con eeash mth, Despina fen devo sec ow nod of snvegtion Thay to mining fsa oppstion othe esearch endings tmpotnfo femember tt eterch ato ae chan for = purpose and anew he appogeite for he esc quetons, Yet the each ‘state not al alte They atten poe wi pila dpa, Teint biases ren sper nesta cei rn sch a ace dation and ration am be wd to eve prs isa ee “in explanations Cerin earch tons fror eva esearch ods, Co wey viene fom ads st ermpoydfeseat methods say be Osh ‘ie elo "Third tere consi of om finipsiy dino” con chen amending af ny complex social heme ach bigs ha malting fepier sorb fom a tty of iin, The ait and irciary appoach has defintely genet reach “ets thr calng the seed Wom about e Huan mind ands Te big elieiinc o merit dows nt sel eta imovatin Thocra epi kn ceatey, besting nee ound ang ale nd ‘tokng afc, Inovtion oon ate eons ax new approach deci Fourth te esion betes asi sesh and appli” seach At aie whe ecich feng al eco te ited apo researc tat hs more ‘Bree and imei pat om ply ad patie vctives moe ateton and ‘Mopor than sls tha re tsi erat guts. Tete i aoa teensy tevnteppecen! apie! ee ae etary verdcitinary and bas reac “Sinrnoe Yer wttow aves inf ova, tere would eno bas Tbe knowledge wan, whch the Key to applied research Base reseach en ‘cscs consent fac tc be rgd that he mj he reac Resear Pesce on Biull ” question athe bigs al mings fd come rom the concen of {Riad the comma iy em a ater te ‘Theineresed aust of tingslm and mliinguatinn oth the ail al soscl lvl fs the raeech comment new oppetntis fev: "Wir laowlege base nd deel the Heo aid meee of langue at cont eatin. Societys intrest it ings aa eligi ao growing ‘eullenge othe teserdh commit sto make whe ay be wed a etc resench soci eevant st well Academic ranches worn the fel of ion ad mination hy pf he ht th ol have otto ty about the igus ad pple hears ad modes, bot toy make scant contains to mcipolia debe aot the word we ‘ee Wing in today. Herre soul ook oe ototng ay oc Fees on india epines ean fom ach oer’ perspetins, and cstene Mess is the esponsiiyof researches oa he aoa es of gs ‘dengan tres howgh good sence. Te sequal importante tse ‘nga! and igual revsrchere aes scopes bea-on2. Research as Practice: Linking Theory, Method, and Data 2 Melissa G. Moyer 24 Introduction Rewach an ctv hat routes anal and rica hiking tal ‘The ent chapter dics the proces of dig esearch Heng i mid the ‘aris feameworts ctl Being peace. there, press eat ‘htingsbone nsench on bimllngels and the manner i wich dsr tether, and aircon reel sv the onoig process of peeing new owe The sy of ington ovr aes diinry areas ul thodlogl wadkon tat seme ge Sine vies ofthe wor anf ‘he sexy nme of tie earth coepte. Reser methods for iveiping, ‘gato snd mules ead be deer rom ods ley a {Uleto ni sated dpe. The choice of methods however ena 2 2 Sy and wl depen on tenet ides conning te phenome we ac askin “ution abou, Go ouch pace ater wht the appa = eis Sir andewonding of whee one eer rine the oer pista of expla Jig lingo, Isle Inher am sity co eal ale reach desi cto undead te purer av wy eampions thatgo wth lng, ‘hale sop Refs throughout the esearch proses meer nade te beable to evant and chose the os appropeine methods and tol to th earch qty ou, Dest eet inary perpen oF ioumelogeal stain, acter shate x concen for pon, bowled I tuwheingendrsoning sb ningun They alo ape about the ied cei on enous venigton flowing pence research poles deco "The pram chase ab proves «wt pine for setting onthe vious ppt and tetiges ele folate nd ane questions that re siren i Seton 22 sists hey flea, taking it a0 the ontology for hee of ngeal ta ad he vations epistemolis or {heir of bowled tht can be ads A icin follows in sec 2.3, (rinse of questions tat tsk to poe efecto nour earch fo ¢ ‘and nla ane, Nex in ton 24,» dssion pest ofthe Research ap Prac: Tory, Meth, Date » lets and acts vole in the pow of ding research and ofthe anser in which questions, thers method ad dae age elated. A ammay of Tee show meu sta Syatmi nd ongtng proces preted 2.2 Data and Knowledge on Bilingualism and ‘Mulelinguatism ligation a ef ny ie atin leg fo» psi erin coal on talaga nosey Regen pt ‘Sy gh met bes eo a ak ‘Soyeuse combs or Lp pure The ass i wi the ng ‘sear inte mina eta oes pon con eo ot {Dred phe nes doped om as dogs gence pce, prot eon osx apg sa rena aga Frm f he man be Int seo tage kon cel ieene fits yt cols ta to ny a yng te sane Mngt so Oa ‘hve sity combine wo ngngs somes ee, os Sod Tusa anas compass ot acre eb onl mmol ‘gate capnaoen Ot Inge pines ich ae papas or oon fries se bt piped wh heel fsmovons ai dea th So'ty megs tl Sse an fn nd come omc 0 Ing re be fed nigel da nd commas lings o tae sn anemone or hat ‘Soest je tne on ano a ter ar ey ‘Sela nhl The ane kc dom the ed ihe poe ie ees on eo ice perpicel rer son ‘tng tar ew ped at, oe pec on ge there comet anton begun ced blow cat be raced ‘ng fo nd sce nga ope a owl ingen a ene a esos sl nn and prt 221 Language as form and structure Language form tact cn be obese in eeray gg we, Langage stare eniicaly and ebeeratonl ase brn ian be teed bak 1 rye pou even the rea worl hat wat produced a parte ie 2 pica comet tic a pec even tat can Be aio ep recorde and "eprdnced over al over at any tine ee Clete, chape 10 inthis vom ‘Ning fom contnters data st becomes the bj of gc sali “The asian io types or aera themes io which sata fos se epee wl depend onthe pata heretcal pci a he way it» Mets. Moyer ties wh cosa dt (Leia, 2004 Mev, 200 fn he el fbn ‘fic seucues eo be epee by tana goes of nay ‘char dsc nos a0 o. Bgl langage fons an ao be as etacconting a whathe thy tenes fend coment converges tr once Bonowangs The conpley a inal Inge cont poomena 1 Jppost en tmowingta ata fd Mayo (200) wo onze nga daa ces crtn, arin nd congrats leet ‘Spe pocee thar hve an cps aly in acta iil ngage we (ee None ad Gone Chloe, cee aed in dhs volume for eon sete em) Linguists one enti cn banality of ys Qua Seton ts ete inorder eo eablsh whch forms se epee fra op ‘peices unl should therfore conte 9 elable edie: fo are there iB caorton in ee sah ne sviingssties, formal gis, © Ito Trust aloe method ha el for rexpoding to goesions hat ave (odo wih dete ce level of sequin, or with langage si, canes, aod eovecpenelavane 8 Resch 1996; Bod, Hay, & Jn, 208) Forexampe, Sontoinguis bt respective ttf ondanenel conceal with expaiing “con af rcs (ans and movploall witn dept. Riu Ittodnoge toa nd pcp were ae out by Labor (9821) for calling the apprise de to ape the ris of earition asco ‘et of el vvaes (il lay gender, a, an tis, The ality of ‘Zanini appemch i prior for consti eal hess of Ingo ‘hong, which one o hey oben 2.2.2 Language as competence Langag capetence se nmect dint pinay atin Foc nd threes approaches co guage wha a genetve amar ein Tngiuge ih te pct approach undertox # a pemon's tacit Keowee of gamma This owl lls how ofan at ieee word vse ad ences i anne wewed a ight xpd system of ‘len whore grammar cet Languap ance aban tough edges ‘Bowl ail eect dda adeqey i ation othe lea speaker ire. For, thot, and gnetive approaches to Lngige have ech oneal wh opin the elo ngage mid. Tas ed a ‘Suis on theory andthe Gelprent of eatery, alone wih epations enon ad cosets pop 9 scout forthe pat phecamen of f- {onee, Wht yt cute ay data sein, though, parol dein hd some linge pinto Abney, 196; Shite, 996) i egies more ‘ec thao ocd. “fhe sady of blingaton ween »cetsn callnge ro the Chowstyn ‘conn langage sth compen o nat owe ofthe monn ‘pesca ins bomigeaour spec commun. Bing ngage ence ‘ck as coleman, convergence, triton, and second Lege a= grtion se Resch as Pract: Tory, Method, Data a ‘wllctublied aro of reset for which cksining jets aed iions inely na lable maiod~ on ow foe Figo about» nga Competence Judgent abou ling srr ca be teed ease ming feo angst fen conieed mace or unraatialThiscoeetion [Teo nition rab pole when searching chien aging we Thats a hey te alo ale oexpress emma jgnen eps they ate wry young. The ao of pefomene dan an sass regen) Uleviged Fem Copa of it good method t ssace rable pasate Cheng be Tobie & Waren cht 12 in his ume 2.2.4 Language as production and perception perimental rscach vainaly cid oti the Sel of ppc lakes langage a # frm of production cea an abject of perapton. One ofthe Golson language inst conle laboratory meting ito dover tr ews lmgunge tem are etal ad ew they neat the ei, The feuke of experinental ses ae sively pple to a Ian being tthe she sar Legge Background tothe sujet Inthe expesinen Fobolingisicy nics, and the stay of nage acgustion are the Srspics that hae tradionaly ast experimen methods to sore the ‘oe fling option sed he pie tht onto pen ieatons vom cove stone Kel, Care, 8 Ds ad Able 8 Delt Rosnchapters 7 aed shi vlame). Exes ech allows 3p by ep pote or example yates onthe lt of paBsony a ape Ine way bngeale proce, proce, ad nse wot stn and lanes rot leet Inge wile Feed shin he feurewer of 2 Partcle hor. The expert sgn mus ease ht the depen arabes {renal experimental este ate mesuted while efi of wht Iino srs eons stent seed bythe experinen) areconeld for Beporinent ac ial sas tha cae the revarchr to ctl sed ‘oiplte hen vara, Usually tat ets establishing the signe of ‘hptinental esse wed to cio counter» popoved hypothe Fach ‘ard, 1982) Te traction of ier toes ence the scion each neo th lagen ac conten, nd level of fra con, nd th ete hi ay have on scl phological acess oa en an, Inc cxampes of gueaons ade n experienc 224 Language as socal action and practice ‘an elnopanicappesch tothe say of bling taker lnpuae ase as orf el ction tat as oto foes aswell foros ‘Srcencers Langage spac tht wed foc apc als wall 8, ‘lation af power ad ean! (Cameron, Fret Hate Rampton, Ribarson, 199 Sang 200), i hog npg sock ratte ad he mpi2 Mle 6. Moyer of sxiey ate conuracted and spre. Speakers ate sil actors who ws Tlngnge oct font adel oc ations wit cers: om his ect lit pase ale oesentaions ote wor and hese on ‘Eco othe work ge never al Langage ston can ip ws 0 onde ‘and ings acts cat pactos A socal aproach ogg aes ‘ole diferent oof pts about wn couns data and what methods ‘ecappoprinsfoclleting hae data. One can ke diferent psc om th elton terecn langage si osery.One approach places Inge With evi cau aod pit mati ofan ston (Sern 1999). Ung tons Keka jenveexpesions “guage” a an al consti Conceding completes sre socalled Ings boundaries, ate ements or ‘Spt tat ae ud by speaker (and canbe ceed by aaa) 1 dacover oecy and pence f slapd nara! ang fora parla hua oH ‘Antic pprnchwsevtande language ore esl ae oe of tial ction harshest om the esol stances that yt repre tough Hgie [nce The reseche inthis pron ot present the bjt being ‘tied and henghow he decease, bt al, aed ote impor, She or he pcan inthe explanation and th poposel sala, Vital to hs presen awareness of om’s pion asa eesearcher at wel os 2 good unt of redetion abut on's fle rons che seach proses. Whe Tingunge dane ve conte to shi speach they ae fen completed by noo Tinutsdna shes dasaretary, butions, aed even ite data that ssprementeboraphie evidence 2.3. Questions for Critical Thinking esearch sid aii that noes st of conveons hat came formal {ecm seq spate aprouh o Ending snes 1 tof qos teeming ype an it beat wderood ar among Foces hat calls or ‘ea and rete ining al stages (lt, ght, ih 1996). Rather ‘ha flings epi or a of hd wtactions o follow thi scion seks tolp reetchts tention he atomic ppeton af esearch sols and tae tem one avase fe dens they take teach stead of tb esos (hey ae tehing tens Retnc de more ha decd upon the met appro rite methods or dae source for iveigating a prt elect per tenes an anensonding of the inpbvtane of the rsech questions and How thy ae etd to etnias nthe proces of dering how your reoch question ate coneced v0 you meodogy (wih inde pic {Sco ole nd ches) tl be meer fo aah (1) tent f the Be ‘ulus phenomena ob ineniptel (2) what cones knowledge othe nga phenenen ing ete, (8) what the Best way eng the {quesons i hemos ppt way of pte aad ssebg sch ow Ties an (the erence you ned 0 support ove cins i alo pose Resear os Price: Tory, Met, Date a work ckwande oan aime of the dats sauces or ethos which ate Tie towards he of esearch quem “There ae mvc aac questions resect sul tet o ave whet easing thle rach desig The tlle considerations preted low te Prceguse 0 any investigative gross the earch maps to ik thse ins expe, o provide at esa nil anster oe, eo ew be eer ated tor acest drain eserch, The tse ques for any eect ‘Sng ow ove lingual ae covered bow 231 What is the broad nature of the bidmultitingual phenomena yon wish to study? ‘The ane of he biting phemenn co be vetted mt be clea i revcacr's inl ro thet. There te various wet he sbow he Bit. ‘ucton a ce fen than ot a rater of penal chee ope ox example one may wish o collec aod analyst data oath, cxtry furan kveiqation that iva aang usm data. Anater way of thinking about the neta of ing phenomens to en a eee he ‘nga rin,o poner and mails gue peacics ns ven cone, hen in some net else the seus of hedges The a all Nery bod themes at eta pclae pees, whic seal have ae ca Tied hiory i the Bel. Recopsingslerative stelopalperpcins tht teller aie about ibaa indians or communities ake acer, Ire aware of thao vows ad concer. 2.12 What nprests nde for a prtear p of Wipe poenconenant a me “The econ question to beaded is What sprees knee for boa thee or ae f ite? Seppo hat one eerste a eveszatiog ang, sos inequality and ower ina ling one The is hig to decile wha ‘ould cotitte Knowledge about ths thone i he acl wos, The reser ‘Gil also sk what Kindo evdece need o suport laine or lnoedge Sout tis thane. Asking dese qustons frees a estarhe © Wak oo whether ero intr rnore col connected to ethnographic or qualitative esearch rth in hich Enowldge i that which eleven ecoeded by the even viene for deci th oe vos sot Of ty sth tthe wed to calc the foaled weten negge peste, ecw, lecemens and eservatin) es inporeantfr the weseecer ob able ee (gsm about wht wrt of till pees tty ttt fonealgy) 0 kat es of wher sr of knowedge ipo o¢ seen Invest, a ‘wht one wl need t do inthe sar procs to demons that Koved Tncosinenee between what cones knowl about 4 ceca thee at hat art of evidence acted shoul be dese with ta sty stage Apso’u Matas G Moyer nds of haope abut a tee with th alison da Une ‘ahr approche owing ingen, 2.3.3 What is he specific topic and intelectual puzzle? Ache qution egies the rararcherto naw down a oad theme of ach toon spate tpt and 1 tia abou hw tie eee ping ect ‘or knowl fs Maso (19962002: 14 sess eseucrs us acon she cet t il ovate thf ek sn anew. Ati point athe occ pees oe mst be fara with wh hs Been wit the pa $e of ng nord to bls how he ueson or pure ferme wl ake ‘heel oe scl contnaton to brwledge For example, Krol, Gen, {Dose (Caper 7 in this volume) ate cone wath seve dxipoay pk thar sue deren soso expan, Some expen ofthe esearch fe hey pe ae How opus proaed with or witht» foe cent? Flow ate seenesr poze and cmpechnded wher the grammar of the so ings sds sre way bt fen nthe? What cn ings ell ‘about option? These pares aceassvated witha Hoa theme, nan owe Vangel manage the perce an the tract OF eo languages the ein ove spc rach ques tht ster fom the tenes ate (1) Hw bili els opine wor mn they ate spoken creed each Engage? (2} How Ie the sands ofeach ofthe ings ro langage posed when ey are teard o spokes? and (2) How ate the grmmateal sre and pecerenees voted with ao the nga Inguage lected bythe pees of Bok ‘Btgnae The alia gol of thes rears 0 expan the way ve a= ‘ogres nr ind 0 what the comeqes te ose way the mi is ‘Semin ad or bing anguge prion snd onysehesion. 23.4 What i the purpose of undertaking thie research project? ‘The fourth atin ak about the pps ofthe earch you choot todo, The ssn eon poole wally give for waertaking arch projec is wake ® ‘Cotibuon to ne Lawley about ie top ater ens reer as at Sid and petal outome: eis porta hw how what yous ing ‘Mhans knowlege ona purer top Ote mtn rengsize te vos cena wow posal sd scenic interes ae bing seve yes feonch There may he more mundane reson for dang 2 particule sr of ‘euch achat an tonal rvarch el or developing 2 specie theme “Teens ey be cea sola an' pros asec ope, which as te en pot by 2 fnding by. Whatrer te ae, the mts fe doing ‘euch alc cooesed the eas ad coments they be For son) ‘nd the particle Reser Prac: Tory, Neto, Data as 23:5 What ethical considerations should be taken into acount? Dic he nse bt ort east nprtantcomideation to take ft acon Resort on tilling conn with colltng data people ed th nein razes question abou how researches shoul ea tee uj, reopmiem,pctipats and interewcs (Olver, 2009) There ae alen eh Feicmentscoocering reearch with intone tht tr ta ne ai inc my wish o pint acorn anonym. Mow penal aoc: five’ ode of ees foe tir umber. Eircom rom eerie ed Ihe romchinstons are repost for ganting approval ard advo Imes of the esearch ommaniy am how to comply wi he etal sandals ile ein. Anyone who underaes reste, howe aol hese Inte oan thi poteal that gunrntee tae hi ech wilt arn he ptiipnt in anyway. Condetiaty, and cept fra fon’ pray, ns be inane at al ns, Uns pric bas fone waied he ihe to anonym al ffraton tht cam be ued to Meni that prion mute Be ‘oned. Pata shoo be volte who ave bee expel infted elon aboot the dy normed coment fun sbjets or pant 8 se er reqcneat, and rst stood deco tee ew aod "Hts 9s well the soe ofthe funding sould be mide clear the ‘amt ofthe poet that a plant ceo witha tay poi 24 Linking Research Questions, Theory, Method, and Data Tes hep ew esech ta ong ad dpa races a votes & sts fain that do nt acer ave flo a te sep er Fron ‘hesartata jet esc shold be costa enatng tk ten he theoreti amewock, the escch question, the methods fr dt allio, the ass a well the Best way to present td argue forthe ea Imp in the che of tpl Iopuge phenomenon fo iveaipt ir piven earch ‘eu hac ls ot am established dering of wha cones Know, Along withthe resestch ol andthe forme of data hat ca be wed a eres. "Tuma wih tse eadions ad ho eae ccd within hen pa of he way wo martand the Ik hates betwen urn tery, meh ‘nd dan, Atother way ti toca ie made cin he ata patie of dn, ‘esac Fig 2 shows the cent acties pein all rash Fach eet ihe gee seed wo diftrent task o cy tha further diced om ‘The oes of doing earch cn sometimes be den wih dieu lated 0 daa colton, finding epee sample of acini sanding ceria pz esl These uc ar nara bu ey rege Deity2% Mots 6. Moyer ESEARCHT QUESTIONS/HPOTHESES| DATA AND METHODS ‘Observations doer chopra dia ange | [ Samer secre sn i scion | |_ititions xpeimens DATA PROCESSING AND ANALYSE PRESENTATION OF RESULTS ior: maa aa rogue drt othe cach av. Moving kan ocho dies ‘owt acini ns depose sn sl ep spoe a for espe scrape of ajo od ot be fod, oe wll et to ‘vhs a te poe lot «yet ‘oeach gestion 2441 Choosing a topic Reseach om mulilignli cat focus onthe inviulote grop, Te ast tea itr pis which he nal the ject sty eras out billings! hanes eng canbe mde on tebe stay of = ‘Sl peso, Expert reach ar abt how th aban oe the words eon te langage or how» bilingual posace: or pereats the out, trords and sentence of dere langaages reese sje Stas of gram ‘Decl coomeins on the mb af two lnguger 4 soence cat ao be ceed th dts produced by fw india The aah fr nies Propet of the man ain 3 pts ing! gait competence can be splred wit single eesenatie Ge Krol Geren, & Dusan chapter 7 ‘hs ylume) From dierent theoretic, ei pobl ost sre “tne order tga a neruaiog fe way bap td esl people ake sane ofan conte nprence of to soe wth leer {Engg cultural ae thug aes (ce Palen cher 18 nti Yee) ‘hein nt ype of uch pons knowl abot he eae ater bao tage Reser as Prete Theory, Method. ata ” “Topi that comer om roups of poop fen stk to chart a pana tinal community, a given st ach sr a school oot pb, or 2 actwock of tiling speakers (ee Xe Wang, & Ly copter 13 in this ole) Ate acy or commniy of ace fies onthe ay ington Fe practiced wh a pei ctype, Sees of opm ad coma ican be undo witha guano uae vse deny ee {David chapter 6 inthe vole). The netholoial coves ae the ‘he tobe calcd ae differenti cach cn bt thy can be complementary {Quvotiaie reer i cone ith the clltion snl smal of dat ft ‘sumer form. This ay Ser mare obi or empl te kha the Clsieation of person o object Ted cf eerie «wal way ‘o understind ely, these ie a sbjtive proces ad om by toe ferences, Quantitative stale alo penealy lyon lege sne epee ‘supe of aa tha are proceed teal. Thi ppoachw cach pnealy regu thatthe depend ad independent vrais of he say be deed {annie earch an lo be wed a arsoy expr dap whet india thea of ng Sutie ced ou th chsh second wit determining case a lle. The tata es spl ek {0 cabs the cutee elaoship bern the fepeent sable (he ne the reseuche manipeltr under ented const} and He depot ‘adables (the one ht are mesure for changes ine eee sconce wi bering and analjing als fda re inforatie. Obsetonl das, deat ierins anpuge te ‘os a ven sumer data ae pil dat ype. (or farther formation fn diferent approche at ea qualitative ferme se chats, 17, 2nd 20 ths volune) Int pespecve nothing tae ne dened. Content coma to quite Wook ad experience is eed ett whole thee an atta ‘spurte variables. The aim of thi approach mo only fo undestand eget rom the poi ove ofthe memes fhe rou, bt oo ape» hes feamewedk: ht provides an explanation of load peat ne socal ‘ento. A guiiave approach stumes flor ud» pefeence be ogo, Tongnge choice practise and tral octtng da, "Your pence fr investigating ihr avenge postion ‘2p mailing gus pacts, sg wth the suse asso you ot hed you hve sere wil nde infec oa ed ven yu pe ‘ofeach, Hf you at hy and don ike king so pent ou shal coner ‘wheter aera ving lor ira god coi The reno weaarch ou.choot shuld ae fot ecoae your tr wl yo sles ee {think about onal eat pics Defra nce, when yt nes ‘tng your nal ieas ten ou to be ines Fame, ou sould [een pepred change diction oe ears yur roach ny Pi "A ihe can ed a eae prs «aay which aie fen econ ops fm tery 0 eae. sf agg ce ‘rin op of covesston gage hoe wath eps vrai whet ‘ated byte eee ei sy he te2 Melos ©. Moyer 242 Questions and bypotbeses hypothesis re of seh qpeton ies fr the eae cc of oie ica aren fee tops for oj. Thre ae any ways to ase ‘an, and way systema ways esoing then Fant wah the lee Inco oon wl col yon t hoor he Set andthe shoe way 1 Sowers Ove ofthe gunners of srs who Begining 0 de vse Tornoe do the top oa few rte ques ight ton by ‘Sking wo? wht whe? hee? snd ky? etin to our esearch ope Shc tase quis dct you he ral edna he erature ele 1 our tpi al lo lp yom to cy what qurtions hve nt yen ate [oer the fel. sl of vad ela all pts of your ceva ir sic apes you wl he king deren questions abot wha yom te few. Reading a idance fm an expeseced esate ~cpsialiy when Entering on ecrch forth st Sina = ae sc for deciding wht asin Se meceing ond ch oes wil ake x new ae orginal onrbco 0 the ‘EAL Tescarh estos in naive aprons ee nt aby trite atthe {ging of search poet br sometimes fer werk eoyerzce a che ‘Scio of same ptininy dra, Once ager czech qveston bas Been ‘Meme ~at whatever point a the et ages of he esearch pros you mut cow i do 243 Theory and metbods “The mets deste in he peent ome fr gubeing bap data boas {olen semolgclperecives qading what consis knowlege the ld. Hach ccc md sign pres sparately sf gle Tprtenion resale or invepting particu seach ope Wey, Tet, ‘rooms, 1993 Infact the Bk of ingestion, combination of tds tna hemos appropra, beat inl syste ot ome deine she Ting eee of manag speaks The neo satisis oder which ‘resus shuld be td fr wdevking ee igus aalsis maes Inna! hei more ele ha he agi dents fs speae “Theory muy bea sting pit lo genrting 2 at of ots or ese ection formal and experiment appease o bina. The ine of 3 ‘Cenrcir ekg fom ts persia eat a hry ano dca i or suppstel byte rl oan cxprnento by ition and aden, Tis ita bypoteio dedrie way of woking, wheres hypothe thats ins ‘anaes parce ilingelpenorenan ether suppor dca From Typo ofciot number of explipetctions of farther phenomenn ex bededncd, and they shoud be obrvable as = comequnce of the hyphns IR renuchetalvaye has theoreti sce or remtton ro ter work wether ro they ate conus of athe war recanted tenes postin ae ade one oes exc ate ty bathe ps 0 understand what ey Resard 0s Prac: Uhr, Mathd, ta » sn asi of he piping, he i ptr way fino hry i watch ch known a ory ug. The conte of ative ‘cach co bce the ao fol tf ipsa edo ‘Evel shy Garg 201, Song fe Codi, 200) Tie wy of pceing fem ed ef suction on sa gel a oe Laws ie Idnce mato is psn af sting ch he ei of ah gunent supp 4 snc hr do niece No sure wc you ini do afer Ins boty oe eigrarhic work he Bl. = tery sll ret ke tea he gs ogre a aero owe of what hs ec sete. Alo they fen gi he oie ofa toi won be aan inst wen svn esc {ron Jono stig the hype Sometimes when deciding on oe ore sore of he fait you are sendy chong os grt o ese {Dae thny. Thi why peta 0 hve uence Ko soncone wh i Se with he ll fing 244 Data at te the pede autenne of ppg a exact method or ecg hae tw cea lected atthe rererch design sage. Data genes i the ay ‘inguin ace noe nit the representation of 0 oe more Image. (Quntifestion a person's peornance ref aan expen) image eal Imig ead pert pd wen et (cing obras Epic race) av eer Forms of data that eeesetasonal wae of epesing ‘lear iloration about ling Belrehe data can be salad hey ned to be pocemed ad oraz ta ach a way tht gate of ep can be Serve, eased and repented. A futher comideron about fngun Tangge data thee patismporal canter lapege fe prdsced 2 ie tine and in gives coment and recognition of thee dimen tlre for Taognge contact sed ange ad forbes guage sequin. Angie Ste that Seated fe «goal corpo cm reper ier lvls of tation, I can be + dates tat eve make lane soo heaton ‘tow languages the mind or may sinly bean sbueable deste fet ‘A ecucber sould decide early on whaler oconcaurate om ae oro several ‘gece aspects of the langage (phontlphoology, morphology, se at ‘rian, semantics, papts she o be was ly ata elton hol be eal pam). cosierstion nth tity i the section and amigo the parteipm oro the dat source decane, ‘sig o feet cote. Cel thought nels be gen o chong date ce that ace epee othe wider onvee oe inventing le pices of eaering questi in systematic and sigan wy segs tht ere ‘caventons be flowed, wl the i of zeaching asserting ess "hare eral sl adalat tote yok tigation. They sh beep deal wah athe Leising thetescrch iris, esas they cul lence decon taken daring terse proces.» Mets Moyer Whether you cnt ts ethnographic aly a a laboratoy expect yur fiingr need to be aplcable beyond the media ors of the st. His ont to know whether the ste the group the indivi you sy hat devas fot cles indie inane, poupy wl proses i the ‘rol note words important tabs wheter you mpl ep ‘ive of generale or ll ments ofthe rou ues. othe ese oe ndings tobe vl, ancesaty to hve fellow de spprogrinte ees conventions of the integers yo ae chose £0 {Gone lerection ofthe rit ay ier asd othe teeta eamewonk wd bt the Sing shold the se ee stay repeated in the same ceting or der the same experi oon. “The rly of stay cee to th osc pieton af earch conventions estmhode prone, and techs) en the qbetion ou You fet oo sd Hor erect be ae must bse, ely, ad ease Taha ain a. Vldtion iw roe af ating evden an oti ‘hort argumerst appt the esl tee erection Kiet © the operatonlantan of cmc, ad etches exablak how well Pris matol a ats sod igh on he cnet sce 24.5 Processing data and analysis ‘Once dats ae osinad dhey el oe oranda proces in vom fsion lorena can be undertaken Procaning da for aa’ oa wy (0 tec faiior wth n ou haves any goed for he analyte prt inthe collet, eumerpon, cdg and densa of he ial psoas tote mn nas whee dt come fam real ces (ats, Jet Feld wots, ada and video readings) ee to have anes an sitematic try to ace thi infomation. A shoal csaeton may ole sem of rng, ht ned forsale tractor that apes inven ewe in lap corps 2 Balas, char 13 inthis volun). data ace dome es, wten devon will ost he pees of teat tht provide endene for your came ad fo high hem wan ale ‘eee, A dead dcssion of wanton is presented by Tell nd Moyer {ehapee {1 in this yolune). Orang dt sot 2 eta proces cathe i Inveles hte tepnsing nd stinging icra fon esentcher to be awa ofthe sites wed for dating and abl thei it sn ths ‘etait th ba upon whi nal aims and evidence for claim ase tea Soran, 987) Quaneaton wing tail weteathex Wy poet ss om experiesland variant prudgms alone he es Asay an poceal once he data have een ogni. This sage nthe seach proces ‘Stoncerned wth aching for an explana. Ax analy igs ia he teoreie feamewo and concept tha have ied te peje to acount or the eigs “Tie the poet which the unigonnen of nes dae can be igh. Its ao the poi a wh bth theoreti and conxpialsmortiony et be oagh {oven the eke and frmelae new reserch ues. Resarch os Practice: Theory, Mata, Date a 246 Presentation of results “the manner in which the ele of an iwestitin are reset wil dpe Therm’ pupae for mda esearch ps theft le, Resch nese all adem eens fr sds weil req ach ne di sbot methods and iste revi, for example than a preston fort al conf oped jour Inthe ter ae the rare Int edt be abl to ext the hey poles ft hoe seumpton, the Idd dope, an the wes ander epetin The egies thes ‘il doce dougowt the chapter. Research x = contain to knowlege ais espnaliy orcas a anding tate make ao {asian Know Se chaps 20am 21 fa hve fr fete infor ot aces and aon ho pres eee es 25 A Summary of Research as an Ongoing Process ‘Resch an actin whith fe reaches poston in speci cipinry ‘methodological ation bythe very ate fhe topic th reseh ae ‘inept be aware af the pation one hoi and hots ‘eet om hry of pong ee of lina, A ech mls ings tcl and sli ace ta veer nei aa Af ‘efeton an eatin of you research You proved though ach [Av enduanding of the ats Kes of lg opera ston ia: fin and what cones ar dat or creer to suppor x pata eld af Knowledge (mology) Rs sep tard seating the esearch one doe fk the appeoite contest, Difleat ies of nade abot blaine ot Serer concesions of lngog,dcssed length in ection 22. Ca an sil hing kl hat ob ere ying esp Go at of Key tpetons tha lat to both tho bjt athe cone of «pot, While fl wero tee queigos may at bone aro prot ar nen compe, fellocionarlan iil ate to auswer tem ae sil wlesble Section 23 then and nt of esearch, ines a discussion of some of the basi cose. tae atta noe the esrch endeavor Cri kent at pts inal esearch poe, and ina sense tee mu follow a parle ode, ter other research ates sc ab Forming ese question, peer, aking the propre mola cokes wing, dae procera, ed tt Cleon cn be detloped and waved o toughon the proces of deg earch. ‘he eosnecy ofa sear peje els to how wel the reach gto a Tne o cesar fame, he methods, nd what yee cote a att or erifence The teu the method, an the datas ot dicennected cies, tae they telat th opi andthe reach gusts vied san the Str projec oc hs ens that fry wih de enced ‘Wingulon io ey ipo