1

Know how much caffeine you are

taking in with each cup of tea!

Chemistry Project

Project presented by:-

Shweta kapania
Class:-12th A
R.NO:-11
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I am grateful to almighty forgiving me strength to successfully complete my

project and for sustaining my efforts which many a times did oscillate.
I am deeply indebted to my teacher Mr.Lokesh without whose constructive
guidance this project would not have been a success.
I am obliged to our Smt.Seema Srivastava , Principal who gave me
the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic

“DETERMINATION OF CAFFIENE IN TEA

SAMPLE”, which also helped me in doing a lot of Research and I came to
know about so many new things. I am really thankful to her.
Secondly I would also like to thank my parents for providing me their constant
support, wishes and blessings which have gone a long way in the completion of this
arduous task.
Last but not the least I am really thankful to my Friends and classmates for their
prompt support my efforts would have been in vain.
Rigorous hard work has been put in this project to ensure that it prove to be the
best.
Thanking once again all who helped me,

Shweta Kapania
 3

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that SHWETA KAPANIA, student of class XII-

A of KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA TAGORE GARDEN, NEW
DELHI, and ROLL NO. _______________ has completed the
project titled “DETERMINATION OF CAFFIENE IN
TEA SAMPLE” during the academic year of CBSE 2013-14,
and submitted satisfactory report, as compiled in the following
pages, under my supervision, her project is absolutely genuine
and does not indulge in plagiarism of any kind .The references
taken in making this project have been declared at the end of the
report.

Signature
Mr.LOKESH
PGT Chemistry,
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA
TAGORE GARDEN, NEW DELHI
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CONTENTS
 Introduction
 Theory
 Uses of Caffeine

 Effects of Caffeine

 Procedure

 Observation

 Result
INTRODUCTION

Tea is the most commonly and widely used soft

beverage in the household. It acts as a stimulant for
central nervous system and skeletal muscles. That is
why tea removes fatigue, tiredness and headache. It
also increases the capacity of thinking. It is also used
for lowering body temperature. The principal
constituent of tea, which is responsible for all these
properties, is the alkaloid-caffeine. The amount of
caffeine in tea leavers varies from sample to sample.

Originally it was thought that caffeine is responsible

for the taste and flavor of tea. But pure caffeine has
been found to be a tasteless while substance.
Therefore, the taste and flavor of tea is due to some
other substance present in it. There is a little doubt
that the popularity of the xanthenes beverages
depends on their stimulant action, although most
people are unaware
of any stimulation. The degree to which an individual
is stimulated by given amount of caffeine varies from
individual to individual.

For example, some people boast their ability to

drink several cups of coffee in evening and yet sleep
like a long, on the other hand there are people who
are so sensitive to caffeine that even a single cup of
coffee will cause a response boarding on the toxic.

The xanthenes beverages also create a medical

problem. They are dietary of a stimulant of the CNS.
Often the physicians face the question whether to
deny caffeine- containing beverages to patients or
not. In fact children are more susceptible than adults
to excitation by xanthenes.

For this reason, tea and coffee should be excluded

from their diet. Even cocoa is of
Doubtful value. It has a high tannin content may be
as high as 50 mg per cup.

After all our main stress is on the presence of caffeine

in xanthenes beverages and so in this project we will
study and observe the quantity of caffeine varying in
different samples of tea leaves.
Theory
The most important methylated alkaloid that
occurs naturally is caffeine. Its molecular formula is
C8H10N4O2. Its IUPAC name is 1, 3, 7-
trimethylxanthene and common na me is 1-methylated
thiobromine.
Purely it is white, crystalline solid in the form of
needles. Its melting point is 1230c. It is the main
active principle component of tea leaves. It is
present in tea leaves up to
3% and can be extracted by first boiling the tea
leaves with water which dissolves many glycoside
compounds in addition to caffeine. The clear
solution is then treated with lead acetate to
precipitate the glycoside compounds in the form of
lead complex. The clear filtrate is then extracted with
extracts caffeine because it is more soluble in it
is water.
Uses of Caffeine:
1.In medicine, it is used to stimulate, central nervous
system and to increase flow of urine.

2.Because of its stimulating effects, caffeine has

been used to relieve fatigue. But it is dangerous and
one may collapse if not consumes it under certain
limit.

3. Caffeine is also used in analgesic tablets, as it

is believed to be a pain reliever. It is also beneficial
in migraines.
Effects of Caffeine

1. It is psycho - stimulant.

2. It improves physical and mental ability.

3. Its effect in learning is doubtful but intellectual

performance may improve where it has been used to
reduce fatigue or boredom.

4. When administered internally, it stimulates heart

and nervous system and also acts as diuretic.
On the contrary their excessive use is harmful to
digestion and their long use leads to mental
retardation.
Procedure
⇒ First of all, 50 grams of tea leaves
were taken as sample and 150 ml of
water was added to it in a beaker.
⇒ Then the beaker was heated up to extreme
boiling.
⇒ The solution was filtered and lead acetate was
added to the filtrate,
leading to the formation of a curdy brown colored
precipitate.
⇒ We kept on adding lead acetate till no
more precipitate has been formed.
⇒ Again solution was filtered.
⇒ Now the filtrate so obtained was heated until
it had become 50 ml.
⇒ Then the solution left was allowed to cool.
⇒ After that, 20 ml. of chloroform was added to it.
⇒ Soon after, two layers appeared in the separating
funnel.
⇒ We separated the lower layer.
⇒ The solution then exposed to
atmosphere in order to allow
Chloroform to get evaporated.
⇒ The residue left behind was caffeine.
⇒ Then we weighed it and recorded the
observations.

Similar procedure was performed with different

samples of tealeaves and quantity of caffeine was
observed in them
1.Red Label Tea (Brooke Bond)

Weight of china dish 46.60gms

Weight of china dish with 47.20gms.
precipitate
Amount of caffeine 0.60gms

2.Yellow Label Tea (Lipton)

Weight of china dish 46.60gms

Weight of china dish with 47.15gms.
precipitate

Amount of caffeine 0.55gms

3.Green Label Tea (Lipton)

Weight of china dish 46.60gms.

Weight of china dish 47.05gms.

with precipitate
Amount of caffeine 0.45gms.

1. Quantity of caffeine in Red label tea is 60mg. /sample of 50 gm.

2. Quantity of caffeine in yellow label tea is 55mg. /sample

of 50 gm.

3. Quantity of caffeine in green label tea is 45mg./sample of 50 gm.

Graphically plotting various tea samples in accordance
with the amount of caffeine
Present in them we present a stunning find:

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
60 mg 55 mg 45 mg

RED LABEL YELLOW LABEL GREEN LABEL

Order of quantities of caffeine in

Different samples of tealeaves:-

Red Label > Yellow Label >Green Label

 Chapter -1:
1. Less imp. Accuracy and precision
2. Significant figures , definitions , rules
3. Number of significant figures in the answer of a calculation problem involving addition /
subtraction / multiplication / division
4. Conversion of units using unit factor method
5. Statements only of 6 laws of chemical combination s
6. Least imp. 4-5 points of Dalton's atomic theory
7. Definition and value of amu
8. Define atomic mass
9. Define 1 mole
10. Calculation of empirical and molecular formula
VV IMO
11. Concept of limiting reagent , definition , numerical problems
12. Definitions of mass ℅ volume℅ molarity molality , mole fraction
13. Which is better : molality or molarity
Full back exercise.
Chapter no. 2
1. One liner , drawback of
Rutherford nuclear model of atom
2. Atomic number =
3. Mass number =
4. Isotopes
5. Isobars , isotopes
6. Names only of experiments for wave nature and particle nature of electrons
7. Less imp. Planck's theory , 3 points only
8. Formulae only of photoelectric effect
9. Rydberg's formula , emission series , first line , limiting line , 3rd line etc.
10. Regions of different spectral series
11. Stationary orbit , emission , excitation and angular momentum wala point from Bohr's model of
atom
12. En , Rn , ionisation enthalpies , excitation energy wale formulae only 1.312 , 2.18 values wale
13. 2 limitations of Bohr's model of atom
14. de Broglie derivation , significance
15. Heisenberg's uncertainty principle , formula , significance.
16. Physical significance of psi and psi square
17. 3-4 differences between orbit and orbital
18. V.v.imp.
Names , symbols of various quantum numbers.
What does they REPRESENT.
19. Pauli's exclusion principle.
20. To prove that an orbital can't have more than 2 electrons.
21. To find the number of radial nodes , angular nodes and total number of nodes.
22. SHAPES OF VARIOUS ORBITALS 1s , 2s , 2p , 3d etc.
23. Energy level diagram for HYDROGEN and MULTIELECTRON atoms.
24. Aufbau principle
25. Bohr bury's rule
26. Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity
27. Electronic configuration of atomic numbers 24 , 29 and ions like Co 3+ keeping
in mind that electrons are first REMOVED from higher shell , 4s before 3d , and in case of same shell
it is from higher subshell I.e. from 3d followed by 3p
28. CAUSE OF EXCEPTIONAL ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
29. Numerical you may leave is 51
30. Be tough enough , at least to solve numerical in rough
31. Theory problems on Sunday
32. For numerical problems , call immediately as they come , neither calling time nor duration will
matter.
Chapter :3
Define periodic table
Modern periodic law
Eka-aluminium etc.
Nomenclature of elements with atomic number 100
Imp. Hai , general electronic configuration of s P d and f block elements
 Prediction of period , group and block of an element
Periodicity definition
Less imp , variation of atomic size in a group and period
V V imp
Radius of cation
Radius of anion
Most important : isoelectronic species
Less imp : group , period variation of ionisation enthalpy
12th imp : screening , penetration
Most imp.
Be versus b
N versus o
Higher ionisation enthalpies
Na vs mg , 1st vs 2nd ionisation enthalpies
Most important
Electron gain enthalpy :
Negative for halogens , positive for noble gases , zero for some elements , 2nd always positive

Among ncert questions , which might hurt are :

4 , 7 , 14 , 15 , 16 part 2 , 19 , 22 , 23 , 25 imp , 30 , LEARN 31 as told in class , 32 , 38 , 39 and 40.
11.4 chemical bonding and molecular structure
1. Lewis structures , examples and BACK EXERCISE only
2. Formula for formal charge
3. Resonating STRUCTURES ozone , carbonate ions etc.
4. VV IMP
Dipole moment's applications regarding structures of various molecules.SURE QUESTION
5. MOST IMPORTANT
LANGUAGE to explain the shape of a molecule on the basis of VSEPR theory.
6. READ ONLY , VB theory , h2 and he2 molecules.
7. 2-3 points of difference between sigma and pi bonds
8. LANGUAGE to explain shapes on the basis of HYBRIDISATION ( SURE QUESTION) , take
care about drawings of ethene and ethyne.
9. MODS , diagrams , especially CODES , to be able to write ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
without codes , find bond order and then various other things depending upon it.
WITHOUT THIS QUESTION , PAPER CAN'T BE PREPARED.
10. What if bond order comes out to be zero
11. On the basis of hydrogen bonding , h2o vs h2s.ortho nitro phenol vs para nitro phenol
12. DON'T DARE TO LEAVE EVEN A SINGLE QUESTION OF BACK EXERCISE WITHOUT
WRITTEN PRACTICE OF THIS CHAPTER.
11.5 states of matter
1. Various units of pressure and their INTERCONVERSION
2. Gas laws : Boyle's , charle's , gay lussac's , Avogadro's , ideal gas equation , Dalton's law
3. Good schools ask about graphs related to gas laws
4. Only very good schools ask about the physical significance of various gas laws
5. Faulty assumptions of kinetic molecular theory
6. Full back exercise
11.6 Thermodynamics
1. General READING of definitions to be able to write if anyhow asked in exams e.g. system ,
surrounding , open system , closed system , isolated system , extensive , intensive and many more.
2. Formula only , w = - P ∆v
3. Imp. Definition and mathematical expression for first law of thermodynamics.
4. Derivation , ∆h = ∆u + ∆n RT
5. Less important ,
cp - cv = R
6. Keep in mind that in bomb calorimeter , VOLUME remains constant
7. Definition and one example each to illustrate various enthalpies.
8. Imp. Hess's law , specific example
9. Born Haber cycle
10. Statements of second and third law of thermodynamics
 11. Full derivation ,
∆g = ∆h - T∆s
12. For school exams (11th)
All back exercise questions , especially numericals should be solved with proper calculations.
13. In this chapter , even go for SOLVED QUESTIONS.
11.7 Equilibrium
1. Define Equilibrium constant
2. Most imp.
Relationship between kp and kc , derivation.
3. Imp. Units of Equilibrium constant.
4. Imp. Equilibrium constant expressions for some reactions in terms of concentrations and in terms
of partial pressures.
5. Read only , characteristics of Equilibrium constant.
6. Read only , dependence of extent of reaction on Equilibrium constant.
7. Read only , comparison between kc and qc
8. Statement of
Le-chatelier's principle , illustrations only those of BACK EXERCISE.
9. Read only , various acid - base concepts.Don't go in detail.
10. Very important , to find the conjugate acid , conjugate base.
11. Final formulae only of , kw , pH + poh , revise Ka , kb , their pH not by general formulae but
USING BACK EXERCISE NUMERICALS .
12. Read only , relationship between Ka and kb of conjugate acid base pair.
13. LEAVE polyprotic acid , base concept , may read only if time available.
14. Statement only of common ion effect.
15. FINAL FORMULAE ONLY of hydrolysis of various salts , NO DERIVATIONS.
16. Read only , buffer solution , types , definition , buffer action . Generally is not asked in exams.
17. Solubility product expressions , numericals to calculate solubility and solubility product ,
precipitation will occur or not.
Rough written revision of numericals if done in school too , if not done in school , even then go for
reading revision.
Specially pH of 10 raise to the power -8 Molar HCl ( example) , if numericals done in school.
Also numericals based upon buffer solutions , Ka in the absence and presence of .....Etc.
11.8 Redox reactions
1. Finding oxidation number , reduction , oxidation , all definitions, reducing agent , oxidising agent.
2. Rules for assigning oxidation numbers.
3. STOCK NOTATION
4. 2 examples of each type of Redox reactions especially Disproportion reactions.
5. The paradox of fractional oxidation states.
6. MUST DO 3 BALANCING EXAMPLES , back exercise questions numbers 18 , 19 both of
balancing FIRST by ION ELECTRON METHOD and THEN by OXIDATION NUMBER too. Seriously
MUST DO QUESTIONS.
7. Good student must be able to convert a reaction balanced in acidic medium into ALKALINE
MEDIUM.
8. Leave indicators
9. Good schools may ask functions of salt bridge , representation of electrochemical cell ,
10. Competition : how is salt bridge prepared
11. If told in school , numericals based on standard reduction potential I.e. H2 will be liberated or not
, find standard EMF of the cell , solution in a given container can be stored or not , why colour changes ,
reaction will occur or not BEING EASY ARE ASKED and hence MUST Do.
12. LEAVE PRODUCTS OF ELECTROLYSIS , as that article told by in tuition is actually more
important in TWELFTH
13. Back exercise questions never asked in exams so far : 7 , 9 , 11 , 12 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 20 , 25 ,
27th in eleventh , as far 12th is concerned , the same question number 27 is very very important.
11.9 hydrogen
1. Synthesis gas or syngas
2. Coal gasification
3. Water gas shift reaction
4. Consequences of highest bond dissociation enthalpy for a single bond.
5. Hydroformylation of unsaturated hydrocarbons
6. Read carefully : ionic hydrides , metallic or interstitial hydrides , molecular or covalent hydrides
7. Imp. Classification as electron deficient , electron precise and electron rich hydrides. Examples
also.
8. Amphoteric character of water with reactions
9. Classification of hydrates as coordinated water , hydrogen bonded water , interstitial water with 1-2
examples of each.
10. Hard water , soft water , cause of hardness of water , types of hardness.
 11. Removal of temporary hardness by boiling , Clark's process.
12. Good schools may ask about ion exchange method , permutit process , zeolites , ion exchange
resins , calgon's process , deionised water.
13. V.imp. volume strength of hydrogen peroxide (general)
14. MUST DO , oxidizing and reducing action of hydrogen peroxide in acidic and alkaline mediums ,
with 2 examples of each at least.
15. Read only : structures of hydrogen peroxide
16. Write once in general about hydrogen economy , fuel cell.
17. NCERT questions you may leave are 1 , 5 , 19 , 21 , 34 .
18. MUST DO BACK EXERCISE QUESTIONS : 6 , 16 , 20 , 25 (SURE) , 31 , 36.
11.10 s- block elements
1. Diagonal relationship
2. Hydration enthalpies
3. Flame test , which element gives and which doesn't, why.
4. Reducing character , why lithium is strongest among alkali metals and sodium is weakest.
5. SURE : solutions in liquid ammonia.
6. Reasons for anomalous behaviour of lithium
7. Similarlities and dissimilarities between lithium and mg , 3-4 points.
8. Down's cell
9. Solvay's process
10. Why potassium carbonate can't be prepared by solvay's process?
11. C.K. cell ( mercury cathode cell)
12. Preparation of sodium hydrogen carbonate.
ALKALINE EARTH METALS
13. Ionic character down the group
14. Tendency of hydrate formation.
15. Anomalous behaviour of beryllium.
16. Diagonal relationship between Be and Al
17. Quick lime , slaked lime , lime water , their uses.
18. Plaster of Paris , gypsum , cement , uses.
19. Composition of cement , role of gypsum.
20. NCERT QUESTIONS TO LEAVE : 1 , 2 , 15 .
21. MUST DO : 8 , 9 , 10 (SURE) , 11 (SURE) , 17 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 (IMPORTANT) , 30 , 31
and 32.
11.11 some p- block elements
1. Definition and consequence of inert pair effect.without explanation.
2. Exceptional behaviour of first element of each group
3. Read only : gallium is having lesser size than aluminium
4. All Reactions , borax bead test .
5. Boric acid , IMP (diborane , cleavage reaction , reaction with ammonia , inorganic benzene ,
structure of diborane , banana bond )
GROUP 14
6. Carbon tetrachloride can't be hydrolyzed
7. Hydrolysis of silicon tetrachloride
8. Catenation
9. ALL REACTIONS GIVEN IN EXTRA SHEET.
10. Water gas , producer gas
11. Silicones , silicates , zeolites , zsm-5 , it's use.
12. NCERT QUESTIONS TO LEAVE : 16
13. MUST DO : 5,6,7,9,10(IMPORTANT) , 11,13,19,20,21,22(IMPORTANT) , 26(a) , 28 , 29 , 30 to
38.
11.14 ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY
Must write : Q. 1 , 4 , 6(v.imp.) , 7 (v.imp.) , 9 , 10 , 13(v.imp.) , 16
Just Read : 3 , 5 , 8 , 15 , 17,18
Less likely : 2 , 11 , 12 , 14 , 19 , 20
Questions are given IN TEXT , the answers of all the questions end with a dotted line in our notes.
Some other important topics are : global warming and greenhouse effect page 3 , effects of depletion
of the ozone layer page 9 , eutrophication on page 11.