EE 5183 Foundations of Communications Fall 2010

Introduction
Prof. Brian Kelley
Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering
The University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA)

Lecture 1 course information on blackboard: https://bb.utsa.edu

 Dr. Kelley’s Biography
BSEE: Cornell University
MSEE: Georgia Institute of Technology
PhDEE: Georgia Institute of Technology
Industry: R&D in Wireless Industry (Motorola):
3G, and 4G Cellular over 10 years
3GPP Standards Representative
University: UTSA, Adjunct at both UT-Austin and FAU
U.S. Patents: 11
IEEE: Senior Member, COMSP Chair of San Antonio

1-2
 EE5183 Course Coverage
• System definitions and statistical models
• Baseband/Bandpass Modulation Fundamentals
• Detection and Error Formulas
• Equalization for ISI and Fading
• Error performance analysis
• Link Budget Analysis
• Introduction to ECC: Convolutional Codes
• Introduction to Spread Spectrum & OFDM
• Encryption and Decryption
1-3
 1 st Assignment
• Review Chapter 1 of Sklar

• Review the Lecture Notes

• Review Approved topic list on Page 16

– locate IEEE journals, magazines, papers related to an
area that you are interested in for your final research
report

1-4
 Anatomy of a Downlink Transceiver
TX Basestation/ Mobile/
Network UserEquipment Rx

1-5
 Anatomy of a Downlink Receiver:
TX Basestation/ Physical Layer Mobile/
Network UserEquipment Rx

Rate
matching

1-6
Trends in Wireless Broadband: Diversity,
MIMO, Beamforming, OFDM

Rx Diversity MIMO

Beamforming

1-7
 What Characterizes 4G Cellular
Broadband OFDMA
High Data rates: 100-1Gbs
Low latency: 20msec
High Capacity
Improved services (e.g. MBMS-Mobile TV, VoIP)

1990- 1999- 2008 2014

present present
LTE (100MHz)

LTE (5-20MHz)
new spectrum required

LTE (1.25-5MHz)

HSPA
3G spectrum WCDMA
EDGE
GSM 1-8
 Dr. Kelley’s Research Interests
• 4G Wireless Communications

• Sensor Networks

• Signal Processing Algorithms for 4G communications

• Software Defined Radio (SDR)

• Object oriented modeling of large scale communication

systems

https://bb.utsa.edu/ EE5183: Blackboard (Lectures)

Email: Dr.Brian.Kelley@gmail.com
1-9
 Why OFDM:
noise OFDM

Mitigates Fading 4 carriers

Enables MIMO noise

High spectral efficiency freq

Improved use of diversity freq

Simplifies scheduling Single multicarrier
carrier bandwidth
bandwidth

OFDMA
freq
user1

user2

user3
DC

1-10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42
time
 Anatomy of a Receiver (DL)
H00

Rx Tx
Synchronization MIMO

HS-SCCH detector
DSCH E-DPDCH
DPCCH … other P -SCH
Chip Rate Demod
& Dispreading ACK/NACK
4800 RV Selection
4800
CQI
16-QAM DSCH
9600

1920
… other ovsf 9600 Rate Matching
channels 12
12 Turbo-Encoding
9693
10848
Tail Bits (R=1/3)
HS-PDSCH Data Channel Turbo Decoding Segmentation
3612
Code Block
HARQ CRC detector 7200 CRC Addition
Transport block 7200 Transport block Inf. Bit Payload
Inf. Bit Payload

MAC MAC

1-11
Mobile Adhoc Network Sensor Network

Rx

Tx

1-12
 EE5183 Syllabus: Blackboard
Bernard Sklar, Digital Communications: Fundamentals &
Applications, 2nd Edition

Final Exam Reader: Blackboard (IEEE Papers)

Homework: Once a week normally (can work as a group, hand in

individually): Assignments Only placed on Blackboard

Mid Term Exam

Computer Lab (Matlab): EB 2.04.22
Mid Term Project
Tues: 7:30pm-10pm
Thurs: 7:30pm-10pm
Final Exam Report Friday: 12pm-6pm

1-13
 Office Hours
• Thursday: Kelley, 1-4pm: AET 2.356
– By Appointment
– Grader: TBD

1-14
 EE 5183: Grading Policy

• 20%: Homework
• 20%: Mid Term Exam
• 20%: Midterm Matlab Simulation Project
• 40%: Final Exam Report
– Final Written Report: Monday, December 14th, 2010
– Oral Report Day: Thursday, December 2nd, 2010

1-15
Good News: No Final Exam

Final Exam Report: Approved Topics

Communications In Smart Grid Systems

Cooperative Communications
4G Communications
Ultrawideband Systems (UWB)
Software Defined Radios
Sensor Networks (Zigbee, WIFI, UWB)

1-16
 Semester Planning
Project Calendar Assignments:
Report HW 1
Place on Your Personal Calendar Milestone 1 HW 2
HW 3
Week Tues Th Project Calendar Report
HW 4
1 26-Aug-10 Milestone 2
HW 5
2 31-Aug-10 2-Sep-10
Report HW 6 Midterm
//Title: One Page Abstract: Declared Title,
Milestone 3 HW 7 Exam
3 7-Sep-10 9-Sep-10 Proposed Report Abstract, 4 Referernces
4 14-Sep-10 16-Sep-10
// Abstract-Report: One Page Abstract, 2 Page
5 21-Sep-10 23-Sep-10 Survey: Title, Proposed Report, 8 Referernces: V1 Midterm Matlab
6 28-Sep-10 30-Sep-10 Simulation Project
7 5-Oct-10 7-Oct-10
Final Exam
//5-Page Pre-report: One Page Abstract, 2 Page Report
Survey, 3 Pages Simulation & Figures: Title,
8 12-Oct-10 14-Oct-10 Proposed Report, 8 Referernces: V2, Proof of
Pre-approved topics
9 19-Oct-10 21-Oct-10 MIDTERM Communications In Power Systems
10 26-Oct-10 28-Oct-10 End Cooperative Communications
11 2-Nov-10 4-Nov-10 Semester 4G Communications
12 9-Nov-10 11-Nov-10 Mid Term Matlab Simulation Project
Network Scheduling
13 16-Nov-10 18-Nov-10
Software Defined Radios
14 23-Nov-10 25-Nov-10
Sensor Networks
15 30-Nov-10 2-Dec-10 //Oral Slide Report Summary
16 7-Dec-10 9-Dec-10 Study Period/Final Exams
Abstract, 3 Page Survey: 7 page report, figures,
1-17
simulation results, 1 Page references Topic
17 14-Dec-10 Coverage
 Final Exam Report
Week Tues Th Project Calendar
1 26-Aug-10 • Milestone 1: (< 1 Page total)
2 31-Aug-10 2-Sep-10
– Title
//Title: One Page Abstract: Declared Title,
3 7-Sep-10 9-Sep-10 Proposed Report Abstract, 4 Referernces – Abstract (1/2 page)
4 14-Sep-10 16-Sep-10 – 4 references
// Abstract-Report: One Page Abstract, 2 Page
• Milestone 2: (< 3 Page total)
5 21-Sep-10 23-Sep-10 Survey: Title, Proposed Report, 8 Referernces: V1
6 28-Sep-10 30-Sep-10 – Title
7 5-Oct-10 7-Oct-10 – Abstract (1/2 – ¾ page)
//5-Page Pre-report: One Page Abstract, 2 Page
Survey, 3 Pages Simulation & Figures: Title,
– 2 page survey
8 12-Oct-10 14-Oct-10 Proposed Report, 8 Referernces: V2, Proof of – At least 8 references
9 19-Oct-10 21-Oct-10 MIDTERM
10 26-Oct-10 28-Oct-10
• Milestone 3: ( < 5 pages total)
11 2-Nov-10 4-Nov-10 – Title
12 9-Nov-10 11-Nov-10 Mid Term Matlab Simulation Project – Abstract
13 16-Nov-10 18-Nov-10
14 23-Nov-10 25-Nov-10
– 2 Page survey
15 30-Nov-10 2-Dec-10 //Oral Slide Report Summary
– 2 page report summary: YOUR report
16 7-Dec-10 9-Dec-10 Study Period/Final Exams technical discussion pre-report
Abstract, 3 Page Survey: 7 page report, figures, – 1 page YOUR preliminary report
simulation results, 1 Page references Topic simulations results & figures & at least
17 14-Dec-10 Coverage 8 references.
1-18
Analog Versus Digital: Amplitude Resolution
or Quantization

1-19
 Summary: Important Signal Metrics
Deterministic Signals Statistical Signals
• Time domain signal
• Frequency domain (Fourier) • Autocorrelation
• Signal Energy • Power Spectral Density
• Energy Autocorrelation
• Mean
• Energy Spectral density
• Variance
• Signal Power
• Power Autocorrelation
• Power spectral density
• Use Autocorrelation: lag t

1-20
 Fourier Transform

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourier_transform#Properties_of_the_
Fourier_transform
1-21
Fourier Transform of s * ( −t )

1-22
Important Fourier Transforms in
Communication Systems

1-23
 Linear Convolution: (LTI)
continuous discrete

x( t) h( t ) y( t ) x( nTs ) h( nTs ) y( nTs )

Ts : Sampling Rate

∞ ∞
y( t ) = ∫ x ( τ ) h ( t − τ ) dτ y( n ) = ∑ x ( m) h ( n − m)
m = −∞
−∞

1-24
Energy Signal Autocorrelation

1-25
Energy Signals: Rayleigh’s Theorem

Energy can be computed in either the time

or frequency domain

1-26
Energy Spectral Density

1-27
Various Energy Calculation Methods

Energy: Joules Energy

Autocorrelation

Energy Spectral Instantaneous

Density: Signal Power:
Joules/Hz Joules/secWatt

1-28
 Energy Summary
• Energy signals:
– Finite energy
– Non-periodic
– deterministic
• Computing Energy
– Time or frequency: Rayleigh’s Theorem
• Key Signal Characterization
– Fourier Transform;
• s*(-t)S*(f)
– Instantaneous power
– Energy spectral density
– Energy Autocorrelation

1-29
Power Autocorrelation of Periodic
Signals: Take Special Form

normalized

1-30
Power Computation Summary

infinite energy signals

periodic signals or statistical

1-31
 Comments
• Px(f) to refer to power spectral density (Watts/Hz)

Px(f) F(-1) Rx(τ)

F
f
0
τ
0

1-32
 Important Signal Power Spectral
Density: White Noise

Gn ( f ) Power Spectral
Density
N0
Gn ( f ) = watts / Hz N0/2
2 f
0
N0 rn (τ )
rn (τ ) = δ (t ) watts
Power
Autocorrelation
2 N0/2

0
τ

2-33
Examples: Power Calculations
Method 1

1-34
 Exponential Fourier Series Coefficients:
Periodic Signal Representation of s(t)

Aside:

dt

1-35
Periodic Signal Power Calculation
Power spectral density
2
1

Average
Power
1-36
Proof of Power Autocorrelation for
Periodic Signals

1-37
Examples: Power Calculations
Method 2

1-38
 Summary: Power Versus Energy Signal
Energy Signals: Finite
Energy, Zero Avg. Power Power Signals:
• Rayleigh Theorem Infinite Energy
• Periodic Signals
Es =
T/2
1 1 *
– R s (τ ) =
T −T∫/ 2
s ( t + τ )s*
( t ) dt ≡ s ( − τ) * s( τ)
T
∞

• Use Autocorrelation: lag τ Ps (f ) = F{R s ( τ)} = ∑ cn δ(f − f0n)

2

n = −∞
– Es = Rs (τ ) τ =0 • Statistical Signals
∞
– R (τ ) = s(t + τ ) s* (t )dt ≡ s * (−τ ) * s(τ )
s ∫ R s (τ ) = E[s( t )s* ( t + τ)]
−∞

• Energy Spectral Density • All power signals

– E ( f ) = F {R (τ )} = S ( f ) 2 Ps (f ) = F{R s ( τ)}
s s
P = R s ( τ ) τ=0
1-39
 Energy Signal or Power?

• cos(2ππ4000t)
• rect(t/T)

• … …

• sinc(t)
• Modern digital communication symbols s(t) 1-40
 Power Summary
• Power signals:
– Infinite energy and non-zero average power
– Periodic
– Infinite in extent
• Computing Power
– Integrate P(t) In Time or G(f) in frequency
• Key Signal Characterization
– Fourier Transform;
• s*(-t)S*(f)
– Instantaneous power
– Power spectral density
– Power Autocorrelation

1-41
 Signal to Noise Ratio (Unit-Less)
n a2 = n 2 ( t ) ( watts)
t =a

n 2b = n 2 ( t ) ( watts)
t =b
T/2
1
∫
2
2
n avg = n ( t ) dt n a2 n 2b
T −T / 2
s(t) A0
A 2

(SRN a )dB = 10 log10  1
2
 n(t) A1
n a 
t
A 2
 T −
T
0 T
(SRN b )dB − T
= 10 log10  0
2
 2 4 4 2

n b 

(SRN ) avg dB = 10 log10 (? ) Analog

1-42
 Key Metrics
• S: signal power • Eb/No: digital SNR
watts (linear power) – (S/N) x (W/Rb)
Eb
– S in dBw: (e.g. 4 dBw) 67 8
– 10log10(S watts) – (S / R b )
(1
N / W)
23
– signal power in dBw No

• S: signal power in
milliwatts
– 10log10(S milliwatts)
– signal power in dBm

1-43
 Digital SNR Metric: Eb/No
• b: bit rate (bits/sec) • Es: Energy per symbol
• w: two-sided • Es = Eb *
bandwidth (Hz) (#bits/symbol)
• S: signal power watts
• N: noise power watts
• Eb: energy per bit
• No: noise power
spectral
density(Watts/Hz)

1-44
 Eb/No versus S/N (SNR)

• Eb/No: Unitless • S/N: Unitless

– Eb/No=(Es/No x symbol/bits) – No notion of modulation
– Eb/No= – No notion of discrete
(S/N)(W/Rb)=(STb)/(N/W) waveform symbols

1-45
 Digital Signal to Noise Ratio (Digital)
Energy per bit Rb

 Eb 
(SRN )
digital dB = 10 log10   s(t) A0
 No 
A1
Noise Power spectral density
t
−
T
2
−
T
4
0 T T
2
Eb S / R b S W 4
= =
No N / W N R b
|s(f)|
A 0 = 2V
A1 = 1V
Ω = 1 ohm − Wb Wb
f
Wb = 5 MHz N(f)
R b = 200Kbits / sec
N = 0.2Watts No
 Eb  ? f
  = 1-46
 N o dB
Bandwidth Note Clarification
One Sided: fb
Two-Sided: 2fb

Baseband Bandpass
Nyquist Nyquist
Criterion Criterion 2-47
1st Model of the Channel: AWGN (baseband)
Complex signal
Real signal
~s ( t ) = s ( t ) + js ( t )
I Q
s(t)
I
t t
…
…
Q
…t
AWGN
( real )
+

Real signal AWGN

(complex )
+

Complex signal

2-48
 Eb/No Example: Real Signal

What is the value of Eb (energy per bit) and signal power for a
communication system with the following characteristics?
Bit rate = 320 Kbit/sec
Additive noise power = 0.5 Watts
System bandwidth = 15 MHz (two-sided)
Eb/No = 45 dB

S(t) +
Eb S / R b S W
= =
No N / W N R b
Eb/No=45dB
n(t)
E{|n(t)|2}=?

1-49
 Discrete Example: Complex Signal
• Desire variance/power of additive noise for Eb/No=7dB
– Presume a complex pulse with 3 bits per symbol meaning
15

∑ i s =4
[ S
n =0
( nT )] 2

σ nI2 = 0.133 watts

Assume complex square pulse of width 16Ts=Tsymbol
n0re (t )
Ts sec

Tsymbol = 16
16T
Ts sec
I: real
Eb N o
s(t ) = sre (t ) + jsim (t ) s(t ) + no (t )

Q: imag Tsymbol = 16Ts sec

no (t ) = n0re (t ) + jn0im (t )
Ts sec im
2 jn0 (t )
σ nQ
σ n2 = σ nI2 + σ nQ
2
= 2σ nI2 = 2σ nQ
2
σ nQ
2
= 0.133 watts
1-50
 Prior Perspective

• Looked at signal as
– Energy signal
• Finite energy or zero average power
• Aperiodic
• deterministic
– Power signal
• Periodic
• Non-zero average power
• Next Perspective
– Look at signals as random processes

1-51