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http://dx.doi.org/10.21622/RESD.2016.02.2.096
Abstract - This paper proposes a simple carrier- current and output voltage waveforms, (ii) natural
based PWM (CBPWM) technique to control the three- four-quadrant operation, (iii) potential for compact
to five-phase Direct Matrix Converter (3×5 DMC). The design, and (iv) the input power factor can be fully
proposed technique uses the indirect modulation controlled [4]-[6]. However, reduced output voltage,
approach to control the 3×5 DMC such as a three- increased the semiconductor switches, complexity of
phase bidirectional rectifier followed by five-phase the modulation technique and sensitivity to supply
voltage source inverter (VSI). Based on this approach, voltage disturbances are the main drawbacks [7].
it is possible to synthesize the desired five-phase Therefore, the industrial applications of this type of
output voltages with sinusoidal three-phase input converter are limited [1].
currents and unity input power factor. A CBPWM
method is suggested for each stage independently Generally, the matrix converter can be represented
including both linear and overmodulation operating as a single-stage (direct) or a double-stage (indirect)
modes. By the proposed technique, in both operating configuration [3], [7]. The different modulation
modes, the maximum possible overall Voltage techniques that can be applied on this type of
Transfer Ratio (VTR) is achieved. Moreover, this converter are classified, according to the converter
technique allows the input power factor to be configuration, into two main categories, namely;
controlled by controlling the input current direct and indirect modulation techniques [8]. The
displacement angle. The feasibility of the proposed direct modulation technique is based on representing
technique has been verified by a series of simulation the matrix converter as a single-stage (direct)
and experimental results based on Matlab/Simulink configuration. In this approach, the output voltage is
and dSPACE-DS1104 platform. The results show that obtained directly by the product of the input voltage
a sinusoidal output and input waveforms can be and the switching-states modulation matrix
achieved with a maximum possible VTR in the linear representing the converter. On the other hand, the
region. However, in the overmodulation region, a indirect modulation technique is based on the indirect
maximum possible VTR is achieved at the cost of (double-stage) configuration of the matrix converter in
some distortion of output and input waveforms. which the converter is represented as a rectifier-
Therefore, this technique can be used for the inverter combination without any dc-link. Using either
application where a higher VTR is essential. direct or indirect configuration of MC, the CBPWM or
SVM techniques can be applied.
Keywords - Five-phase, matrix converter, carrier-
based PWM, overmodulation. The matrix converter was firstly introduced as a direct
3×3 phase configuration in [2] and steadily grew,
I. INTRODUCTION pushed by the progress of the power electronics
technology. Firstly, Venturini proposes a direct
N recent years, Matrix Converter (MC) is attracting modulation CBPWM technique for the 3×3 MC [9].
extensive attention as a direct power converter that The maximum obtainable output voltage using this
can convert the electrical energy from an ac source to technique does not exceed 0.5 of the input supply
an ac load [1]-[3]. The MC uses a matrix of voltage. However, it has been increased to 0.866
semiconductor devices to connect the m-phase using a third-harmonic injection [10]. On the other
supply to the n-phase load directly [2]. It has been hand, the Space Vector Modulation (SVM) technique
recognized as an alternative approach to overcome is found to be a very powerful solution to control the
the drawbacks of conventional VSIs [4]. It also offers MCs [5]. According to the converter configurations,
some distinct advantages such as: (i) sinusoidal input the SVM technique for controlling the matrix
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Journal of Renewable Energy and Sustainable Development (RESD) Volume 2, Issue 2, December 2016 - ISSN 2356-8569
converters can be classified into direct SVM (DSVM) five-phase matrix converters, which can be used to
and indirect SVM (ISVM). The ISVM is proposed for supply a five-phase induction motor drive system that
3×3 MC in [4]-[5]. In addition, the DSVM technique of delivers some advantageous features for industrial
3×3 MC is presented in [11]-[12]. Recently, some applications. The basic concept of the proposed
research works have concentrated on the technique is already published in [27]. Thanks to its
development of multiphase MC as an alternative to simplicity, the proposed technique will be based on
the conventional ac–dc–ac multiphase VSI [8], [13]- the indirect modulation of the 3×5 MC which control
[24]. The SVM technique is developed to control the the converter as a double stage converter. Therefore,
3×5 MC in the linear modulation operating mode the carrier based PWM methods are applied for each
based on DSVM and ISVM [13]-[15]. The maximum stage independently. The proposed modulation will
obtainable output voltage, based on this modulation maximize the converter VTR by operating the
technique, equals 0.7887 from the input supply converter in the overmodulation mode as well as in
voltage. However, the complexity of the system is the linear modulation mode. It also controls the input
increased. In order to reduce the complexity of the power factor by controlling the input current
multiphase MC system, the CBPWM techniques and displacement angle. The proposed modulation
Direct/Indirect Duty Cycle techniques have been technique is verified using simulation and
introduced and developed. experimental results based on a laboratory prototype
and the dSPACE-DS1104 controller platform and the
The CBPWM is a simple PWM approach for results are compared by the existing SVM technique.
controlling the MCs, in which the converter switching
signals are obtained by comparing the reference II. THREE- TO FIVE-PHASE MATRIX
modulating signals with a triangular carrier-wave. CONVERTER TOPOLOGIES
This technique was firstly reported by [25] for
The power circuit topology of three- to five-phase
controlling the 3×3 MC, based on the direct converter
(3×5) MC for the direct and indirect configuration are
configuration, in the linear modulation operating
shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2. The direct configuration
mode. A comprehensive solution to extend the
uses a 3×5 matrix of bidirectional switches as
operation of this technique in over-modulation
depicted by Fig. 1 to connect any of the input phases
operating mode is presented in [26]. This modulation
(A, B or C) to any of the output phases (a, b, … or e).
technique has been developed to 3×5, 3×6, 3×7 and
Therefore, the output voltages (va, vb, … and ve) can
3×9 MCs in [17], [18], [20] and [8] respectively. A
new CBPWM technique, based on the indirect be directly determined from the input three-phase
converter configuration, is proposed for the 3×3 MC voltages (vA, vB and vC). On the other hand, the
[7]. In addition, a generalized CBPWM method, indirect configuration uses three-phase bidirectional
based on the correlation between SVPWM and rectifier and five-phase inverter as shown in Fig. 2.
CBPWM techniques, is proposed for 3×3 and 3×5
vA
MC [6], [16]. In this method of modulation, one iA SaA SbA ScA SdA SeA
symmetrical triangular-carrier signal is used to
generate the gating signals for both rectifier and vB
iB SaB SbB ScB SdB SeB
inverter stages of the IMC. Furthermore, a
generalized direct duty ratio based PWM technique vC
has been presented to control the 3×k MC [21]. A
iC SaC SbC ScC SdC SeC
specific case of the 3×5 MC is chosen to illustrate the
control algorithm proposed in [21]. However, in the va vb vc vd ve
previous works [13]-[17] and [21], it is found that the ia ib ic id ie
output phase-voltage of the 3×5 MC is limited to
+ + + + +
78.87 percent of the input phase-voltage. This value
represents the theoretical limit of the output voltage in ven vdn vcn vbn van
the linear operating mode. The output voltage can be Bi-directional - - - - -
Switch
n
increased if the converter is operated in the over-
Fig .1. Power circuit topology of the direct configuration of the
modulation mode. 3×5 MC.
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𝑆1 + 𝑆3 + 𝑆5 = 1
S1 S3 S5 S7 S9 S11 S13 S15 (1)
𝑆2 + 𝑆4 + 𝑆6 = 1
iA va ia
vA
vb ib The virtual dc-link voltage can be obtained from the
iB vc ic input voltages by the rectifier-switching matrix as
vB
vd id follows:
iC
vC ve ie
1
𝑣𝐴
+ 𝑣𝑑𝑐 𝑆1 𝑆3 𝑆5
S2 S4 S6 S8 S10 S12 S14 S16 [ 21 ]=[ ] . [𝑣𝐵 ] (2)
− 2 𝑣𝑑𝑐 𝑆2 𝑆4 𝑆6
𝑣𝐶
Fig .2. Power circuit topology of the indirect configuration of the
3×5 MC.
Assuming that, the three-phase input voltages are
balanced and given by:
III. PROPOSED CBPWM ALGORITHM FOR
3×5 MC 𝑣𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝐴
𝑣 ̂
[ 𝐵 ] = 𝑉𝑖 [𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝐵 ] (3 )
Carrier-based PWM technique has been obtained 𝑣𝐶 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝐶
by comparing the modulation signals with a high
frequency carrier-wave. Since the proposed
technique is based on the indirect modulation of the where 𝑉̂𝑖 is the input peak voltage and 𝜃𝐴 = 𝜔𝑖 𝑡, 𝜃𝐵 =
MC, it is necessary to determine a set of 𝜔𝑖 𝑡 − 2𝜋/3, 𝜃𝐶 = 𝜔𝑖 𝑡 + 2𝜋/3 are the respective phase
angle with an input angular frequency of ωi.
modulating signals for the rectifier and inverter
stages and compare it with the carrier wave to
obtain the switching signals. The resultant
switching signals from the comparisons are 1. Rectifier-Stage Modulating Signals Calculations
combined to get the overall switching-states
The modulating signals for the rectifier switches, 𝛿𝑅
modulation matrix of the 3×5 MC. In the proposed
(𝛿1 -𝛿6 , where 𝛿1 represents the modulating signal of
technique, due to the nature of the rectifier and the switch S1 and so on) can be derived as:
inverter operation, the control of the rectifier stage
uses a saw-tooth carrier signal, while a symmetrical
triangular carrier signal is used for the inverter. In 𝛿1,2 = ±𝑚𝑅 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃𝐴 + ∅)
both stages there are three-operating modes; 1) 𝛿3,4 = ±𝑚𝑅 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃𝐵 + ∅) (4)
linear mode, 2) overmodulation mode and 3)
stepped operating mode. In the following 𝛿5,6 = ±𝑚𝑅 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃𝐶 + ∅)
subsections, an illustration of the proposed
modulation technique for both stages is introduced. where mR is the rectifier-stage modulation-index and
∅ is the input-current displacement-angle. In the
A. Modulation of Rectifier stage
linear-modulation operating mode, the rectifier-stage
modulation-index mR does not exceed 0.5 [25].
The rectifier stage has to generate a virtual dc-link
voltage (Vdc) by chopping input three-phase voltages. In order to satisfy the constraint in (1), the summation
This operation is performed by the rectifier switches, of the modulating signals of the upper-group switches
which are divided into two groups; namely upper and that of the lower-group switches should equal
{S1,S3,S5} and lower {S2,S4,S6} groups. one in a switching cycle [26]. However, the
Three switches in a group connect all input phases to modulating signals obtained in (4) do not satisfy this
one terminal of the dc-link. Therefore, in order to condition. Therefore, offset signals must be added to
avoid short-circuit on the input phases or open-circuit the modulating signals [26]. Firstly, the absolute value
on the dc-link only one switch in a group must be of each modulating signal (dA, dB, dC) is added to
turned on at a time. This means cancel the negative half-cycle. Hence, the resultant
signals have a lower limit that equals zero. However,
the summation of the modulating signals does not
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vB A
dB + δ3
𝛿1,2 = ±𝑚𝑅 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃𝐴 + ∅) + 𝑑𝐴 + 𝜀 |.| +
𝛿3,4 = ±𝑚𝑅 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃𝐵 + ∅) + 𝑑𝐵 + 𝜀 (5) +
𝛿5,6 = ±𝑚𝑅 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃𝐶 + ∅) + 𝑑𝐶 + 𝜀
vC A
dC + δ5
where |.| +
𝑑𝐴 = |𝑚𝑅 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃𝐴 + ∅)| +
𝑑𝐵 = |𝑚𝑅 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃𝐵 + ∅)| (6)
ε
1/3
𝑑𝐶 = |𝑚𝑅 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃𝐶 + ∅)| -
--
1 +
𝜀 = (1 − (𝑑𝐴 + 𝑑𝐵 + 𝑑𝐶 ))/3 (7)
Fig .3. Determination of the rectifier upper-switches modulating-
̂𝑖
signals, 𝐴 = 𝑚𝑅 ⁄𝑉
Therefore, aiding with (5), the modulating signals of all
rectifier switches in each switching period can be 1 1 1
(a)
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δ1+δ3+δ5
δ1+δ3+δ5 1
δ1+δ3
1
δ1
δ1+δ3 [δR]=
0.12 0.80 0.08 0
0.35 0.15 0.50 δ2+δ4+δ6
1
δ1 δ2+δ4
0 t
δ2
S1 0
1 3 3 3 5 3 3 3 1
Switch
S3
ON
2 2 4 6 6 6 4 2 2
S5 vdc vBC
Tc vBA
(b)
(a) schematic-diagram (b) waveforms
0
Fig .5. Carrier-based modulator and switching signals for the Fig .6. dc-link voltage generation from the rectifier-stage
rectifier upper-switches. modulator.
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𝑣𝑎 𝑆7 𝑆8
0 t
𝑣𝑏 𝑆9 𝑆10 + 1 𝑣
𝑑𝑐
100 100 010 010 001 001 𝑣𝑐 = 𝑆11 𝑆12 . [ 21 ] (10)
[δR]= 010 001 001 100 100 010 𝑣𝑑 𝑆13 𝑆14 − 2 𝑣𝑑𝑐
[ 𝑣𝑒 ] [𝑆15 𝑆16 ]
Fig .7. Illusrtation of the rectifer-stage overmodulation operating
mode
The reference five-phase output voltages are
assumed to be balanced and given by:
START
K=1 𝑣𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑜 𝑡)
Read 𝑣𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑜 𝑡 − 2𝜋/5)
va ,vb ,vc 𝑣𝑐 = 𝑉̂𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑜 𝑡 − 4𝜋/5) (11)
𝑣𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑜 𝑡 + 4𝜋/5)
va >vb &vc
Yes
vc > vb
Yes
Sector 1
S1=1 [ 𝑣𝑒 ] [𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑜 𝑡 + 2𝜋/5)]
S4=1
No No
S1=1
Sector 2
S6=1 1. Inverter-stage Modulating Signals Calculations
Yes Yes S3=1
vb > va & vc va > vc Sector 3
S6=1 The modulating signals for the upper switches of
No No
S3=1 inverter stage, 𝛿𝐼 (𝛿7 , 𝛿9 , … 𝛿15 ) can be obtained
Sector 4
S2=1 according to the general formula used for the five-
Yes S5=1 phase VSI as follows [28];
vb > va Sector 5
S2=1
No
Sector 6
S5=1 𝛿7 = 𝑚𝐼 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑜 𝑡)
S4=1
𝛿9 = 𝑚𝐼 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑜 𝑡 − 2𝜋/5)
k=k+1
Rectifier Stage Modulator 𝛿11 = 𝑚𝐼 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑜 𝑡 − 4𝜋/5) (12)
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 𝛿13 = 𝑚𝐼 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑜 𝑡 + 4𝜋/5)
𝛿15 = 𝑚𝐼 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑜 𝑡 + 2𝜋/5)
Fig .8. Flowchart showing the generation of the rectifier–stage
switching signals in the over-modulation operating mode where 𝛿7 represents the modulating signal of switch S7
and so on, 𝑚𝐼 is the inverter-stage modulation index
B. Inverter-stage Control (ISC) and 𝜔𝑜 is the desired output frequency in rad/sec. it is
The inverter-stage has to generate the desired output well known that the value of 𝑚𝐼 determines the
five-phase voltages from the virtual dc-link voltage. magnitude of the output voltage and it is selected
This operation is performed aiding with the switching between 0 and 1 for the linear modulation operating
states of the five-phase inverter-switches, which can mode, while in the overmodulation mode 𝑚𝐼 it is
greater than one.
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(V)
0
switches can be easily obtained as complementary for
the corresponding signals of the upper-switches. Due -0.5
to using pure sinusoidal modulating signals, this
modulation technique is generally known as sinusoidal -1
PWM (SPWM) in which the VTR of the inverter stage 0 0.01 0.02
Time (Sec.)
does not exceed 0.5 in the linear modulation operating
1
mode. However, for optimal utilization of the virtual dc-
link voltage, an offset signal should be added to the 0.5
(V)
named Injected Zero Sequence Signal (ZSS), 𝛿𝑧𝑠 [29]. 0
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Based on the proposed CBPWM technique of the 3×5 to control the switches of the 3×5 MC, based on the
MC, there are two VTRs that should be controlled; the proposed technique, the switching signals generated
VTR of the inverter-stage, VTR 𝐼 and the VTR the by both the rectifier and inverter stages should be
rectifier-stage, 𝑉𝑇𝑅𝑅 . Hence, the overall VTR can be firstly combined, based on the presented
obtained as: mathematical model of the converter, using equations
(2) and (10). Fig. 11 shows the layout of the
𝑉𝑇𝑅 = 𝑉𝑇𝑅𝑅 × 𝑉𝑇𝑅𝐼 (15) implementation procedure of the proposed technique.
This procedure is used in both the simulation and
Since both stages can be operated in either linear or experimental processes. Fig. 11 shows that there are
over-modulation operating modes, the maximum two main traces that are used for controlling both the
overall VTR in the linear operating mode can be rectifier and inverter stages, including modulating
achieved if the VTR of each stage is controlled to be signal and carrier-wave generation, and gating-signals
equal to its maximum value in this operating mode. modulators.
On the other hand, the MC can operate in the over-
modulation operating mode if one or both stages are It can be clearly observed that the desired rectifier-
over-modulated. Therefore, the over-modulation stage VTR and the input-current displacement angle
operating mode of the MC is classified into three are defined to calculate the appropriate modulating
modes; namely, Rectifier-stage over-modulation mode signals of the rectifier-stage based on (5). From which
(RSO), Inverter-stage over-modulation mode (ISO) the rectifier-stage switching signals are obtained via
and both stages over-modulation mode (BSO). The rectifier-stage modulator. On the other hand, the
overall VTRs of 3×5 MC using the proposed CBPWM desired inverter-stage VTR and the output frequency
technique are given in Table-I. are used to determine the modulating signals of the
inverter-stage based on (12). Hence, the switching
Table 1. VTRs of 3×5 MC Using the Proposed CBPWM Technique signals of the inverter-stage can be generated via
inverter-stage modulator.
Inverter Linear
ISO
SPWM (VTR =
Rectifier CSVPWM
(VTR = 0.636)
(VTR = 0.525)
0.5)
RSO (VTR =
0.827 0.8697 1.052
1.654)
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Journal of Renewable Energy and Sustainable Development (RESD) Volume 2, Issue 2, December 2016 - ISSN 2356-8569
On the other hand, the ratio of the carrier frequencies voltage. In addition, dominant harmonic components
of both rectifier and inverter stages (fc1/fc2) is around the switching frequency (harmonics order of
determined based on the Total Harmonic Distortion 200) and its multiples can be easily observed.
(THD) of the output current. Therefore, the operation
of the 3×5 MC based on the proposed modulation Furthermore, the corresponding load-current
technique is tested under a wide range of carrier- waveforms are shown in Fig. 18. Due to the capability
frequencies ratios and different frequencies of the of the used oscilloscope, only 4-phase current
output current. The THD of the output currents at waveforms are obtained in the experimental process.
different carrier-frequencies ratios (fc1/fc2) and different Balanced load currents with approximately sinusoidal
output-frequencies is shown in Fig. 14. The carrier- waveform can be easily noted from Fig. 18. This is
frequency range is changed from 1 kHz to 6 kHz. due to the load inductive-nature and the proposed
modulation technique.
5
10Hz On the other hand, Fig. 19 shows the input-phase
% THD of Output Currents
0
ab
0
observed that, in order to minimize the THD of the
V
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0
a
V
-0.5
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4
Time (Sec.)
(a) Simulation
40 X=1
Y = 45.2
(b) Experimental (1 A/div.& 40 ms/div.)
FFT of V (V)
30
a
20
X = 202 Fig .18. Load-current waveforms in the linear modulation
Y = 14.2
X = 401
Y = 8.47 operating mode at fo=10 Hz
10
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(V)
80 5
0
a
60
V
40 -100
Input Voltage (V)
20
100
0 0
V (V)
-20 0
b
-40
-100
-60
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4
-80 -5 Time (Sec.)
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
Time (sec) (a) Simulation
(a) Simulation
0
ab
v
60
X=1
-100 50
Y = 61
FFT of V (V)
40
100
a
30 X=3
v (V)
Y = 20.3
ca
0 20
X=7
Y = 8.69
10
-100
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4
Order of Harmonic
Time (Sec.)
Fig .22 Harmonic spectrum analysis of phase-a of the output
(a) Simulation voltage in over-modulation operating mode at fo=10 Hz
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0.5
Load Currents (A)
-0.5
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4
Time (Sec.)
(a) Simulation
20
achieved in the linear operating mode when both
0 0
stages are operating with a maximum voltage transfer
-20
ratio. Dominant harmonic components around the
-40
switching frequency and its multiples have also been
-60
observed. On the other hand, in the over-modulation
-80 -5
0 0.01 0.02 0.03
Time (sec)
0.04 0.05 0.06 operating mode, the fundamental component of the
(a) Simulation output phase-voltage has been found to be equal 105
percent of the input phase-voltage and therefore a
maximum overall VTR has been also achieved.
However, it has been observed that the output phase-
voltages as well as the load currents obtained in this
mode of operation have contained a considerable
amount of lower order harmonics. A unity input power-
factor operation has been achieved in both operating
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Journal of Renewable Energy and Sustainable Development (RESD) Volume 2, Issue 2, December 2016 - ISSN 2356-8569
modes due to setting the input-current displacement El-Kom, Egypt in 1960. He graduated from Faculty of
angle to zero. A close agreement between the Engineering, Menoufiya University, Egypt in 1983.
presented simulation and experimental results in both Then he obtained his M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in
Electrical Engineering from Alexandria University,
linear and over-modulation operating modes has
Egypt in 1987 and 1992, respectively. He worked as
confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed an offshore maintenance engineer in Belayim
modulation technique. Petroleum Company from 1985 to 1990. In 1992, he
80 joined Faculty of Engineering, Tanta University, Egypt,
CBPWM where he is currently a Professor and Head of
Output voltage THD (%)
CBPWM
3.5
SVM 4271, 2013.
3
Fig .24. The THD for (a) Output voltage (b) Output current for the [3] L. Rmili , S. Rahmani and K. Al-Haddad, “A
both CBPWM and SVM techniques review of indirect MC topologies," Journal of
Renewable Energy and Sustainable
IX. BIOGRAPHY
Development (RESD), pp. 30-37, June 2015.
Said M. Allam was born in Basyun, Egypt in 1977. He
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the Department of Electrical Power and Machines
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Sherif M. Dabour received the B.Sc. degree from
Zagazig University in 2002 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D.
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degrees in electrical power and machines engineering
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trainer at the Technical and Vocational Training Technologies (ICSET), 2012 IEEE Third
Corporation in Riyadh, KSA. Since 2009, he has International Conf., Kathmandu, pp.223-228,
joined the Faculty of Engineering, Tanta University, 2012.
Egypt. Dr. Dabour is currently an assistant Professor
with the Department of Electrical Power and Machines
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IET International Conference on Power
Essam M. Rashad (S.M. 2002) was born in Shebin Electronics, Machines and Drives, PEMD-2014,
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