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@ Copyright 1971
American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Inc.
This paper was prepared for the 46th Annual Fall Meeting of the Society of Petroleum Engineers
of AIME, to be held in New Orleans, La., Oct. 3-6, 1971. Permissionto copy is restrictedto an
abstract of not more than 300 words. Illustrationsmay not be copied. The abstract should contain
conspicuousacknowledgmentof where and by whom the paper is presented. Publicationelsewhereafter
publicationin the JOURNAL OF PETROLEUMTECHNOLOGYor the SOCIETY OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERSJOURNAL is
..-.-.namo=+
te 6~.~
usually granted upon request to t-heEditor of t’neappropriatejo-urmlprovided ae~..lll.... rfi rra
Discussionof this paper is invited. Three copies of any discussionshould be sent to the ‘
Society of Petroleum Engineersoffice. Such discussionmay be presented at the above meeting and,
with the paper, may be consideredfor publicationin one of the two SPE magazines.
INTRODUCTION DISCUSSION
The subject of rotary drilling hydraulics The coordinate system upon which the work
has received a great deal of attention in the graph is constructedis log-log. The left-hand
literature. Excellent papers have been written section of the work graph is used to calculate
by Bobo, Kendall and Goins, and Kelly. Recent the bit pressure loss. The right-hand section
trends have been to maximize bit hydraulic of the work graph provides a scale for plotting
impact. Examples will be worked in this paper system pressure loss as a function of circula-
which will maximize hydraulic impact and bit tion rate. The equation for pressure loss in a
hc?rw?pmx’e pipe for Bingham plastics in turbulent flow is
References and illustrationsat end of paper.
2 A NEW PRACTICAL APPROACH TO ROTARY DRILLING HYDRAULICS SPE 3530
of the form p = aqb, which is a log-log equatior in parallel, multiply this number by 2 (i.e.,
(P= pressure 10SS and q= circdation rate). 2x410 = 820 GFll).
It follows that the summation of pressure losses
will also yield a log-log equation. Therefore Step 2. Draw a horizontal line on the q
a plot of p vs q should be a straight lfne on scale of the work raph at a value of 820 GPM
log-log paper. On this assumption,the work and label it ~m ?Graph 3).
graph was initially prepared, tilu
‘-2 LieLu
““-’A GACWpJ.GZ
‘-””--’””
were solved. The results were remarkably accu-
rate. The following is an outline of the pro-
cedure for constructingthe basic work graph ark
~~~~ f~~~~ ~r@@~~e Step 4. Draw a line on Gr~h reconnecting
the values of Vmti= 120 and (d{- d$ipe) = 77
The work graph establishesthe limits of a and obtain ~ = 3$0.
hydraulics program: mainly, circulationrate,
system pressure 10SS, and bit pressure loss. Step 5. Draw a horizontal lfne on the q
There are only two limitationsthat must be scale of the work raph at a value of 380 GPM
placed on the circulationrate in any hydraulic and label it ~ ?Graph 3).
program. These are (1) the maximum circulation
rate that the mud pumps will produce at a given Step 6. Obtti values of the p~ys and pbil
pressure and (2) the circulationrate that will. lties from Table 1.
produce a predeterminedminimum annular veloc-
%ys
= 0.52 x3000 = 1,560 psi
ity. The only pressure limitation in any hy- = 0.48 x3oOO = 1,440 psi
draulic program is the maximum operating stand- pbit
pipe pressure, which is usually governed by the
Step ?. Construct a vertical he on the
drilling contractor and depends primarily on th(
%ys scale at a vslue of 1,560 psi snd label it
size liners in the mud pumps.
%ys (Graph 3).
Preparation of the work graph involves the
Step 8. Construct a horizontal line on thl
constructionof fom lines. l%ese lines are a
Pbit scsle at a value of l,MO psi and label it
%lSxlin% a %in lfief a Psys line and a pbit (Graph 3).
line. The value of the MU lfie is obtained ‘bit
from Graph LA or lB. The value of the ~ lin~
Step 9. Using Graph lB, obtain the circu-
is obtained from Graph 2. The values of the
lation rate at each SPM reading (Table 2, Columr
Psys m ~it lines are obtained from Table 1.
2).
The constructionand use of this simplified
work graph is best illustratedby the following Step 10. Enter the left-hand side of Grapt
3 at each of these circulationrates (Table 2,
examples using field data.
Column 2), move horizontallyto the 10.3-ppg mui
ltie, vertically up to the nozzle combinationof
Example 1
the bit in the hole (3-11/32)and horizontally
to the left to the ~it scale. Record the
Given: TWO D-1650 pLMlpSwith 6-3/4-in.
liners and 18-in. stroke operation in parallel. values (Table 2, Column 4).
Step 11. Obtain the vakes Of pst - Pbit
Qnax = 3,000 psi
mud weight = 10.3 p g at each circulationrate and record these (Tabl~
nozzles in bit in the hole = 3-1132
7 2, column 5).
hole size = 9-7/8 in.
drill-pipe size = L& in. Step 12. Plot circulationrate vs psys
-.
v. 120 ft/mti for each SM reading on Graph 3.
maximum SPM = 45 s@PmP
Step 13. From the intersectionof this
Problem: Select nozzle sizes to provide plotted ltie with the psy line, move horizon-
for maximum impact force. tally to the left to the $0.3-ppg mud weight
line, then vertically Up tO the pbit line _
Solution: Before slugging the pipe, circu- read >1~/32 and l-15~32 on the nozzle size
late at three different strokes per minute and, scale.
after the stsndpipe gauge has stabilized,re-
cord the standpipe readings at each rate. The next bit to be run would require
(Table 2). 2-14/32 and l-lIj/32nozzles.
Step 4. Draw a line on Gr h 2 connecting Step 13. Starting from the titersectiono~
the values of v~ = 110 and (d?- d~ipe) = 77 the plotted line with the mu line, move
and read ~ = 345 GFTL vertically down to the p~ys scsle. Psys = 1,04(
psi (Graph 5).
Step 5. Draw a horizontal line on the q
scale of the work raph at a value of 345 GPM
and label it WM ?Graph 4)o
FWFERENCES
Optimum bit hydraulics are essential for
maximum penetration rates under all circum-
stances. A simple, practical, yet accurate 1. Bobo, Roy A.: l!~e Application of Hydrau-
method which involves a minimum of calculations lics to Rot Drilling Rigs”, API Paper
is necessary in order that all drilling super- 926-$-H (1963
7 .
2. Kendall, H. A. and Goins, W. C., Jr.:
visors may design bit hydraulics in a minimum
‘T)esignand Operation of Jet-Bit Progrsms
amount of time. It is with this intent that
for Maximum Hydraulic Horsepower, Impact
this paper is presented.
Force or Jet Velocity”, Tra&., A~- (1960)
s ~~ 23*2500 —
. Kelly, J. L., Jr.: “New Chart - Worksheet
SimplifiesDrilling Hydraulics”,Oil and
Gas J. (JulY 2, 1962).
TABLE 1 - PRESSURE VALUES FOR MAXIMIZING BIT HORSEPOWER, IMPACT FORCE AND
JET VELOCITY
P opt = Psys = .33 Pma~ Popt = PSYS = .52 Pmx Popt = Psys = Psys at qmin
TABLE 2
TABLE 3
a (GPM) &
h 2UZ
25 230 950 650 300
TABLE 4
~ &f!WQ. ~
EiLuL h
25 23o 1480 640 840
s
N
-& l\\ \\\ \\\ u
-ml \\\\\\\\
—.
— -f9
—
I
I
i
{. $$ $QNd”q $-”--
”$-”-:””
I
t I I I I
t I \ Y ———
I
— L-...—-–.
I
: .0
.~. –... ------ I
I
I I
Y. .0 i I I —— ____
!
—3 ~. . . .
L
] I
. 0
* I
I
—
0
———. 0 ,,
*
I t 1 I I ! t I
0
0
i
.
--8
I 000
900
800
700
600
500
400 q
z
300 $
u
200
100
.. —
PSYS(Psi)
Graph 3
I 000
900
eoo
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
Graph b
700
600
500
400 ~
n
300 s
w
200
100
Psys (Psi)
Graph 5
ii)
L
.=
n
n
I 000
900
800
700
600
500
400 ~
n.
300 g
v
200
I 00
PSYS (PSI)
Graph 6