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Mirrored Coupling Structures for Microwave
Signal Splitting and Combining
Jijun Yao, Member, IEEE, Shi Bo
Abstract — This paper discussed a method of creating
multi-port couplers by mirroring conventional coupler structures,
such as 90o hybrids, Saleh power dividers, Wilkinson couplers and
so on. These created structures maintain some very useful
features of the original structures, for example, stable phase
shifting between ports, equal power dividing, port isolation...
Theoretical analysis method of these structures was discussed for
S-parameter derivation. Example structures: a 4-way coupler by
mirroring 90o hybrid couplers, an 8-way coupler by mirroring
Saleh power dividing couplers, were built and tested according to
the method discussed. Good match was found between theoretical
analysis and measurements.
Index Terms— multi-way, couplers, mirrored structures
I. INTRODUCTION
C ouplers are import components for many microwave
systems. That is why lots of efforts were put on finding
new coupler structures by researchers in the past few decades.
Many interesting couplers were designed to meet different
system requirements, for example Wilkinson couplers [1], 90o
Quadrature couplers [2], Rat-race couplers [3], Lange couplers
[4] and Saleh's multi-way dividers [5]... Till today, researchers
continued on searching for couplers with different properties:
couplers with ultra-wide bandwidth [6], couplers working at
multi-bands[7], couplers with un-equal dividing ratio[8] and
more. However, most of these designs are some kind of
re-structuring the conventional couplers. It is not easy to find
new coupler structures, especially those couplers with
multi-ports, equal power division and stable phase shifting.
Such couplers possibly will become attractive for power
amplifier designs [9] and antenna array designs [10] where lots
of stringent requirements arise from real applications.
In this paper, we discussed a method of creating a new group of
coupler structures: by mirroring conventional coupling
structures, such as quadrature couplers, Wilkinson couplers,
Rat-race couplers and so on, we can get some new coupling
structures, which, by careful design, can maintain useful
features of the original structures.
Manuscript received May, 2013. This work was supported by SERC.
JiJun Yao is with Institute for Infocomm Research, A*STAR, Fusionopolis,
Singapore. (email: jyao@i2r.a-star.edu.sg);
Shi Bo is with Institute for Infocomm Research, A*STAR, Fusionopolis,
Singapore. (email: shibo@i2r.a-star.edu.sg);
1
In the theory part of the paper, we presented the idea and
method of mirroring conventional couplers. Then a general
theoretical S parameter analysis method was suggested for such
coupler analysis. To validate the method, we derived the S
parameters of a 6-port coupler by mirroring the conventional
90o quadrature couplers, which is compared with ADS
(Advanced Design System, CAD software by Agilent)
simulation results. The theoretical analysis and simulation
results match very well. More mirrored structures were
discussed in the end of this section. Interesting multi-port
couplers were found and presented.
In order to validate our design theory, we designed and
fabricated a 4-way coupler (by mirroring 90o quadrature
couplers) and an 8-way coupler (by mirroring Saleh's 4-way
couplers[5]) according to the theory discussed. Tested results
showed that these couplers maintained useful features of the
original couplers, such as equal power division, stable phase
shifting between output ports and good isolation between ports.
With the method of mirroring, we created a new group of
coupling structures. These couplers could be useful in many
microwave applications. Especially when we design high
power multi-way power combining amplifiers working at high
frequencies, mirrored couplers have many advantages
compared with conventional designs: it can provide more
splitting / combining ways, lower insertion loss, more compact
size, easier power transistor position arrangements and more.
II. DESIGN THEORY
P2 P2
PN PN P2N-2
passive passive
passive
network network network
P4 P4 P N+2
P3 P3 PN+1
P1 P1
(a) (b)
Fig. 1. (a) original coupler structures with a transmission line between 2
selected ports, and a passive network connecting these 2 ports with all other
ports; (b) using the transmission line as mirror edge, new structure with more
input/ output ports can be created. where Pn represents port n#
Figure 1 (a) showed a general passive coupling structure.
Between 2 selected ports (port 1 and port 2 in this case), there is
a transmission line connecting them, and a passive network
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connecting these 2 ports with the rest ports. Using the indicated power injection at port 1 will be divided equally to these 2 parts,
connecting line as the mirror edge, we can create a new the impedance of port 1' and the characteristic impedance of the
structure as shown in figure 1(b). Assuming that the original mirrored edge line will be doubled (as shown in figure 3 (b),
coupler structure has following properties: with port 1 as input voltage remains the same, and current is divided by 2); Using
port, power can be equally split between M ports (M < N-1), the S parameter deriving method discussed in a previous
there are stable phase shifting between these M ports, and the work[11], it is easy to obtain the S parameters (S11' , S12' , S13' ...)
rest L ports (L = N-M-1) are isolated from port 1. Then with of the divided part as shown in fig. 3 (c); the port 1 S
careful design of the passive network, we possibly can get a parameters of the mirrored structure can then be obtained with
mirrored structure which maintains many characteristics of the following equations:
original structure: when using port 1 as input ports, power can S11 = S11'; S12 = S12';
be equally split between the M ports and the corresponding S13 = S15 = S13' / 2 ;
mirrored M ports, stable phase shifting can be obtained S14 = S16 = S14' / 2 ; ...(1)
between them, port 1 will be isolated with the L ports and their
mirrors. P4 Z2' P2 Z2' P6 P4 , Z p P2 , 2Z p
Z2
Z3' Z3' Z3 2Z1
Certainly it is very hard to prove whether this statement is '
Z1'
' split to 2
Z2 Z2 Z2
correct or wrong in the general case. However many symmetric
P3 P1 P5 P3 , Z p P1 , 2 Z p
conventional structures were used to obtain their corresponding mirror edge
parts
mirrored structures and it is found that these mirrored structures
(a) (c)
do can have similar performances as the original structures.
symmetric cutting
Following is one such case by mirroring the conventional even/ odd mode
of a line structure
quadrature coupler. analysis of port 3 S
Vright Vleft parameters
cutting edge
In figure 2, a quadrature coupler is used for mirrored
Z3' Z2' Z1' Z3'
structure building. In figure 2 (a), the transmission line between
Iright Ileft P3 Z2 '
P5
the input port P1 and isolation port P2 is used as the mirror edge; P1
and in figure 2 (b), the transmission line between input port P1 (b) (d)
and one output port P3 is used as mirror edge. According to the Fig. 3. S parameter analysis for mirrored quadrature couplers (a) original
assumption, for the structure of fig. 2(a), it is expected that port mirrored structure for S parameter analysis, (b) symmetric cutting of a structure
P1 and P2 remain isolated and input power will be equally to explain the doubled characteristic impedance after cutting, where voltage
remain the same and current halved; (c), symmetric cut parts of the proposed
divided between port P3 to P6; for the mirrored structure of fig. coupler for port 1 S parameter analysis, where all characteristic impedance
2(b), it is expected that input power equally divided between along the cutting edge doubled, including the port impedance; (d) normal even /
port P3, P4, P6, and input port P1 will be isolated with port P2 and odd mode analysis of port 3 parameters, open and short connection applied
along the cutting edge as shown in the figure
P5. Theoretical S parameter analysis of figure 2(a) and 2(b)
showed that these expectations can be met.
For an ideal quadrature coupler, S11 = S12 = 0 at the center
P4 Z2' P2 Z2' P6
frequency; to obtain the same performances for the mirrored
mirror edge
(a)
structure in figure 2 (a), following design equations are
Z3' Z3'
Z1' obtained from the derived S parameters:
' '
Z2 Z2
P4 out 2# P2 isolation Z1  Z 3
P3 P1 P5 ...(2)
Z2
2Z 3
Z1 Z1 Z2 
Z2 mirror edge P4 Z1" P3 Z1" P6 1  Z 32
P3 out 1# P1 input With above design equations, the port 1 S parameters at the
(b) Z3" Z3" center frequency can be obtained:
Z2"
Original quadrature Z1" Z1"
coupler S11  S12  0
P2 P5 ...(3)
P1 Z3
Fig. 2. (a) mirrored structures with a transmission line between 2 selected ports,
S13  S15  i
and a passive network connecting these 2 ports with all other ports; (b) using the
2(1  Z 3 )
2

transmission line as mirror edge, new structure with more input/ output ports 1
can be created, S14  S16 
*note: all impedance used are normalized impedance, and all lines are 90o in 2(1  Z 32 )
length unless otherwise stated
To complete the theoretical S parameter analysis, it is needed
to obtain the S parameters of port 3 to port 6 (Sii , Sij , i,j =
In figure 3, the S parameter analysis method of the mirrored
3,4,5,6). Typical even / odd analysis method can be used as
quadrature coupler shown in fig. 3 (a) was presented. To
shown in figure 3 (d). With designed equations (2), the rest S
analyze the S parameters of port 1 (such as S11 , S12 , S13 ...), the
parameters can be obtained:
coupler can be divided to 2 symmetrical parts. Because any
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Z 32  1 to obtain 3-way equal power dividing design with all ports

Sii  , i  3, 4,5, 6 nicely matched (Sii < -20dB) by some optimize. Suggested
2(1  Z 32 )
...(4) optimize values for the couplers are Z1 =0.62, Z3 = 0.74, Z2 =
1  Z 32
S34  1.17.
2(1  Z 32 ) 0

S11, S33 and S12 (dB)

Z3 S33
S35   S36  i
(1  Z 32 )
-10
S12
One typical solution based on equation (2), (3) and (4) is the -20
S11
4-way equal power splitting design with Z1 = Z2 = Z3 = 1
-30
(normalized impedance), and consequently we have |S13| = |S14|
= |S15| = |S16| = 0.5; Simulation results of this design is shown in -40

figure 4 (the simulation is performed with Agilent's ADS

-50
software). It is observed that the mirrored structure maintains 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6
all the features of the original coupler: matching port, total
frequency
isolation between the input port P1 and the isolation port P2, -6
equal power distribution between output ports, stable phase -7
shifting between output ports (90o or 0o).

S13 , S 14 (dB)
-8
S14
One thing need to mention is the return losses of port 3 to 6 -9 S13

are not 0 in designs when Z1 ≠ 1. Reflection happens at these -10

ports. But based on previous experiences, it is possible to -11

obtain very small reflection at all ports by optimizing the
-12
network parameters with solutions given by equation 2. 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6
Figure 2(b) shows the other possible mirrored structure of freqeuncy
the quadrature coupler. Based on the assumption, it should be Fig. 4. S parameter simulation results of the 4-way equal dividing structure
possible to obtain a coupler with port 1 isolated from port 2 and shown in figure 2(a), the structure has Z1 = Z2 = Z3 = 1, simulated with Agilent
5 and injection power of port 1 equally divided between port 3, ADS

4 and 6. Using the port 1 S parameter analysis method 0

S11, S22 and S12 (dB)

S11
discussed, following design equations can be obtained to -10 S22
satisfy S11 = S12 = S15 =0: -20 S12
Z1  Z 3
...(5) -30
2Z3
Z2  -40
1  Z 32
With above design equations, following S parameters were -50
0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6
derived:
frequency
S11  S12  S15  0 -4

S  S  (1  Z 2 ) / 2 ...(6) -5
S13 , S14, S16 (dB)

14 16 3 -6

S13  i Z 3 -7 S14 & S16

-8
And S parameters relating to port 2, 4 ,5 ,6: -9 S13
Z 32  1
Sii  , i  2, 4,5, 6 -10

2(1  Z 32 ) -11
-12
1  Z 32
S 25 
0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6
...(7)
2(1  Z 32 ) freqeuncy
Fig. 5. S parameter simulation results of the 3-way equal dividing structure
Z (1  Z 32 )
S 24  i 3 shown in figure 2(b), the structure has Z1 = Z3 = 1/ 3 , Z2 = 1, simulated with
2(1  Z 32 ) Agilent ADS
Z 3 (3  Z 32 )
S 26  i More interesting mirrored structures can be obtained using
2(1  Z 32 )
the discussed mirror method. Figure 6 shows several example
With S parameter expressions in (3), the 3-way equal power
structures: the 3-way coupler by mirroring the Wilkinson
division design can be obtained : Z1 = Z3 = 1/ 3 , Z2 = 1; for this
coupler; the 3-way coupler by mirroring the rat-race coupler;
design, |S13| = |S14| = |S16| = 1/ 3 . ADS simulation of this the 4-way coupler by mirroring the 3-section branch-line
structure is shown in figure 5. It should be noted that the return coupler, this coupler has increased bandwidth compared with
losses of port 2,4,5 and 6 are not 0. It is, however, not difficult structure in fig 2(a); it seems that we can increase the mirrored
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structures' working bandwidth like the conventional  6 2 6 2


branch-line couplers; and the 8-way coupler by mirroring the EF     | Sii |  | S12 |2   || S1i | 0.5 |  ...(8a)

f  i 1

4-way Saleh coupler.
i 3 
 10 2 10 2

P3 EF     | Sii |  | S12 |2   || S1i | 0.355 |  ...(8b)
80 Ώ P4 P3 P2 P5 P6 
f  i 1

106 Ώ 70 Ώ 59 Ώ 59 Ώ 70 Ώ
i 3 
46 Ώ 84.5 Ώ where equation 8a is for the 4-way coupler in figure 7(a); and
P2
P1 70 Ώ equation 8(b) is for the 8-way coupler in figure 7(b); f
106 Ώ
80 Ώ 96 Ώ, 270o 96 Ώ, 270o represents the frequencies to be optimized; and the
P4
P1 optimization was performed from 5.8GHz to 6.4GHz.
P3 and P5 are isolate ports from port 1
(a) (b) TABLE I-A
P4 P6 P2 KEY PARAMETERS OF THE MIRRORED STRUCTURE OF FIGURE 7(A) AFTER
P10 66 Ώ P6 OPTIMIZATION
Impedance(Ohm) Width (mm) Length (mm)
49 Ώ 51 Ώ
78 Ώ P5
Z1 48.5 1.9 6.6
P9
Z2 32.6 3.4 5.0
P1 30 Ώ P2 59 Ώ 53 Ώ Z3 27.4 4.3 6.6
P8 78 Ώ P4
38 Ώ 27 Ώ Z01 36.5 2.9 8
49 Ώ 51 Ώ Z02 36.5 2.9 5.4
46 Ώ 27 Ώ 66 Ώ
P7 P3
28.5 Ώ 36 Ώ P1 TABLE I-B
P3 P5 KEY PARAMETERS OF THE MIRRORED STRUCTURE OF FIGURE 7(B) AFTER
(c) (d) OPTIMIZATION
Impedance(Ohm) Width (mm) Length (mm)
Fig. 6. interesting mirrored structures; (a) the 3-way coupler by mirroring the
Wilkinson coupler, (b) the 3-way coupler by mirroring the rat-race coupler, (c)
Z1 48 1.9 8
the 4-way coupler by mirroring the 3-section branch-line coupler, (d) the 8-way Z2 73 0.94 4.5
coupler by mirroring the 4-way Saleh coupler; Z3 54 1.6 8.9
*note: all lines are 90o in length unless otherwise stated Z4 60.5 1.3 4.3
Z5 35 3.1 6.7
III. REALIZATION AND TESTS Z6 29.5 3.9 7
Z01 43 2.3 4.9
Based on the developed theory, some real structures were Z02 48 1.9 4
built to test their performances. 2 structures were chosen: the
4-way coupler shown in figure 2(a) and the 8-way coupler The simulated and measured performances of these 2
shown in figure 6(d). And the commonly used RO4003C 32mil couplers are shown in figure 8 and figure 9.
-5.5
1/4 oz laminate was selected for these coupler design and
power division ratio (dB)

fabrication. -6.0

-6.5
P3 P4 P3 P4 P5 P6
-7.0
Z3 Z5 Z6 Z5 -7.5

P1 Z1 Z01 P2 Z01 Z1 Z3 Z1 -8.0

P1 Z4 Z2 P2 -8.5
Z2
5.0 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8 6.0 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7.0
Z02 Z02 Z03 frequency (GHz)
P5 P6 P8 P9 ◊◊◊ measured S13 ------ simulated S13
P7 P10
□ □ □ measured S14 ———— simulated S14
(a) (b) (a) simulated & measured power dividing ratio S13 & S14
Fig. 7. mirrored couplers optimized for maximizing working bandwidth (a) the -5
return loss & isolation (dB)

mirrored quadrature coupler structure; (b) mirrored Saleh coupler structure, and -10
where Pn represents port n#
-15

With the values given by equation (2) and the values in -20

figure 5(b), the 4-way couplers and 8-way couplers as shown in -25

figure 7 can be designed. In order to obtain the largest -30

bandwidth centered at 6.1GHz, so that these couplers can be -35

5.0 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8 6.0 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7.0
directly used for high power satellite SSPAs (Solid State Power
frequency (GHz)
Amplifier), these 2 structures were optimized with the error
◊◊◊ measured S12 ------ simulated S12
functions (EF) given by equation 8 (searching for minimum of □□□ measured S11 ———— simulated S11
the error functions). The key parameters of these 2 designs are ○○○ measured S33 — — — simulated S33
listed in table 1. (b) simulated & measured return loss S11 & S33, isolation S12
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200
100

phase differences (deg.)

phase differences (deg.)

80 100

60
0
40

20 -100

0
-200
-20 5.4 5.9 6.4 6.8
5.0 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8 6.0 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7.0 frequency (GHz)
frequency (GHz) ** * measured deg(S14/S13) ------ simulated deg(S14/S13)
** * measured deg(S14/S13) ------ simulated deg(S14/S13) □□□ measured deg(S16/S13) ———— simulated deg(S65/S13)
□□□ measured deg(S16/S13) ———— simulated deg(S65/S13) ○○○ measured deg(S15/S13) — — — simulated deg(S15/S13)
○○○ measured deg(S15/S13) — — — simulated deg(S15/S13) (c) simulated & measured phase differences, deg(S14/S13) , deg(S15/S13) and
(c) simulated & measured phase differences, deg(S14/S13) , deg(S15/S13) and deg(S16/S13)
deg(S16/S13) Fig. 9. Simulated and measured results of the mirrored Saleh coupler
Fig. 8. Simulated and measured results of the mirrored quadrature coupler
The mirrored couplers have many useful features and can be
used in many circuit applications, especially for power splitting
and combining. The 4-way mirrored quadrature coupler was
then used as an example to demonstrate the advantages of these
couplers. In figure 10 (a), the 4-way mirrored quadrature
coupler was tested with the back to back configuration. The
cables connecting the splitting and combining couplers are
12cm long semi-rigid cables with 90o bending SMA adaptors. isolate port
The tested insertion loss for these cables is 0.6dB from 5.6GHz
input port
to 6.6GHz. Then the coupler was used to build a 4-way power
combining amplifier as shown in figure 10(b). The amplifier
used 4 separate 2W C-band high power amplifiers. Each 2W
amplifier has 30.5 +/- 0.5 dB gain working from 5.6GHz to (a) back-back connection of the 4-way mirrored quadrature coupler
6.6GHz, and 32.3 dBm of P1dB @ 6.1GHz .
-6
power division ratio (dB)

-8

-10 isolate port term.

-12
high power load
-14

-16
5.4 5.9 6.4 6.8

frequency (GHz) high power PA

measured S13 ------ ◊◊◊
simulated S13
measured S14 ———— simulated S14 □□□
▽▽▽ measured S15 . . . . . simulated S13
*** measured S16 — — — simulated S14
(a) simulated & measured power dividing ratio S13, S14, S15 & S16 (b) 4-way power combining using the designed coupler
0 Fig. 10. Back-back configurations of the designed 4-way mirrored quadrature
return loss & isolation (dB)

coupler, and high power

-10
0 -1
-20
S21
insertion loss (dB)

-2
return loss (dB)

-30 -10
-3
-40
-20 S11
-4
-50
5.4 5.9 6.4 6.8 -30
-5
frequency (GHz)
measured S11 ------ ◊◊◊
simulated S13 -40 -6
measured S33 ———— simulated S14 □□□ 5.6 5.8 6.0 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7.0
measured S44 — — — simulated S14*** frequency (GHz)
▽▽▽ measured S12 . . . . . simulated S12 (a) measured results of the back-back connection of the 4-way mirrored
(b) simulated & measured return loss S11, S33 & S44 , isolation S12 quadrature coupler
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10
gain
return loss (dB)
0 30
-10 return loss
-20
-30
5.6 5.8 6.0 6.2 6.4 6.6
frequency (GHz)
(b) measured return loss and small signal gain of constructed high power
amplifier with the 4-way mirrored quadrature coupler
Fig.11, measured results of the back-back connected 4-way coupler and high
power amplifier constructed with it
From the tested results shown in fig.11 (a), it is obtained that
the insertion loss of the single 4-way mirrored coupler varies
between 0.5dB to 0.7dB from 5.6GHz to 6.4GHz (back-back
insertion loss – cable loss, then divided by 2), which is a little
bit higher than that of the traditional 4-way waveguide coupler
built with 3 2-way waveguide couplers, but with a much lower
fabrication costs. And the size of the mirrored coupler is only
about 10% ~20% of the traditional 4-way microstrip couplers
built with the cascade method. Hence, the mirrored couplers
can provide very good performances with much smaller size
and lower costs. The amplifiers shown in fig. 10(b) and its test
results shown in fig. 11(b) further prove above statement. The
new 3-dimensional arrangement of the combining power
amplifiers helped in reducing the final size. Such arrangement
improves thermal design of the PA as well. And the gain
obtained varies at 29.8 + / - 0.6dB from 5.6GHz to 6.6GHz. The
power test also shows 37.5dBm P1dB output @ 6.1GHz. All
these results show that the new mirrored couplers are very
suitable for low cost multi-way power splitting and combining
applications.
IV. CONCLUSION
In this paper, a passive structure mirroring method was
proposed. With the method, it suggests that new coupling
structures could be obtained by mirroring passive structures;
and the most important is these mirrored structures can
maintain useful features of the original structures, such as equal
power splitting, stable phase shifting between output ports,
good port matching and isolation and more.
To validate the proposed method, the quadrature coupler was
used as examples; the design equations and S parameter
expressions for 2 mirroring structures were derived: the 4-way
mirrored coupler and the 3-way mirrored coupler. More
interesting mirrored structures were discussed in the theory
section. It is possible to find more useful couplers with the
proposed method.
A 4-way mirrored quadrature coupler and a 8-way mirrored
Saleh coupler were designed and tested. Measurement results
match well with theory. The mirrored couplers can be useful in
many circuit applications and have many advantages. A high
6
35 power 4-way power combining amplifier was used to
demonstrate these advantages in multi-way power splitting and
small signal gain (dB)
combining. Testing results showed that the coupler can provide
25
very good performances, which is comparable to the
waveguide designs, at much lower costs, and has much smaller
20 size and better thermal design options. More applications can
be found for these mirrored couplers where signal splitting /
15 combining is needed. Antenna array could be another
6.8 7.0
interesting application.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work is supported by SERC fund.
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[11] Yao J.J.; etc., " Non-standard Hybrid and Crossover Design with
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J.J. Yao received his B.S. and M.S. degrees in 1996 and 1999 respectively from
Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China; and PhD
in 2009 from National University of Singapore. He worked on RF circuit design
for 4 years in Huawei Technologies, Shanghai and Shenzen, P.R. China; and 3
years in ST Electronics, Satcomm and Sensor Systems, as an assistant principle
engineer on PA designs. He currently is with Institute for Infocomm Research,
A*STAR, Singapore.
His main research interests include Terahertz circuits, microwave passive
circuits and power amplifiers.
Shi Bo