A.

Active and Passive Sentences

 Active
In active sentences, the thing doing the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing receiving the action is
the object. Most sentences are active.

[Thing doing action] + [verb] + [thing receiving action]

 Passive
In passive sentences, the thing receiving the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing doing the action is
optionally included near the end of the sentence. You can use the passive form if you think that the thing receiving
the action is more important or should be emphasized. You can also use the passive form if you do not know who
is doing the action or if you do not want to mention who is doing the action.
[Thing receiving action] + [be] + [past participle of verb] + [by] + [thing doing action]

Active / Passive Overview

Tense Active Passive

Simple Present Once a week, Tom cleans the house. Once a week, the house is cleaned by Tom.
Present
Right now, Sarah is writing the letter. Right now, the letter is being written by Sarah.
Continuous
Simple Past Sam repaired the car. The car was repaired by Sam.
The salesman was helping the customer The customer was being helped by the salesman
Past Continuous
when the thief came into the store. when the thief came into the store.
Present Perfect Many tourists have visited that castle. That castle has been visited by many tourists.
Present Perfect Recently, the work has been being done by
Recently, John has been doing the work.
Continuous John.
George had repaired many cars before he Many cars had been repaired by George before
Past Perfect
received his mechanic's license. he received his mechanic's license.
Chef Jones had been preparing the The restaurant's fantastic dinners had been
Past Perfect
restaurant's fantastic dinners for two years being prepared by Chef Jones for two years
Continuous
before he moved to Paris. before he moved to Paris.
Simple Future
Someone will finish the work by 5:00 PM. The work will be finished by 5:00 PM.
will
Simple Future Sally is going to make a beautiful dinner A beautiful dinner is going to be made by Sally
be going to tonight. tonight.
Future
At 8:00 PM tonight, John will be washing At 8:00 PM tonight, the dishes will be being
Continuous
the dishes. washed by John.
will
Future
At 8:00 PM tonight, John is going to be At 8:00 PM tonight, the dishes are going to be
Continuous
washing the dishes. being washed by John.
be going to
Future Perfect They will have completed the project before The project will have been completed before
will the deadline. the deadline.
Future Perfect They are going to have completed the The project is going to have been completed
be going to project before the deadline. before the deadline.
Future Perfect The famous artist will have been painting The mural will have been being painted by the
Continuous the mural for over six months by the time it famous artist for over six months by the time it
will is finished. is finished.
Future Perfect The famous artist is going to have been The mural is going to have been being painted
Continuous painting the mural for over six months by the by the famous artist for over six months by the
be going to time it is finished. time it is finished.
 Used to Jerry used to pay the bills. The bills used to be paid by Jerry.
Would Always My mother would always make the pies. The pies would always be made by my mother.
Future in the Past I knew John would finish the work by 5:00
I knew the work would be finished by 5:00 PM.
Would PM.
Future in the Past I thought Sally was going to make a I thought a beautiful dinner was going to be
Was Going to beautiful dinner tonight. made by Sally tonight.

Examples:
1. The wedding planner is making all the reservations. (active)
All the reservations will be made by the wedding planner. (passive)
2. Susan will bake two dozen cupcakes for the bake sale. (active)
For the bake sale, two dozen cookies will be baked by Susan. (passive)
3. The science class viewed the comet. (active)
The comet was viewed by the science class. (passive)
4. Who ate the last cookie? (active)
The last cookie was eaten by whom? (passive)
5. Alex posted the video on Facebook. (active)
The video was posted on Facebook by Alex. (passive)
6. The director will give you instructions. (active)
Instructions will be given to you by the director. (passive)
7. Thousands of tourists view the Grand Canyon every year. (active)
The Grand Canyon is viewed by thousands of tourists every year. (passive)

A. Relative Clauses

What is Relative Clauses?

Relative clauses are non-essential parts of a sentence. They may add meaning, but if they are removed,
the sentence will still function grammatically. There are two broad types of relative clauses in English. It is
important to distinguish between them because it affects the choice of pronoun used to introduce the clause.
Relative clauses are clauses starting with the relative pronouns who, that, which, whose, where, when.
They are most often used to define or identify the noun that precedes them. Here are some examples:
Examples :

 The woman who visited me in the hospital was very kind.

 Do you know the girl who started in grade 7 last week?
 The umbrella that I bought last week is already broken.
 The weather that we had this summer was beautiful.
 Can I have the pencil that I gave you this morning?
 A notebook is a computer which can be carried around.
 I won't eat in a restaurant whose cooks smoke.
 I want to live in a place where there is lots to do.
 Yesterday was a day when everything went wrong!
Note 1: The relative pronoun whose is used in place of the possessive pronoun. It must be followed by a noun.
Note 2: The relative pronouns where and when are used with place and time nouns.
Note 3 : Some relative clauses are not used to define or identify the preceding noun but to give extra information
about it. Here are some examples:
Notes 4: There is a relative pronoun whom, which can be used as the object of the relative clause. For example:
My science teacher is a person whom I like very much. To many people the word whom now sounds old-
fashioned, and it is rarely used in spoken English.

Relative Pronouns

relative
use example
pronoun
 I told you about the woman who lives
who subject or object pronoun for people
next door.
Do you see the cat which is lying on the
which subject or object pronoun for animals and things
roof?
which referring to a whole sentence He couldn’t read which surprised me.
Do you know the boy whose mother is a
whose possession for people animals and things
nurse?
object pronoun for people, especially in non-defining
I was invited by the professor whom I
whom relative clauses (in defining relative clauses we
met at the conference.
colloquially prefer who)
subject or object pronoun for people, animals and
I don’t like the table that stands in the
that things in defining relative clauses (who or which are
kitchen.
also possible)

B. Conditional Sentences

 Definiton
Conditional tenses are used to speculate about what could happen, what might have happened, and what we wish
would happen. In English, most sentences using the conditional contain the word if. Many conditional forms in
English are used in sentences that include verbs in one of the past tenses. This usage is referred to as "the unreal
past" because we use a past tense but we are not actually referring to something that happened in the past. There
are five main ways of constructing conditional sentences in English. In all cases, these sentences are made up of
an if clause and a main clause. In many negative conditional sentences, there is an equivalent sentence
construction using "unless" instead of "if".
 Type of Conditional Sentences

Conditional If clause verb

Usage Main clause verb tense
sentence type tense
Simple
Zero General truths Simple present
present
A possible condition and its probable Simple
Type 1 Simple future
result present
A hypothetical condition and its Present conditional or Present
Type 2 Simple past
probable result continuous conditional
An unreal past condition and its
Type 3 Past perfect Perfect conditional
probable result in the past

 The zero conditional is used for when the time being referred to is now or always and the situation is real and
possible. The zero conditional is often used to refer to general truths. The tense in both parts of the sentence is
the simple present. In zero conditional sentences, the word "if" can usually be replaced by the word "when"
without changing the meaning.
Examples :
1. If I sleep late, I am sleepy at work.
2. If you dry fruits or vegetables, they lose their nutrient and calorie.
3. If one doesn’t drink after doing exercise, one gets dehydrated.
4. If we burn paper, does it become ash?
 Type 1 conditional
The type 1 conditional is used to refer to the present or future where the situation is real. The type 1
conditional refers to a possible condition and its probable result. In these sentences the if clause is
in the simple present, and the main clause is in the simple future.
Examples :
1. If I find her address, I will give invitation
2. If the bell rings, I’ll go home.
 3. If you meet Andy, ask him to call me.
4. If the volunteers do not come to help, the victims of the landslide will die
5. If she has much money, she will buy a new car for her father.
 Type 2 conditional
The type 2 conditional is used to refer to a time that is now or any time, and a situation that is unreal.
These sentences are not based on fact. The type 2 conditional is used to refer to a hypothetical
condition and its probable result. In type 2 conditional sentences, the if clause uses the simple past,
and the main clause uses the present conditional.

Examples :
1. If it rained tomorrow, I would sleep all day.
2. If Nisa studied hard, she would pass.
3. If I were a millionaire, I would donate my money to charity.
4. Were She here, I would tell her that I love her.
5. I would be there now if she invited me to her wedding party.

 Type 3 conditional
The type 3 conditional is used to refer to a time that is in the past, and a situation that is contrary to reality. The
facts they are based on are the opposite of what is expressed. The type 3 conditional is used to refer to an unreal
past condition and its probable past result. In type 3 conditional sentences, the if clause uses the past perfect, and
the main clause uses the perfect conditional.
 Mixed type conditional

The mixed type conditional is used to refer to a time that is in the past, and a situation that is ongoing
into the present. The facts they are based on are the opposite of what is expressed. The mixed type
conditional is used to refer to an unreal past condition and its probable result in the present. In
mixed type conditional sentences, the if clause uses the past perfect, and the main clause uses the
present conditional.

Examples:
1. If he had asked you for forgiveness, would you have forgiven him?
2. If you hadn’t known the truth, you shouldn’t have spreaded the gossip.
3. Had you told her that you would marry her last year, she wouldn’t have been with him.
4. If I had given the interviewer really good answers, I might have got a higher position than you.
5. If you had remembered to invite me, I would have attended your party.