UNIT 62: STRENGTHS OF MATERIALS

Unit code: K/601/1409 QCF level: 5 Credit value: 15

SOLUTIONS TO SELF ASSESSMENT EXERCISES

OUTCOME 1 TUTORIAL 1

SELF ASSESSMENT EXERCISE No.1

a) Figure 11 shows an element of material with direct stresses on the x and y planes with no shear
stress on those planes. Show by balancing the forces on the triangular element that the direct and shear
stress on the plane at angle  anti-clockwise of the x plane is given by
 x   y   x   y cos 2
  
2 2
 x   y sin 2
  
2

Show how Mohr’s circle of stress represents this equation.

Figure 11

b) An elastic material is subjected to two mutually perpendicular stresses 80MPa tensile and 40 MPa
compressive. Determine the direct and shear stresses acting on a plane 30 o to the plane on which the 80
MPa stress acts.

SOLUTION

a) The solution is shown in full in tutorial 1 outcome 1.

b) σx = 80 MPa σy = -40 MPa θ=30o

  y     y cos 2 80  40  80  40cos 2(30) 

      20  60 cos 60  50MPa
x x
c) 
2 2 2 2

   y sin 2 80  40sin 2(30)  52MPa

   
x

2 2
2. Define the terms principal stress and principal plane.

A piece of elastic material has direct stresses of 80 MPa tensile and 40 MPa compressive on two
mutually perpendicular planes. A clockwise shear stress acts on the plane with the 80 MPa stress and an
equal and opposite complementary shear stress acts on the other plane.

Construct Mohrs' circle of stress and determine the following.

i. The Principal Stresses (120 MPa and -80 MPa)

ii. The maximum shear stress. (80 MPa)
iii. The position of the principal planes. (26.57o C.W. of 80 MPa direction)

Check your answers by calculation.

(Hint for solution. Make the larger stress act on the x plane and the other on y plane. Mark off x, y
and τxy. (This is enough data to draw the circle.)

SOLUTION - GRAPHICAL

From Mohr’s circle the principal stresses are 120 MPa and -80 MPa
The maximum shear stress is 100 MPa
This occurs on a plane 37o/2 = 18.5o clockwise of the x plane.

SOLUTION CALCULATION

  y     y   4 2 xy
2

 p  1  
x x

2 2

p 
80  40  80  40 2
 4(80) 2
2 2
 p  20  100 = 120 and -80
   y   4 2 xy
2
1   2
 max  
x

2 2
120  (80)
  100MPa
2
2τ 2 x 80
  tan2θ   1.333
σx  σy 80 - (-40)
Hence 2θ = 53o θ =26.5o

The plane of maximum shear stress is 45o from the principal plane so this is 18.5o clockwise of the x plane.
 SELF ASSESSMENT EXERCISE No.2

1. The principal strains acting on a steel component are 12  and 6 . Determine the principal stresses.

E = 205 GPa  = 0.32

205 x109
1 
E
     12  0.32 x6x106  3.179MPa
1  1  0.32
2 1 2 2

205 x109
2 
E
     6  0.32 x12x106  2.247MPa
1  1  0.32
2 2 1 2

2. The principal strains acting on a steel component are -100  and 160 . Determine the principal
stresses. E = 205 GPa  = 0.32

205 x109
1 
E
      100  0.32 x160x106  11.14MPa
1  1  0.32
2 1 2 2

205 x109
2 
E
 
 2 1  160  0.32 x100x106  29.2MPa
1  2
1  0.32 2

SELF ASSESSMENT EXERCISE No.3

1. The principal strains in a material are 500  and 300  . Calculate the direct strain and shear strain on
a plane 30o anti clockwise of the first principal strain.
(Answers 450  and -173.2 .)

SOLUTION
 = ½(1+2) + ½(1-2) cos2
 = ½(500+300) + ½(500-300) cos60 = 450

 = 2β = -(1-2)sin2
 = -(500 - 300)sin60 = -173.2

2. Repeat the problem by constructing the circle of strain.

3. The principal strains in a material are 600  and -200  . Determine the direct strain and shear strain
on a plane 22.5o clockwise of the first principal strain.

SOLUTION
 = ½(1+2) + ½(1-2) cos2
 = ½(600-200) + ½(600+200) cos45 = 483

 = 2β = -(1-2)sin2
 = -(600 + 200)sin45 = -566

SELF ASSESSMENT EXERCISE No.4

1. The results from a 45o strain gauge rosette are

A = 200 
B = -100 
C = 300 

Draw the strain circle and deduce the principal strains. Determine the position of the first principal plane.
Go on to convert these into principal stresses given E = 205 GPa and  = 0.29.

 E 
σ1   ε  νε2 
2  1
1 ν 
 205x10 9 
σ1   603  0.29 x 103x10  6
2 
 1  0.29 
 128.3x10 6 N/m 2
 E 
σ2   ε  νε1 
2  2
1 ν 
 205x10 9 
σ 2    103  0.29 x 603x10 6
2 
 1  0.29 
 16 x10 6 N/m 2

The first principle plane is 49o clockwise

of plane A (Angle on diagram is doubled)
 SELF ASSESSMENT EXERCISE No.5

1. The results from a 60o strain gauge rosette are

A = 700 
B = 200 
C = -100 

Draw the strain circle and deduce the principal strains. Determine the position of the first principal
plane. Go on to convert these into principal stresses given E = 205 GPa and  = 0.25.

(Answers 1 = 733  2 = -198 

The first principal plane is 11o anti clockwise of plane A)

 E 
σ1   ε1  νε 2 
1 ν2 
 205x10 9 
σ1   733  0.29 x 198x10 6  149.4x10 6 N/m 2
2 
 1  0.25 
 E 
σ2   ε 2  νε1 
1 ν2 
 205x10 9 
σ 2    198  0.25 x 733x10 6  3.6x10 6 N/m 2
2 
 1  0.25 

1 =149.4 MPa 2 =-3.6 MPa

 SELF ASSESSMENT EXERCISE No.6

1. A shaft is subjected to bending and torsion such that the bending stress on the surface is 80 MPa and the
shear stress is 120 MPa. Determine the maximum stress and the direction of the plane on which it
occurs relative to the axis of the shaft.

Max stress is 166.5 MPa and the plane is 35.8o clockwise of the axis (plane x)

2. A solid circular shaft 120 mm diameter is subjected to a torque of 2000 Nm and a bending moment of
8000 Nm. Calculate the maximum direct and shear stress and the angle of the principal plane.

σ max 
16
πD 3

M  T2  M2  
16
π(0.12) 3

8000  2000 2  8000 2 
σ max  47.9 M Pa
16 16
τ max  3
T 2  M 2  τ max  3
2000 2  8000 2
πD π(0.12)
τ max  24.3 M Pa
T 2000
tan2θ    0.25 2θ  14.03o θ  7 o
M 8000

3. A solid circular shaft 60 mm diameter transmits a torque of 50 Nm and has a bending moment of
9 Nm. Calculate the maximum direct and shear stress and the angle of the principal plane.

σ max 
16
πD 3

M  T2  M2  
16
π(0.06) 3

9  50 2  9 2 
σ max  1.41 M Pa
16 16
τ max  3
T 2  M 2  τ max  3
50 2  9 2
πD π(0.06)
τ max  1.2 M Pa
T 50
tan2θ    5.55 2θ  78o θ  39.9 o
M 9
4. A solid circular shaft is 90 mm diameter. It transmits 8 kNm of torque and in addition there is a tensile
axial force of 8 kN and a bending moment of 3 kNm. Calculate the following.

i. The maximum stress due to bending alone.

ii. The shear stress due to torsion alone.
iii. The stress due to the axial force alone.
iv. The maximum direct stress.
v. The maximum shear stress.
vi. The position of the principal plane.

M = 3000 T = 8000 D = 0.09 F = 8000

A = πD2/4 = 6.362 x 10-3 m2 J = πD4/32 = 6.441 x 10-6 m4 I = J/2=3.22 x 10-6 m4

τ = TD/2J = 55.9 x 106 N/m2

σB = MD/2I = 41.9 x 106 N/m2
σD = F/A = 1.26 x 106 N/m2
σ = 41.9 x 106 + 1.26 x 106 = 24.18 x 106 N/m2
1
 σ  2 2
τ max     τ 2   59.9 x 10 6 N/m 2
 2  
2
σ σ
σ max   τ 2     81.5 x 10 6 N/m 2
2 2
 2τ 
tan 1  
θ  σ   34.4 o
2