Subiecte LEC

1) Inflectional and derivational morphemes:

Inflectional= the maker we attach to the word in order to deliver gramm information. We can
have one inflection in a word and it can only come last.

We can found more than one lexical morpheme in a word, lexical m and gramm m do not
exclude each other. The lexical m regulate the behaviour of a word with the rest of the context.

-in point of their functions: Lexical/derivational vs Grammatical/Inflection

e.g

likelihood like-base, 3 morphemes, base+li+hood = derivational morpheme, bound m.

shamelessly shame-base, 3 m. , base+less+ly= derivational morpheme, lexical m.

faithfulness faith- base, 3 m., derivational m.

subcounsciousness consci-base, 4 m., derivational m.

rewrites write- base, 3 m., 1lexical, 2 derivational m.

writings writ-base ing- lexical m. , s-gramatical m.

Inflections: s, ed, ing, est, er.

-types of inflection:

Internal: foot/feet, ring/rang/rung, met/meet

External: known, called, burnt

Zero: cut/cut, sheep/ sheep

Suppletive: boy/girl, go/went/gone

word order(case relations) analytical marker

2) Perfect by Comrie

‘ While aspect is concerned with different ways of representing the internal temporal
constituency of a situation, perfect rather different since it says nothing directly about the
situation, but rather relates some present effect/state to some previous situation/case.’

e.g. I have lost my pen./ I lost my pen 2 min ago.

John has broken his leg. / John broke his leg yesterday.

Cf. She has been an invalid all her life. ( was)

Princeton has been visited by Einstein.

Einstein visited Princeton.

Did you heard her song?

Have you hear her sing?

3) Types of perfect by Comrie:

Perfect of result = the present state reffered to is the result of some past event time.

e.g. John has arrived.

Bill has gone to America.

I have fixed the TV.

Experiential perfect = indicates that a given situation has has held at least once during some time
in the past leading up to present.

e.g Bill has been to America.

Have you heard her sing?

Perfect of persistent situation = refers to a situation which has started in the past but continues
into the present.

They have been married for years.

I have been studying English for 10 years.

Perfect of recent past = used when the present relevance of the past situation reffered to is
simply one of temporal closeness ( +just, recently, already..)

I have just met John.

She had already have a bath.

4) Aspect of Comrie

Aspect= grammatical category which stands for the different ways of viewing the internal
temporal constituency of a situation.

5) Types of Aspect by Comrie: a) perfect (ex 2)

b) progressive

primary function: to describe situations seen as developing process whose individual phases are
essentially distinct one to another.

Secondary functions:

-temporariness
-incomplete events

-habitual situation- holding relatively a limited period of time.

-emotional connotation

-idiosyncratic use

-iterative meaning

c) habitual

only past: USED TO

John used to smoke a pack of cigarettes a day.

John would smoke a pack…

d) prospective

‘Perfect is said to be retroactive: it establishes relationships between an event at one time and
an event which has taken place at an ealier time.

Similarly, PROSPECTIVE connects: present and future.’

Expresions of prospective:

BE ABOUT TO
BE ON THE POINT OF
BE GOING TO

6) Def. of Aktionsart by Comrie: stative vs dynamic, punctual vs durative, continuous vs iterative.

Aktionsart= inherent aspectual properties of verbs organised as binary oppositions.

= an indication of the intrinsec temporal qualities, covering such posibilities as stative

vs. dynamic, punctual vs. durative, continuous vs. iterative.

7) Types of Aktionsart by Comrie:

a) Punctual (Nick) vs Durative (read)

jump, arrive, read, walk, sleep

reach, sit down

b) Stative (believe) vs Dynamic (run)

believe, know, walk, run, walk

truth

( no effort/ made ( effort/ internal structure

up of identical phases) consists of non-identical phases)

c) Telic (buy) vs Atelic (singing)

die, climb,

run a mile, eat an apple

( = process + inbuilt terminal point)

8) Explain and give an example of :

complex transitive verb: Vcomplex+Od+Co

syncretics: one form, multiple meanings

suppletive form :they belong to the same paradigm

9) List of grammatical categories: aspect, case, comparison, gender, mood, number, person,
tense, voice

10) Classification of verbs: a) predication

-complete predication: auxiliaries, transitive verbs, verbal phrases with obligatory prepositions/
other obligatory elements

-double predication ( V+ cognate object) life a happy life, laugh a merry laugh, walk a brisk walk

Cognate object= words that are related semanthicaly and/or formally.

b) transitivity

-transitivity [V]

-ditransitivity [ V+ Oi+Od] Do me a favour.

-monotransitivity [ V+ Od] The cat caught the mouse.

-complex transitive [ V+ Od+ Co] I painted the wall white.

c) lexical morphology

1. Derivation – class-changing : misspell, distrust

-- class-changing: empower, glorify, socialize, befriend

2. Conversion: (to) e-mail, (to) empty

3. Composition: (to) speedwalk, (to) snowfall

4 Back formation: denote<denotion, mutate, dominate

d) Form
-simple: know, got, held

-compound: lip-read, moonlight

-complex/phrasal verbs ( V+particle)

-phrasal verbs: have breakfast, make friends

e) Function

-lexical/main

-auxiliaries –primary

- modal

-semi-auxiliaries to have to, to have got to

-copular/linking

11) Perfect of Comrie- perfect is said to be retroactive-it establishes a relationship between an

event at one time and an event which has taken place at an earlier time

12) Modal auxiliaries-features: is the grammaticalization of speakers’ attitude and opinions.

Modal auxiliaries form a closed-class of items in the English verb system. They make a semantic
contribution to the sentence through meanings and functions which are generally grouped
under the heading modality.

13) Explain and give an ex. of

1.subject complement= is generally used with copular verbs

[Vlink+Cs]= Mary is clever.

John became a journalist.

They were in love.

2.object complement= occur with monotranzitive verbs

[Vmonotran. +Co]= Cat caught the mouse.

She spoils everything she touches.

3.complex transitive verb - Vcomplex+Od+Co = have both direct object and complement object.

I painted the wall white.

We elected John president.

4. verb paradigm= refers to all the form that a verb take.

Go/went/gone
5. syncretics= have the same form student, studenta

6. suppletive form= the words can be different , they belong to the same paradigm brother/sister