Contents

5 Integration 2

6 Differential Equations 12

7 Vectors, and Introduction to Functions of Multiple Variables 19

8 More on Functions of Two or More Variables 22

9 Optimization 29

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Chapter 5
Integration

Solution 5.1. At first glance, this doesn’t look like anything we recognize! The most complicated
dw
piece inside the integral is the sin2 x, so let w = sin x. Then = cos x, and we can rewrite
dx
dw
dx = . This gives:
cos x Z Z Z
2 2 dw 1 1
cos x sin xdx = w cos x = w2 dw = w3 + C = sin3 x + C.
cos x 3 3
Notice how the dx term ends up being replaced by precisely what we needed to cancel what was
left of the original function? This is no coincidence! If you do a substitution, and things don’t
cancel nicely, you may have chosen the wrong substitution, or the problem cannot be done that way.

You should also note that the final stage of the problem involves back-substituting our original
expression for w, since the integral was in terms of x, after all.

Solution 5.2. Since we are told to use Integration by Parts, we begin by choosing u and dv. The
only way to really decide is to remember that we are going to want the derivative of u and the
integral of dv, so choose them based on which combination give a simpler pairing.

In our case, we choose u = x and dv = e−3x dx. Then du = 1dx and v = − 13 e−3x (by inspection
and recognition).

Thus: Z Z
x 1 −3x x 1
xe−3x dx = − e−3x + e dx = − e−3x − e−3x + C
3 3 3 9
Solution 5.3. Since we are told to use Integration by Parts, we again begin by choosing u and dv.
Let u = cos2 x and dv = sin xdx. Then du = −2 cos x sin xdx and v = − cos x (by inspection and
recognition).

Thus:
Z Z Z
sin x cos2 xdx = cos2 x(− cos x) − cos x(2 cos x sin x)dx = − cos3 x − 2 sin x cos2 xdx
Notice how the same piece appears on both the left- and the right-hand sides? Rearrange the
equation:

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Z Z
sin x cos2 xdx + 2 sin x cos2 xdx = − cos3 x
so Z
1
sin x cos2 xdx = − cos3 x.
3
This is one form of what can happen when you do an integral “by parts” that can actually be done
by substitution or another method.

Solution 5.4. Our first step is to figure out the anti-derivative:

Z  
−0.1t −0.1t 1
e dt = e · − + C = −10e−0.1t + C
0.1
then
Z 3    
e−0.1t dt = −10e−0.1(3) + C − −10e−0.1(0) + C = −10e−0.3 + 10e0 + C − C = 10(1 − e−0.3 ).
0
Notice how the C terms canceled? This happens every time, so we just don’t bother including
them in the definite integral calculation!

Solution 5.5. Inspecting this integral doesn’t seem to give an obvious answer, so we will attempt
to use Substitution to solve. The complicated term we will replace is x3 , so let w = x3 . Then
dw
= 3x2 ⇒ dw = 3x2 dx. This gives:
dx
Z x=4 x=4
2ew dw = 2ew 

x=0 x=0
but the terms that we are supposed to use to evaluate this definite integral are in terms of x! We
now have two choices:

• Convert the bounds x = 0 and x = 4 into w−bounds.

• Back-substitute our w = x3 relationship.

If we wished to convert:

• x = 0 ⇒ w = x3 = 03 = 0

• x = 4 ⇒ w = x3 = 43 = 64

and thus
Z w=64 w=64
2dwew = 2ew  = 2e64 − 2e0 = 2(e64 − 1).

w=0 w=0
If, however, we did back-substitution:
Z x=4 x=4 3 x=4

2dwew = 2ew  = 2ex  = 2e64 − 2e0 = 2(e64 − 1),

x=0 x=0 x=0
the same answer!

Solution 5.6. We assume that the rod has infintesimal thickness, both in depth and height, so
that it is 1-dimensional (x). Then, the density varies with x, so write
Z 2 Z 2
2
(1 + 3x2 )dx = x + x3 0 = 2 + 8 − 0 − 0 = 10kg.

ρ(x)dx =
0 0

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4
3
2
y

1
0

0 1 2 3 4

Solution 5.7. Since we are rotating around the x-axis, our slices will be perpendicular to it,
running parallel to the y-axis. The slices technique takes discs of some radius, small thickness ∆x:
in this case, there is no inner radius because the shape is completely solid (no hole in the middle).
Thus, rout = 4x − x2 and we can write the volume as an integral on x:
Z x=4 Z 4
2
V = πrout dx = π (4x − x2 )2 dx
x=0 0
Z 4
16x2 − 8x3 + x4 dx


=π
0
4
x5

16 3 4
=π x − 2x +
3 5 0
45
 
16 3 4
=π (4) − 2(4) + − [0 − 0 + 0]
3 5
= π [34.13] = 107.23
Solution 5.8.
Z ∞ Z T Z T
1 1 −2
T
−1 
dt = lim dt = lim t dt = lim −t 
1 t2 1 t
T →∞ 2 T →∞ 1 T →∞ 1
 
1 1
= lim −(T )−1 + 1−1 = lim − + 1 = 1 − lim


=1
T →∞ T →∞ T T →∞ T
Z ∞
1
Thus dt = 1.
1 t2
Solution 5.9. Notice that while the bounds on the integration are simple and finite, the function
1
1 goes to ∞ as x → 0. Still, let’s see what we can do.
(t) 3
Z 1 Z 1 Z 1
1 1
1 dt = lim 1 dt = lim t−1/3 dt
0 (t) 3 T →0+ T (t) 3 T →0+ T
   
3 2/3 1 3 2/3 3
= lim t  = lim (1 − T ) =
T →0+ 2 T T →0+ 2 2

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and thus the integral does converge. So we see that even integrands that diverge wildly (going to
infinity!), can still be integrated if they diverge fast enough so that the area remains finite.

Solution 5.10. The key to this problem is recognizing that when you divide by a power of x, the
behaviour between x = 0 and x = 1 is opposite to the behaviour between x = 1 and x = ∞. Thus,
if the integral provided were to diverge, it would do so because of exploding behaviour between 0
and 1, not between 1 and 9. Accordingly, we split the integral:
Z 9 Z 1 Z 9
x−1/2 dx = x−1/2 dx + x−1/2 dx
0 0 1
and the second integral is obviously convergent. Now, between 0 and 1, we hypothesize that the
integral converges (‘Yes’, above), and thus we need to find some g(x) > x−1/2 for all x ∈ (0, 1] that
has finite integral. This can be rewritten as
√ 1
x>
g(x)
k
which implies that if g(x) = x , we need k < −0.5, e.g., k = −0.9. Quickly checking this, we see
that
x−0.9 > x−0.5 for x = 0.5, x = 0.1, x = 0.01
so our intuition is correct, and g(x) = x−0.9
> f (x) = x−0.1 . Now, integrate g(x):
Z 1 Z 1 x=1
g(x)dx = x−0.9 dx = 10x0.1  = 10 < ∞

0 0 x=0
R R
and thus g(x)dx is convergent, so f (x)dx is also convergent, and we are done.

Solution 5.11. The future value of the account is equal to the integral
Z T Z 10
FV = f (t)er(T −t) dt = 900e0.045(10−t) dt
0 0
and solving this integral we obtain
Z 10
FV = 900e0.45−0.045t dt
0
Z 10
= 900e 0.45
e−0.045t dt
0
t=10
e−0.045t

0.45
= 900e
t=0−0.045
= 900e0.45 e−0.45 − 1
 

= $11, 366.
Solution 5.12. Z
00
f (t) = 60t2 dt = 20t3 + A
Z
0
f (t) = (20t3 + A)dt = 5t4 + At + B
Z
A 2
f (t) = (5t4 + At + B)dt = t5 + t + Bt + C
2
A
and since A, B, C are just constants, redefine D = , so we have
2
f (t) = t5 + Dt2 + Bt + C.

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Solution 5.13.
Z 2
(t − a)(t2 − b)
Z 4
t − (a + b)t2 + ab
Z
1
√ dt = √ dt = (t4 − (a + b)t2 + ab)t− 2 dt
t t
Z
7 3 1 2 2(a + b) 5/2
= t 2 − (a + b)t 2 + abt− 2 dt = t9/2 − t + 2abt1/2 + C
9 5
Solution 5.14. Since f (x) = 10x4 , we can solve for the family that F (x) belongs to:
Z
F (x) = 10x4 dx = 2x5 + C.

Then F (1) = 3 = 2(1)5 +C = 2+C so C = 1 and F (x) = 2x5 +1. Then, F (−1) = 2(−1)5 +1 = −1.

Solution 5.15.
5x
Z Z Z
2+x 2 x
5 dx = (5 · 5 )dx = 25 5x dx = 25 + C.
ln 5
dq dq
Solution 5.16. Let q = p2 + 3 then = 2p ⇒ = dp.
dp 2p
Z Z Z
2 1 1 1 1 2
pep +3 dp = eq dq = eq dq = eq + C = ep +3 + C.
2 2 2 2
dy 3 xdy
Solution 5.17. Similar to previous, let y = 3 ln x and then = so dx = .
Z e Z x=e Z x=e dx x 3
sin(3 ln x) sin(y) xdy 1
dx = = sin ydy
1 x x=1 x 3 x=1 3
1 x=e
 1 x=e
 1 1
= − cos y  = − cos(3 ln x) = − (cos(3) − cos(0)) = (1 − cos 3)
3 x=1 3 x=1 3 3
dy dy
Solution 5.18. Using y = sin x, we get = cos x ⇒ dx = . Thus:
dx cos x
Z Z Z
3 3 dy 1 1
cos x sin xdx = cos xy = y 3 dy = y 4 + C = sin4 x + C
cos x 4 4
dy dy
Solution 5.19. Using y = x2 + 4x + 1, we get = 2x + 4 = 2(x + 2) ⇒ dx = . Thus:
dx 2(x + 2)
Z Z Z
x2 +4x+1 y dy 1 1 1 2
(x + 2)e dx = (x + 2)e = ey dy = ey + C = ex +4x+1 + C
2(x + 2) 2 2 2
Solution 5.20. There is no obvious identity to use here, so we will try Integration by Parts. Let
u = ln x and dv = dx. Then du = x1 dx and v = x.
Z Z Z
x
ln xdx = uv − vdu = x ln x − dx = x ln x − x + C
x
Solution 5.21. Again, there’s nothing obvious we can use here, so use Integration by Parts. Let
1
u = cos 2x, giving du = −2 sin 2xdx, and similarly, dv = e3x dx so v = e3x . Thus:
Z Z Z 3
3x 1 3x 1 3x
cos(2x)e dx = uv − vdu = cos 2x e + 2 e sin 2xdx.
3 3
Now this hasn’t really taken us anywhere “better”, but the integral on the right looks a lot like
what we started with, except with a sin x instead of cos x. Use Integration by Parts again, with
the same choices for u and v:

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• u = sin 2x, giving du = 2 cos 2xdx

1
• dv = e3x dx, giving v = e3x
3
so Z  Z 
3x 1 3x 2 1 3x 2 3x
cos(2x)e dx = cos 2xe + e sin 2x − cos 2xe dx
3 3 3 3
and now carefully pull the term on the right over to join the one on the left:
Z
13 1
cos(2x)e3x dx = e3x [3 cos 2x + 2 sin 2x]
9 9
and finally
Z
1
cos(2x)e3x dx = e3x [3 cos 2x + 2 sin 2x] + C
13
Solution 5.22. Since our improper integrals are formally only defined for one bound being infinite,
we split this into two integrals:
Z ∞ Z 0 Z ∞
1 1 1
2
dx = 2
dx + dx
−∞ 1 + x −∞ 1 + x 0 1 + x2
and then rewrite using limit notation:
Z 0 Z T
1 1
= lim 2
dx + lim dx
T →−∞ T 1 + x T →∞ 0 1 + x2
which can be computed as
0 T
= lim arctan x + lim arctan x
 
T →−∞ T T →∞ 0
= lim (arctan 0 − arctan T ) + lim (arctan T − arctan 0)
T →−∞ T →∞
π
but arctan x is defined for x = ±∞ as being ± , so
 π2 π
=0− − + −0=π
2 2
and thus the integral converges.
√
Solution 5.23. The intersections between these two curves occur at x2 = x, or x4 = x, giving
x3 = 1 ⇒ x = 1 and x = 0 as the solutions. This gives the bounds on our integration. On the
√
domain x ∈ [0, 1], x > x2 , so we write:
Z 1
√ 2 2 3 1 3 1 2 1 1
( x − x )dx = ( x 2 − x ) = − =
0 3 3 0 3 3 3
Solution 5.24. For this problem, the issue is that our integrand has an asymptote at x = 1, which
is inside the domain of integration. Accordingly, split the integral in two:
Z 2 Z 1 Z 2
1 1 1
2 dx = 2 dx + 2 dx
0 (x − 1) 3 0 (x − 1) 3 1 (x − 1) 3
and convert to limit form:
Z a Z 1
1 1
= lim 2 dx + lim 2 dx
a→1− 0 (x − 1) 3 a→1+ a (x − 1) 3

which is
1 a 1 2
 
= lim 3(x − 1)  + lim 3(x − 1) 
3 3
a→1− 0 a→1+ a

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giving
 1 1
  1 1

= lim (a − 1) 3 − 3(−1) 3 + lim 3(1) 3 − 3(a − 1) 3
a→1− a→1+
= -(-3) + 3 = 6.
Z b
Solution 5.25. Recall that the average value can be found as f (x)dx/(b − a) , so
a
Z 3  3
1 2 1 1 3 1
(x + 1)dx = x + x = [9 + 3 − 0 − 0] = 4
3−0 0 3 3 0 3

Solution 5.26. We solve this by substitution: let u = (1 + x)(1 − x + x2 ), then

du
= (1 − x + x2 ) + (1 + x)(−1 + 2x) = 1 − x + x2 − 1 − x + 2x + 2x2 = 3x2
dx
Z 2 Z x=2 2
x2 1 x=2 du
Z
x du
2 2 2
dx = 2 2
=
0 (1 + x) (1 − x + x ) x=0 u 3x 3 x=0 u2
 x=2  2  
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8
= − = − 2
= − + =
3 u x=0 3 (1 + x)(1 − x + x ) 0 3 3·3 1·1 27
Solution 5.27. Since we do not recognize any pattern, and there’s no obvious substitution, we
will use Integration by Parts. Let u = x and dv = sin xdx, giving du = dx and v = − cos x.
Z Z Z
x sin xdx = uv − vdu = −x cos x + cos x = −x cos x + sin x + C

Solution 5.28. By the FTC and the Chain Rule, we have

0 2 d d 2
f (x) = (2x2 )2x (2x2 ) − (2x)2x 2x = 4x(2x2 )2x − 2(2x)2x
dx dx
0 2
so f (1) = 4(1)(2(1)2 )2(1) − 2(2(1))2(1) = 8.

Solution 5.29. Complete the square:

Z Z Z
1 1 1
√ dx = √ dx = p dx
3 + 2x − x 2 4 − 1 + 2x − x 2 4 − (x − 1)2
du
and then use substitution, 2u = x − 1 giving = 2, so:
dx  
x−1
Z Z Z
1 2 2
p dx = p du = √ du = arcsin(u) = arcsin +C
4 − (x − 1)2 4 − (2u)2 2 1 − u2 2

du du
Solution 5.30. Use Substitution, with u = 3x , giving du = 3x (ln 3)dx, so dx = x
= .
(ln 3)3 ln 3u
Z ∞ Z x=∞ Z x=∞
ln 3 ln 3 du du
dx = =
1 3 + 3−x
x
x= 21
−1
u + u ln 3u x= 12 u2 +1
2
x=∞ x x=∞ 1 π π π
= [arctan u]x= 1 = [arctan(3 )] 1 = arctan(∞) − arctan(3 2 ) = − =
2
x= 2 2 3 6
π √ √ π
using the fact that tan = 3, so arctan 3 = 3 .
3

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Solution 5.31. Since our interval is 2.0 units long, with 5 intervals, each interval will be 0.4 wide.
We will do the left-hand Riemann sum first:

S = [f (0) + f (0.4) + f (0.8) + f (1.2) + f (1.6)] · 0.4

= 2 + 0.5(0)2 + 2 + 0.5(0.4)2 + 2 + 0.5(0.8)2 + 2 + 0.5(1.2)2 + 2 + 0.5(1.6)2 · 0.4
 

= [10 + 0.5(4.8)] · 0.4 = 4.96

(in square units).

Similarly, the right-hand Riemann sum is:

S = [f (0.4) + f (0.8) + f (1.2) + f (1.6) + f (2.0)] · 0.4 =
= 2 + 0.5(0.4)2 + 2 + 0.5(0.8)2 + 2 + 0.5(1.2)2 + 2 + 0.5(1.6)2 + 2 + 0.5(2.0)2 + · 0.4
 

= [10 + 0.5(8.8)] · 0.4 = 5.76

(in square units).

Thus the left- and right-hand Riemann sums are 4.96 and 5.76 square units, respectively. Note
8
the difference from the actual accurate solution of 4 + = 5.33.
6
Solution 5.32. To find the mass of this solid, we integrate the density function ρ over z ∈ [0, 10000]
and over the base of the cylinder, a circle of radius 2m. Thus:
Z Z Z 10,000
M= 1.3e−0.0001z dzdA
Z ZR 0
1.3 z=10,000
= e−0.0001z  dA

−0.0001 z=0
Z ZR
= 8217.567dA and converting the circle to polar coordinates
R
Z 2π Z 2
= 8217.567rdrdθ
0 0
Z 2
= 2π 8217.567rdr
0
 r=2
= 4108.8π r2 r=0
= 103, 264kg.
Now, in your class emphasis was placed on single integration primarily. This problem can be
rephased in that setting. Visualize a column of air, and consider a cross-sectional slice. Since the
column is a cylinder, a cross-section has the area of a circle, with some infintesimal thickness ∆h.
Thus:
Vslice = πr2 ∆h = π(2)2 ∆h = 4π∆h
and we can convert this from volume into mass by multiplying by the density:
mslice = 4π∆h · 1.3e−0.0001h = 16.336e−0.0001h ∆h.

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Now, we integrate these slices as h ranges from 0 to 10, 000, changing ∆h to dh:
Z 10,000
= 16.336e−0.0001h dh
0
Z 10,000
= 16.336 e−0.0001h dh
0
10,000
e−0.0001h

= 16.336
−0.0001 0
 
0.36788 − 1
= 16.336
−0.0001
= 103, 264kg.
Solution 5.33. Begin by drawing a clear picture:
1.0
0.5
0.0
1 − x^4

−0.5
−1.0
−1.5

−1.5 −1.0 −0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5

and realize that 1 − x4 is greater than x2 − x4 for the enclosed region. We need the intersect points
(they may be clear from the picture, but you would need them to actually draw the picture!), so
set the two functions equal and solve:
1 − x4 = x2 − x4 ⇒ x2 = 1
so the intersection points are x = ±1 and y = 0 (for both). Now, write the equation for the area
of this shape:
Z 1 Z 1
(1 − x4 ) − (x2 − x4 ) dx = 1 − x2 dx
   
−1 −1
 x=1    
1 1 1
= x − x3 = 1− − −1 − (−1)3
3 x=−1 3 3
2 2 4
= + = .
3 3 3
Solution 5.34. This is a very badly worded question (it comes from an old exam). We can
easily draw the xy-plane “base”: but once we’ve done so, what does “the cross-section piece taken
perpendicular to the x-axis is a circle” mean? It should mean that the cross-section, as viewed
from the position (∞, 0, 0) is a circle; i.e., if we drew the yz-plane, it would have a circle shape
for this solid. However, this contradicts the idea that the “base” of the figure is in the xy-plane,

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3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
y

1.0
0.5
0.0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

because such a circular extrusion would actually have “base” on the x-axis alone. We will go with
this latter interpretation, for lack of any alternative. Thus, for each x ∈ [0, 6], the cross-section at
that point is a circle with diameter y = 3 − 0.5x:
3 − 0.5x 2
Z 6  
V = π dx
0 2
π 6
Z  
1 2
= 9 − 3x + x dx
4 0 4
1 3 x=6
 
π 3 2
= 9x − x + x
4 2 12 x=0
π
= [18 − 0]
4
9
= π.
2
Solution 5.35. This is again a Future Value problem, so write:
Z 10
FV = Re0.0425(10−t) dt
0
Z 10
50000 = R e0.425−0.0425t dt
0
10
e−0.0425t

0.425
= Re
−0.0425 0
= R · 1.5296 · 8.14659
50000
=R
12.461
Thus, R = $4012.52/year.
Solution 5.36. The oil slick is assumed to be infintesimally thin, so that it is a 2D shape with
density. Accordingly, when creating a Riemann sum to represent its mass, we sum the product of
a volume and the density. The volumes will be concentric circles, and can actually be thought of
as areas, since the density provided is kg/m2 . Thus:

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r=250
X  
50
M≈ π2r∆r
1+r
r=0
where the area is taken for a disc of radius r − ∆r/2 to r + ∆r/2 with circumference 2πr. To
convert this into a true mass, change the sum to an integral, and the ∆r to dr:
Z 250
50
M= 2πr dr
0 1+r
Z 250
r
= 2π50 dr
0 1+r
Z 250
r+1−1
= 100π dr
0 r+1
Z 250  
r+1 1
= 100π − dr
0 r+1 r+1
= 100π [r − ln |r + 1|]250
0
= 100π [250 − ln |251| − 0 + ln |1|]
= 76, 803.94 ≈ 7.68 × 104 .

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Chapter 6
Differential Equations

Solution 6.1.

Solution 6.2. Separate the equation:

Z Z
dy dy
= xy ⇒ = xdx
dx y
so that
1
ln |y| = x2 + C
2
which can be simplified by exponentiating both sides:
1 2 1 2 1 2
y = e2x +C
= e C e 2 x = C1 e 2 x .

Solution 6.3. Begin by writing what we know: T (0) = 80◦ , Ts = Ta = Tenv = 20◦ .
Now, write the differential equation:
dT
= k(T − Ts ) = k(T − 20)
dt

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and then because it is a separable equation, solve it:

Z Z
dT
= kdt
T − 20
ln |T − 20| = kt + C
T − 20 = C2 ekt
T (t) = 20 + C2 ekt .
Now, substitute our initial condition T (0) = 80:
T (0) = 80 = 20 + C2 e0 ⇒ C2 = 60.
Finally, solve for k using the T (30) = 50 value:
T (30) = 50 = 20 + 60e30k ⇒ 0.5 = e30k
which has solution ln |0.5|/30 = k = −0.0231. Note that if we had started our equation and written
dT /dt = −k(T − Tenv ), we would have just found that k = 0.0231. Thus, our equation for the
temperature of the coffee after t minutes, 0 ≤ t ≤ 30, is
T (t) = 20 + 60e−0.0231t .

Solution 6.4.
y(0) = −2
y(0.5) = y(0) + ((0)2 (−2) + 1)(0.5) = −1.5
y(1.0) = y(1) + ((0.5)2 y(0.5) + 1)(0.5) = −1.1875
y(1.5) = −1.1875 + ((1.0)2 (−1.1875) + 1)(0.5) = −1.28125
y(2.0) = −1.28125 + ((1.5)2 (−1.28125) + 1)(0.5) = −2.22266
y(2.5) = −2.22266 + ((2.0)2 (−2.22266) + 1)(0.5) = −6.17
y(3.0) = −6.17 + ((2.5)2 (−6.17) + 1)(0.5) = −24.95
Solution 6.5. Note that we do not need to solve the differential equation to answer this question.
The disease spreads at a rate according to the differential equation, so to maximize the rate, we
differentiate the differential equation, set itequal to zero and solve. This gives
dP
[kP (1 − P )] = k − 2kP = 0
dt
k
with solution P (t) = 2k = 0.5. Thus the disease spreads most rapidly when 1/2 of the population
is infected, and at this point the rate of spread is 0.25k. To check that this is indeed a maximum,
2
consider the second derivative test, using ddtP2 = −2k < 0 always, so all critical points are maxima.
If we were interested in finding explicit P (t) (up to the factor of k), this is a logistic differential
equation, so write:
Z Z
dP
= kdt.
P (1 − P )
Now, the first integral is something we can decompose using Partial Fractions, so
1 A B
= +
P (1 − P ) P 1−P
giving
A(1 − P ) + B(P ) = 1
which has solution B =
Z A and A
Z = 1. So: Z Z
dP dP dP
kt + C = kdt = = + = ln |P | − ln |1 − P |.
P (1 − P ) P 1−P

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Thus,
 
1 − P  1−P
ln 
  = −kt + C ⇒ = Ce−kt .
P  P
Rearranging slightly we get
h i 1
1 = P (t) 1 + Ce−kt ⇒ P (t) = .
1 + Ce−kt
Note that if we had not multiplied by −1 before we exponentiated, we would have found a similar
but different solution with Cekt in both the numerator and denominator.

Solution 6.6. This is a separable differential equation, so we can explicitly solve it:
√
Z Z Z Z
dx 1 1
= − √ dt ⇒ xdx = − √ dt
x−1/2 3π 3π
which has solution
2 1.5 1
x = −√ t + C
3 3π
which we can simplify slightly as
 2/3
3
x(t) = − √ t+C .
2 3π
Apply the initial condition of x(0) = 25:
 2/3
3
x(0) = 25 = − √ (0) + C
2 3π
giving C = 125. Then this is in the form promised by the question, so that
 2/3
3
x(t) = 125 − √ t
2 3π
3
giving k = − 2√3π .

Solution 6.7. This is separable, so

Z Z √ Z Z
dP
√ = tdt ⇒ P −1/2 dP = t1/2 dt
P
which have integral solutions
2
2P 1/2 = t3/2 + C
3
and we can simplify this to
 2
1 3/2
P (t) = t +C .
3
Now, apply the initial condition P (1) = 4 to find
 2
1 3/2
P (1) = 4 = (1) + C
3
5
to find that C = 3 . Thus, the solution P (t) to this IVP is
1 3/2 5 2
 
P (t) = t + .
3 3
Solution 6.8. Begin by translating the given information:
dT
= −k(T (t) − Ta )
dt

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where k is the constant of proportionality, and Ta is the ambient temperature. For the given
information,
dT
= −k(T − 20)
dt
with T0 = 100, so that the general form of the solution
T (t) = Ta + (T0 − Ta )e−kt
can be filled in as
T (t) = 20 + 80e−kt .
Now, we are told that at a later point the coffee is cooling at a rate half that of its initial cooling
rate, so that:
dT dT
= 0.5 (0) = 0.5(−k(100 − 20)) = −40k.
dt dt
Then
−40k = −k(T (t) − 20)
◦
so that 40 = T (t) − 20 and T (t) = 60 C.
Solution 6.9. This is a Zseparable differential
Z equation, so
V −1/2 dV = kdt ⇒ 2V 1/2 = kt + C

2
which can be simplified as V (t) = 21 kt + C . Then use the initial condition:
 2
1
V (0) = k(0) + C = C 2 = 36
2
which gives C = 6. To solve for k, use the second point:
 2
1
V (1) = k(1) + 6 = 16
2
so that 4 = 6 + k/2 giving k = −4. Thus
V (t) = (6 − 2t)2 .
The tank will be empty when V (t) = 0 which can be solved for as
V (t) = 0 = (6 − 2t)2 ⇒ 6 − 2t = 0
so the tank is empty at t = 3 hours.
Solution 6.10. We begin by writing the piece-wise differential equation the governs the population
of bees: 
dP P/4 P < 10, 000
=
dt P/12 10, 000 ≤ P < 50, 000
Next, we are given P (0) = 5000, so we solve the differential equation:
Z Z
dP 1
= P (t)
dt 4
Z Z
dP 1
= dt
P 4
t
ln |P | = + C
4
P (t) = C2 et/4
and then applying the Initial Condition, P (0) = 5000, we obtain P (0) = 5000 = C2 , so the equation
governing the population of bees is
P (t) = 5000e0.25t .

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Finally, we will have 10,000 bees when:

10, 000 = 5, 000e0.25t ⇒ ln |2| = 0.25t
which has solution 2.77 years. If we assume years are discrete, then we would need 3 years to pass
before we would have 10,000 bees.
Solution 6.11. To use Euler’s Method, create a table and populate it: where y 0 (x) = x + y as

x y(x) y 0 (x) y(x + ∆x)

1 0.5 1.5 0.5 + 0.75 = 1.25
1.5 1.25 2.75 1.25 + 2.75
2 = 2.625.
2.0 2.625

given in the problem, and y(x + ∆x) = y(x) + y 0 (x) · ∆x. Thus, the method estimates y(2) = 2.625.
Solution 6.12. This is a separable differential equation, so write
Z Z
dy
= 0.5dt
y(y − 2)
Z  
1 1 1
− = 0.5t + C
2 y−2 y
1
[ln |y − 2| − ln |y|] = 0.5t + C
2  
y − 2
ln 
  = t + C2
y 
y−2
= C3 e t
y
y(t) − 2 = C3 et y(t)
y(t) 1 − C3 et = 2
 

2
y(t) = .
1 − C3 et
Now, apply the initial condition, y(0) = 1, to get C3 = −1, so that
2
y(t) = .
1 + 1et
Solution 6.13. There is no work for this problem, just write the solution:
dP P
=α .
dt Q
Solution 6.14. The differential equation can be written as
dh √
= −α h for α > 0.
dt
Then, since dh/dt is always negative, and h → 0 as t → ∞, this implies that the greatest √ (magni-
tude) change in water level will occur at t = 0 when the level will be dropping at rate α h0 .
Finally, solve the equation:
Z Z
dh
√ = αdt
h
√
2 h = αt + C
αt + C 2
 
h(t) = .
2
We cannot finish the solution because we have not been given enough information to continue.

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Solution 6.15. 16 litres of saline solution enter the tank every minute, with concentration 0.75g/L,
so 16 · 0.75 = 12g of salt enter the tank every minute. If A(t) is the amount of salt (in grams) in
the tank at time t, A(0) = 800L · 0.25g/L = 200g. Finally, we write the differential equation:
 
dA A A
= −16 · + 16 · 0.75 = 16 0.75 − .
dt 800 800
We were not actually asked to solve this equation, but it’s not hard, so for practice:
Z Z
dA
= 16dt
0.75 − A/800
ln |0.75 − A/800| = 16t + C
0.75 − A/800 = C2 e16t
A(t) = 0.75 · 800 − 800C2 e16t .
Using the initital condition A(0) = 200, we obtain
A(0) = 200 = 600 − 800C2 e0 = 600 − 800C2
so C2 = 0.5 and the salt equation becomes
A(t) = 600 − 400e16t .
Solution 6.16. None of the lines sketched will ever cross y = −x, as it is the equilibrium line for

this differential equation. They will converge to it as time goes on, but never cross it.
Solution 6.17. Begin by writing the differential equation:
dP
= αP (1500 − P )
dt
and then using α = 6 × 10−4 , write
dP
= 6 × 10−4 P (1500 − P ).
dt
To maximize the rate, we differentiate dP/dt:
0 = 6 × 10−4 (1500 − P ) + 6 × 10−4 P (−1)
which has solution P (t) = 750. Thus, when half the population knows the rumour, it spreads
fastest, at rate 337.5 persons/day.

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300
200
dP/dt

100
0

0 500 1000 1500

P(t)

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Chapter 7
Vectors, and Introduction to Functions of
Multiple Variables

Solution 7.1. The vectors of interest are (with h1, 0i pointing east):
h500, 0i and h50, 50i.
Thus, adding these together gives
h550, 50i
which has magnitude
p
|h550, 50i| = 5502 + 502 = 552.3
and direction  
−1 500
cos = 25.1◦
552.3
so the plane’s direction is E25.1N, with speed 552.3km/hr.

Solution 7.2. Substitute the point:

f (1, 1, 1) = 12 + 2(1)2 − 12 = 2.
Thus the level surface is written implicitly as
2 = x2 + 2y 2 − z 2 .

Solution 7.3. The distance between two vectors can be written as

√ √
|h1, 2, 1i − h−3, 1, 2i| = |h4, 1, −1i| = 16 + 1 + 1 = 18.

Solution 7.4. The general equation of a sphere is

x2 + y 2 + z 2 = r 2
so with radius 2, and centered at h1, 0, 0i, this is
(x − 1)2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4.

Solution 7.5. To solve this, write your initial position vector plus the vectors representing the
motion described:
h−1, −3, −3i + h2, 0, 0i + h0, −2, 0i = h1, −5, −3i.
To an observer standing on the positive x−axis, you are in front of the yz-plane.

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Solution 7.6. Given three points, we need two vectors joining them, and one vector perpendicular
to those vectors. First, find the two vectors:
h1, 0, 1i − h1, −1, 3i = h0, 1, −2i
and
h1, 0, 1i − h3, 0, −1i = h−2, 0, 2i.
Then we need a vector perpendicular to these two vectors, which we can compute using the cross
product:
 ~i ~j ~k 
 

~n = ~a × ~b =  0 1 −2  = h2, 4, 2i
 
 −2 0 2 
so we write
2(x − 3) + 4(y − 0) + 2(z + 1) = 0
or
2x + 4y + 2z = 4.
Solution 7.7. Level surfaces of f (x, y, z) look like
0=z−y
1=z−y
k =z−y
which generalize to z = y + k, which are planes with slope in yz− of 1, and no change in the
x−direction. If you were to stand on the positive x−axis, you would see a line with slope 1
extending in front of you.
Solution 7.8.
~v h1, 3i 1
~u = =√ = √ h1, 3i.
|~v | 1+9 10
Solution 7.9.
h1, 1, 1i · h1, −1, −1i = |h1, 1, 1i| |h1, −1, −1i| cos θ
so cos θ = −1/3 or θ = 109.5◦ .
Solution 7.10. The coordinate axes are the lines where y = z = 0 (x−axis), x = z = 0 (y−axis)
and x = y = 0 (z−axis). Thus, the three points where the plane intersects the axes are:
~v1 = h−0.6, 0, 0i, ~v2 = h0, 0.75, 0i, ~v3 = h0, 0, 3i.
Then, taking these three points as vertices in a triangle, we have the vectors that join them:
h0.6, 0, 3i, h0, 0.75, −3i, h−0.6, −0.75, 0i,
which have lengths
3.06, 3.092, 0.96.
Then, the angles between these vectors are:
between ~v1 and ~v2 : θ1 = 162◦
between ~v2 and ~v3 : θ2 = 101◦
between ~v3 and ~v1 : θ2 = 97◦
Solution 7.11. If the plane is parallel to z = 4x − 3y + 8, then ~n = h4, −3, −1i. Since it goes
through the origin,
4x − 3y − z = 0.

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Solution 7.12. First we find two vectors in the plane:

h2, 0, −3i and h1, 1, −1i.
Then, using the cross product, write
~i ~j ~k 
 

 

 2 0 −3  = h3, −1, 2i.
 1 1 −1 
Now write
3x − y + 2z = 5.

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Chapter 8
More on Functions of Two or More Variables

Solution 8.1. Speed is the magnitude of the velocity vector, so write

   p
h3, 8t, 5 + 6ti  = 32 + 162 + 172 = 23.5.
  
t=2

Solution 8.2. First, we find fx :

fx = −3eky sin(3x) + y
and fxx :
fxx = −9eky cos(3x).
Now the same for fy and fyy :
fy = keky cos(3x) + x
fyy = k 2 eky cos(3x).
Now, write fxx + fyy = 0 and solve:
−9eky cos(3x) + k 2 eky cos(3x) = 0
eky cos(3x) −9 + k 2 = 0
 

so k 2 = 9, giving solutions k ∈ {−3, 3}.

Solution 8.3. Implicitly differentiate both sides to give:

1
−zy = (y + yzy )
1 + (yz)2
so rearranging we obtain
−zy (1 + (yz)2 ) − yzy = z
or  
z
zy = − .
1 + y z2 + y
2

Solution 8.4. First we solve using the gradient:


x2 +y x2 +y 2 x2 +y
∇F (1, −1, 2) = h2xze , ze − z ,e − 2yzi = h4, −2, 5i.

h1,−1,2i
Then write the normal equation of the plane:
4(x − 1) − 2(y + 1) + 5(z − 2) = 0
which rearranges to 4x − 2y + 5z = 16.

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Now, compute the two partial derivatives implicitly:

2 +y 2 +y
zx e x + 2xzex − 2yzzx = 0
2
−2xzex +y
or = zx = −4/5.
ex2 +y − 2yz
2 +y 2 +y
z y ex + zex − z 2 − 2yzzy = 0
2
−zex +y + z 2
or = zy = 2/5
ex2 +y − 2yz
Then, using these partials we have
−4/5(x − 1) + 2/5(y + 1) = z − 2
which rearranges to give
4x − 2y + 5z = 16.
Solution 8.5. Compute the gradient:
1 1  2 3
∇f = h x−2/3 (y − 1)1/4 , x1/3 (y − 1)−3/4 i = h , i.

3 4 h27,17i 27 32
Then we use the gradient to write
2 3
z − 6 = (x − 27) + (y − 17).
27 32
Thus, in linear approximation form, we have
2 3
f (25, 19) ≈ 6 + (25 − 27) + (19 − 17) = 6.03.
27 √ √ 32 √ √
Note: we use (25, 19) because we want to find 3 25 4 18, but f (x, y) = 3 x 4 y − 1, so we use y = 19
instead. (the real value is 6.023.)
Solution 8.6. First, we compute the accuracy of the radius (which is half the diameter):
 
dr 1
∆r = ∆D = (±0.1) = ±0.05cm.
dD 2
Now, compute the area of the plate (which is missing the hole in the middle), so
A = lw − πr2
which has error
dA dA
∆A = ∆l + ∆w − 2πr∆r
dl dw
= w(∆l) + l(∆w) − 2πr∆r
= 40(±0.1) + 30(±0.1) − 16π(±0.05)
and the maximum error will occur when the circle is under-measured and the others over
= 40(0.1) + 30(0.1) − 16π(−0.05) ≈ 9.51.
Solution 8.7. The direction of most rapid increase is the gradient vector, so we compute

∇T = hy − 2z, x, 2z − 2xi = h−5, 1, 2i.

h1,−1,2i
Then, to compute a directional derivative we require that the direction be a unit vector, so ~u =
h2, 2, 1i
√ = h2/3, 2/3, 1/3i.
4+4+1
Then,
D~u (T ) = h−5, 1, 2i · h2/3, 2/3, 1/3i = −6/3 = −2.
Since the bug is moving with speed 5, it is experiencing the temperature change at rate −10.

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Solution 8.8. Since u = f (x, y) and x = g(t), y = h(t), the chain is

du ∂f dg ∂f dh
= + .
dt ∂x dt ∂y dt
The key to a question like this is realizing that while t = 1, we need to find x = g(t) and y = h(t).
The far right column of the problem states that g(1) = 1 and h(1) = 2, which are our values for
x and y. Thus, the bottom two entries on the left-most column, the first and third entries in the
middle column, and the first and third entries on the right-hand column are red herrings: values
of no use to us. Thus, we write:
du
(1) = 3(−2) + 5(8) = −6 + 40 = 34.
dt
Solution 8.9.
zy = 2ex+2y sin(y) + ex+2y cos(y).
Solution 8.10. First, find the gradient:

∇z = h2x, 2yi = h6, 8i.

h3,4i
Then
z − 25 = 6(x − 3) + 8(y − 4)
which simplifies to 6x + 8y − z = 25.
Solution 8.11. Write the linearization as:
L(x, y) = f (3, 4) + fx (3, 4)(x − 3) + fy (3, 4)(y − 4)
= 25 + 6(x − 3) + 8(y − 4)
Then
L(2.9, 4.2) = 25 + 6(−0.1) + 8(0.2) = 26.
(real value: 26.05)
Solution 8.12. Write down the differential as:
∂f ∂f
df = dx + dy
∂x ∂y
= [sin(xy) + xy cos(xy)] dx + x2 cos(xy) dy.
 

Solution 8.13. Write:

∂ρ ∂ρ
dρ = dP + dT
∂P ∂T
0.5363 0.5363P
= dP − dT.
T + 273.15 (T + 273.15)2
Solution 8.14. Write the linearization:
L(x, y) = T (2, 1) + Tx (2, 1)dx + Ty (2, 1)dy
= 135 + 16(0.04) − 15(−0.03) = 136.09.
Solution 8.15. First compute the gradient:

∇f = h1, ey i = h1, ei.

h1,1i
1
Then, normalize ~u = √ h1, 2i. Finally, write
5
1 2
D~u (1, 1) = h1, ei · h √ , √ i ≈ 2.88.
5 5

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Solution 8.16. Again, find the gradient:

∇f = hyexy cos(z), xexy cos(z), −exy sin(z)i = h0, 1, 0i.

Solution 8.17. The chain rule for this setup can be written as
dz ∂z dx ∂z dy
= +
dt ∂x dt ∂y dt
1
= [sin(y) + y cos(x)] (2t) + [x cos(y) + sin(x)] ( )
t  
 1
= sin(ln t) + (ln t) cos(t2 ) (2t) + t2 cos(ln t) + sin(t2 )
  
.
t
Solution 8.18. Find the partial derivatives implicitly:
∂f
: 2x − yz − yzzx = 0
∂x
2x − yz  4−3 1
zx = = = .
xy 6 6

h2,3,1i
∂f
: 2y − xz − xyzy = 0
∂y
2y − xz  6−2 4
zy = = = .
xy 6 6

h2,3,1i
Then, using these two partials, write
1 4
(x − 2) + (y − 3) = z − 1
6 6
or
x + 4y − 6z = 8.
For the second method, we compute the gradient vector:

∇F (2, 3, 1) = h2x − yz, 2y − xz, −xyi = h1, 4, −6i.

h2,3,1i
Then
(x − 2) + y(4 − 3) − 6(z − 1) = 0
which simplifies to
x + 4y − 6z = 8.

Solution 8.19. The direction of the maximum rate of change at h1, 2, 3i is found using the gradient:

∇G(1, 2, 3) = h2x − 5y, −5x + 2yz, y 2 i = h−8, 7, 4i.

h1,2,3i
The maximum rate of change is this vector’s magnitude:
√
||∇G(1, 2, 3)|| = 64 + 49 + 16 = 11.36.
Now, in the direction v = h2, 1, −4i, we convert this to unit length:
~v h2, 1, −4i 1
~u = =√ = √ h2, 1, −4i.
||~v || 4 + 1 + 16 21
Then:
1
D~u (G) = √ h−8, 7, 4i · h2, 1, −4i = −5.46.
21

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Solution 8.20. Write the differential:

∂P ∂P
dP = dV + dT
∂V
 ∂T   
−8/3T 6 8/3
= + dV + dT
(V − 1/3)2 V 3 V − 1/3
 
−2 6 8/3
= + dV + dT
8/3 27 8/3
then 10% of 3 is ±0.3 and 10% of 2 is ±0.2, so
dP = 0.158 + 0.2 = 0.358.
Solution 8.21. To find a linear approximation, we need the derivative:
f 0 (x) = sec2 x
so f 0 (1) = 3.426, and the equation of our linear approximation is:
y = tan(1) + 3.426(x − 1) = 1.557 + 3.426x − 3.426 = 3.43x − 1.87.
Let’s check this for a couple of values:
• x = 1.1: tan 1.1 = 1.965 and y(1.1) = 1.903

• x = 0.95: tan 0.95 = 1.398 and y(0.95) = 1.389 .

Solution 8.22. Write the gradient:
∇f = h2x, 8yi
and then evaluate
∇f (2, 1) = h2, 8i.
Convert the given vector into unit form, after flipping it so it points from h2, 1i toward the origin
h0, 0i:
−h2, 1i 2 1
~u = = h− √ , − √ i.
|h−2, −1i| 5 5
Finally, compute the directional derivative:
2 1 12
D~u f (2, 1) = h2, 8ih− √ , − √ i = − √ .
5 5 5
Solution 8.23. Compute the two partial derivatives:
∂C
= 4.6 − 0.11T + 0.00087T 2 m/s/◦ C.
∂T
∂C
= 0.016m/s/m = 0.0161/s = 0.016Hz.
∂D
Writing dC/dt:
dC ∂C dT ∂C dD
= + .
dt ∂T dt ∂D dt
Solution 8.24. This is a critical point / optimization problem, so begin by computing all of the
necessary partial derivatives:
fx = 32 − 32x
fy = 54 − 18y
fxx = −32
fyy = −18
fxy = 0

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Then, set fx = 0 = fy and solve:

32 − 32x = 0 = 54 − 18y
which gives solution h1, 3i. Finally, classify this critical point:
D(1, 3) = (fxx (1, 3)) (fyy (1, 3)) − (fxy (1, 3))2
= (−32)(−18) − (0)2 > 0
and since fxx (1) = −32 < 0, this is a local maximum. The altitude at this point is f (1, 3) = 162m.

Solution 8.25. Find the gradient:

∇f (x, y) = h2x − 1, 4yi
and then set it equal to zero and solve:
h2x − 1, 4yi = h0, 0i ⇒ x = 1/2, y = 0.
To classify, we need the three second-order partial derivatives:
fxx = 2
fyy = 4
fxy = 0
so
D(1/2, 0) = (2)(4) − (0)2 = 8 > 0
and since fxx > 0 always, this is a local minimum.

Solution 8.26. This is definitely not a linear function: to see, fix t = 0, then as the wind goes
from 2 to 6 m/s, the wind chill goes from −1 to −10; but when the wind goes from 6 m/s to 10
m/s, the wind chill goes from −10 to −15. The slope of the first is −9/4 while the slope of the
second is −5/4.

∂C −36 − (−30)
(−8, 14) = = 1.5
∂t −12 − (−8)
∂C −32 − (−30) −30 − (−27)
(−8, 14) = = −0.5 or = = −0.75
∂s 18 − 14 14 − 10
∂C −33 − (−32) −32 − (−30)
(−8, 18) = = −0.25 or = = −0.5
∂s 22 − 18 18 − 14
∂C
The meaning of (−8, 14) is the rate of change of wind chill with respect to temperature, assuming
∂t
wind speed is fixed: the resulting positive number indicates that if temperature increases (e.g., from
−4 to 0) then wind chill also increases, and vice versa, if temperature decreases (e.g., from 0 to
−4) then wind chill also decreases.
Finally:
∇C(−8, −14) ≈ h1.5, −0.625i
where the second term is the average of the two terms we found.

Solution 8.27. To find the contour that passes through (1, 2), simply substitute:
f (1, 2) = (1)2 (2) = 2
so it is 2 = x2 y ⇒ y = 2/x2 .
Now, find the gradient:

∇f (1, 2) = h2xy, x2 i = h4, 1i.

(1,2)

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If we want the tangent line to the contour, the gradient is perpendicular to this tangent line, so we
need a vector perpendicular to ∇f (1, 2). The negative reciprocal works, so the slope of the tangent
line will be h−1, 4 rangle, and we can write the line either as
   
~l = 1 + t −1
2 4
or in y = mx + b form as
y = −4x + b ⇒ 2 = −4(1) + b
which gives y = −4x + 6.

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Chapter 9
Optimization

Solution 9.1. Find the derivative of f (x):

d 2
f 0 (x) = x = 2x
dx
so find all solutions of f 0 (x) = 0:

2x = 0 ⇒ x = 0.
Thus there is only one critical point, and it occurs at x = 0. Finally:

f (0) = 02 = 0 (endpt)
f (0) = 0 (critical)
2
f (4) = 4 = 16 (endpt)
Solution 9.2. First, find the critical points:

f 0 (w) = 3w2 − 3 = 0 ⇒ 3w2 = 3 ⇒ w2 = 1 ⇒ w = ±1.

Now, evaluate f (w) at all critical points and the endpoints of the interval. Since f (w) is continuous
(inspection), there are no asymptotes to worry about.

1. f (−2) = (−2)3 − 3(−2) = −8 + 6 = −2

2. f (−1) = (−1)3 − 3(−1) = −1 + 1 = 0

3. f (1) = (1)3 − 3(1) = −2

4. f (2) = (2)3 − 3(2) = 2

Therefore the global maximum occurs at w = 2, and the there is no global minimum (since both 1
and −2 have the same y−value of −1).
Solution 9.3. First, critical points:

2 2
g 0 (x) = 2xex = 0 ⇒ xex = 0
2
and since ex 6 0 for any x, x = 0. Thus, only two points to consider: x = 0 and x = 1 (endpoints):
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2
1. g(0) = e0 = 1
2
2. g(1) = e1 = e
and thus the global maximum occurs at x = 1, with y−value e = 2.718.
Solution 9.4. To find and classify extrema, we need all first and second-order partial derivatives.
fx = 24x − 24y
fy = 24y 2 − 24x
fxx = 24
fyy = 48y
fxy = −24
then set the first derivatives equal to 0 and solve:
24x = 24y ⇒y=x
24y 2 = 24x ⇒ y2 = x
which have solutions x = 0, y = 0 and y = 1, y = 1. Classifying these two critical points:
(0, 0) : D = 24(0) − (−24)2 < 0 so a saddle point
(1, 1) : D = 24(48) − (−24)2 > 0 so a local minimum.
Solution 9.5. Compute the two partial derivatives and three second-order partials:
rt = −10t − 6h + 400
rh = −6t − 6h + 300
rtt = −10
rhh = −6
rth = −6
Now, set rt = rh = 0 and solve:
100 + 6h + 6t = 10t + 6h
which has solution t = 25 and h = 25. Evaluating this:
D(25, 25) = (−10)(−6) − (−6)2 > 0
and since rtt < 0, this is a local maximum. Thus, the optimal conditions (at least as far as range
goes) for controlling this missile occur at 25◦ C and 25% humidity.
Solution 9.6. Write the constraint:
g(x, y) = x3 + y 4 = 2,
and then the f (·) function:
p
f (x, y) = x2 + y 2
and then compute the two gradients:

−1/2
−1/2
∇f (x, y) = hx x2 + y 2 , y x2 + y 2 i
2 3
∇g(x, y) = h3x , 4y i.
Now, write the Lagrange multiplier equation:

−1/2
−1/2
hx x2 + y 2 , y x2 + y 2 i = λh3x2 , 4y 3 i
and solve, giving:
x y
p = p
3x2 x2 + y 2 4y 3 x2 + y 2

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which simplifies to
p p
4xy 3 x2 + y 2 = 3x2 y x2 + y 2
and simplifies again, canceling the root, to:
4xy 3 = 3x2 y
giving solutions x = 0 and y = 0. If x 6= y 6= 0, then
4y 2 = 3x.
Substituting these values into the constraint equation, we obtain the points:
x=0: y4 = 2 ⇒ h0, 1.18921i
y=0: x3 = 2 ⇒ h1.25992, 0i.
The final relation is a bit tricky, but we can manipulate it for a solution. Rewrite as
9
16y 4 = 9x2 ⇒ y 4 = x2
16
and then substituting obtain
9
x3 + x2 − 2 = 0.
16
This question was on an old exam, and I’m fairly sure that the final root being a cubic like this was
unintentional, because you don’t know how to solve it! If we use the closed-form solution for a cubic
polynomial (or Matlab/Maple/etc.), the root turns out to be x = 1.097607. The corresponding y

1/4
value is 2 − (1.097607)3 = 0.97465. The corresponding distances for these three points are:
f (0, 1.18921) = 1.18921
f (1.25992, 0) = 1.25992
f (1.097607, 0.97465) = 1.4678845.
Thus, the point on the curve g(x, y) closest to the origin is (0, 1.18921), and the furthest point does
not exist, because g(x, y) grows without bound as x → ∞, y → ∞: for example, x = −100 has
y = 31.623 which has distance 104.8.

Solution 9.7. Start by writing the constraint equation:

g(l, w) = 2l + 2w = 49
and then the optimizing equation:
Area = f (l, w) = lw.
Then, compute the two gradients:
∇f (l, w) = hw, li
∇g(l, w) = h2, 2i
and then write the constrained optimization equation:
∇f = λ∇g
hw, li = λh2, 2i
This gives equation w = l, which upon backsubstitution gives
2l + 2l = 49 ⇒ 4l = 49 ⇒ l = 12.25
so the solution found is
Area = f (12.25, 12.25) = 12.252 = 150.0625.
The corresponding λ value is 12.25/2 = 6.125, so if Bob had one additional meter of fence, he could
make a pen 6.125m2 larger.

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Solution 9.8. First, find f 0 (x) = 3x2 − 6x − 9 and find the critical points:
f 0 (x) = 0 = 3x2 − 6x − 9 = (3x − 9)(x + 1) ⇒ x = −1, x = 3
The only critical point in [−2, 1] is x = −1, so we have three points to check:
• x = −2: −8 − 12 + 18 + 1 = −1
• x = −1: f (−1) = −1 − 3 + 9 + 1 = 6 (max)
• x = 1: f (1) = 1 − 3 − 9 + 1 = −10 (min)
Therefore, the minimum value on [−2, 1] is −10 and the maximum value is 6. Thus M − m =
6 − (−10) = 16.
Solution 9.9. Describe the box as l times w times h, three variables. The volume is the product
of the three, and the surface area is composed of five pieces (consider lw, the top, to be missing,
although the question is flexible to choice here). Thus, write the constraint equation:
2lh + 2wh + lw = 12
and the optimizing equation
V = f (l, w, h) = lwh
This is a more complicated version of a Lagrange multiplier problem, but we proceed as normal.
∇f (l, w, h) = hwh, lh, lwi
∇g(l, w, h) = h2h + w, 2h + l, 2l + 2wi.
Set these equal and solve:
hwh, lh, lwi = λh2h + w, 2h + l, 2l + 2wi
giving
2h + w 2h + l 2l + 2w
= =
wh lh lw
Cross-multiply all denominators:
(2h + w)(lh)(lw) = (2h + l)(wh)(lw) = (2l + 2w)(lh)(wh)
(2h + w)(lhw)(l) = (2h + l)(lhw)(w) = (2l + 2w)(lhw)(h)
and then cancel the (lhw) term, giving
(2h + w)(l) = (2h + l)(w) = (2l + 2w)(h) ⇒ 2lh + lw = 2wh + lw = 2lh + 2wh.
The first and third of these give lw = 2wh or l = 2h, and the second and third give lw = 2lh or
w = 2h. Thus, we have triplets h2h, 2h, hi, which gives
12 = 2(2h)h + 2(2h)h + (2h)(2h) = 4h2 + 4h2 + 4h2 = 12h2
so that h = 1, w = l = 2 and
V = (2)(2)(1) = 4.
Solution 9.10. To find and classify critical points, we need all first- and second-order partial
derivatives:
2 2 2 2
fx = 4xe2x +y = 0 fy = 2ye2x +y = 0
2 +y 2 2 +y 2 2 +y 2 2 +y 2
fxx = 4e2x + (4x)2 e2x fyy = 2e2x + (2y)2 e2x
2 2
fxy = 8xye2x +y .
Then, solving the first two equations, the only solutions are x = y = 0, so there is only one critical
point.
(0, 0) : D = (4)(2) − (0)2 = 8 > 0
so this critical point is a local minimum.

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Solution 9.11. To find and classify critical points, we need all first- and second-order partial
derivatives:
fx = cos(x) sin(y) = 0 fy = sin(x) cos(y) = 0
fxx = − sin(x) sin(y) = 0 fyy = − sin(x) sin(y) = 0
fxy = cos(x) cos(y) = 0
The set of critical points for this set is fairly complicated. If x = kπ, then fy = 0 and fx =
± sin(y) = 0 has solutions y = lπ. Thus there are an infinite set of solutions from these pairs of
(x, y) = (kπ, lπ) for l, k integers. Similarly, if x = (2k+1)
2 π for k an integer, then cos(x) = 0 and
(2l+1)
fx = 0, while fy = ± cos(y) = 0 which forces y = 2 π. Thus there is a second infinite set of
solutions from these pairs of (x, y) = ( 2k+1 2l+1
2 π, 2 π). Classifying these pairs is slightly difficult.
(kπ, lπ) : D = (0)(0) − [(±1)(±1)]2 = −1 < 0 thus saddles.
 
2k + 1 2l + 1
π, π : D = sin2 (x) sin2 (y) − (0)2 > 0 thus mins/maxes.
2 2
To further classify the minimums and maximums from the odd-half-pi multiples (i.e. π/2, 3π/2,
etc.) we need to consider fxx . As it is negative by default, if sin(x) and sin(y) share signs, the
critical point is a maximum, while if sin(x) and sin(y) differ by a sign, the critical point is a
minimum. Thus, we can write:
 
2k + 1 2l + 1 
π, π only one of 2k + 1 and 2l + 1 is divisible by 3
2 2
are local minimums, while
 
2k + 1 2l + 1 
π, π both 2k + 1 and 2l + 1 are either divisible by 3 or not
2 2
are local maximums.

Solution 9.12. As always, we need the first- and second-order derivatives:

fx = 3x2 + 3y 2 − 6x = 0
fy = 6xy − 6y = 0
fxx = 6x − 6
fyy = 6x − 6
fxy = 6y.
Then, evaluating the first two partials gives critical points (0, 0), (2, 0) and (1, 1), (1, −1). Explicitly,
if you use fy = 0, you get y = 0 or x = 1 as solutions. Substitute these solutions into fx = 0 to get
two critical points per, as written.
Using the Second Derivative Test:
(0, 0) : D = (−6)(−6) − (0)2 = 36 > 0 a local maximum
(2, 0) : D = (6)(6) − (0)2 = 36 > 0 a local minimum
(1, 1) : D = (0)(0) − (6)2 = −36 < 0 a saddle point
(1, −1) : D = (0)(0) − (−6)2 = −36 < 0 a saddle point.
Solution 9.13. Start by writing the constraint equation:
g(x, y) = x + y = 120
and then the optimizing equation:
Q(x, y) = 60x1/3 y 2/3 units

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Then, compute the two gradients:

∇Q(x, y) = h20x−2/3 y 2/3 , 40x1/3 y −1/3 i
∇g(x, y) = h1, 1i
and then write the constrained optimization equation:
∇Q = λ∇g
h20x−2/3 y 2/3 , 40x1/3 y −1/3 i = λh1, 1i
Solving this equality gives
20x−2/3 y 2/3 = 40x1/3 y −1/3 ⇒ y = 2x.
Substitute this into g(x, 2x) = 120 = x + 2x so that x = 40 and y = 80. Thus, if the factory spends
$40, 000 on labour and $80, 000 on equipment, they will maximize their output at Q(40, 80) =
60(40)1/3 (80)2/3 = 3809.76 units.
Solving for λ we find λ = 20(40)−2/3 (80)2/3 = 31.75. Thus, if the factory increased their budget
by $1, 000, they would increase their output by 31.75 units.

Solution 9.14. Start by writing the constraint equation:

g(x, y) = x2 + y 2 = 1
and then the optimizing equation:
f (x, y) = x2 + y
Then, compute the two gradients:
∇f (x, y) = h2x, 1i
∇g(x, y) = h2x, 2yi
and then write the constrained optimization equation:
∇f = λ∇g
h2x, 1i = λh2x, 2yi.
Solving this gives
2x = λ2x ⇒ 1 = λ2y
which has solution y = 0.5 and x = 0. Using the constraint, this gives two solutions:
f (0, 1) = 01 + 1 = 1
√
3 3 1
f( , 0.5) = + = 1.25.
2 4 2 √
Thus, the largest value of f (x, y) on the circle g(x, y) is 1.25, at location h 23 , 0.5i.

Solution 9.15. This question starts off with unconstrained optimization, so find all of the necessary
partials, after noting that h(0, 0) = 4000mis the altitude of the hotel.
hx = 60 − 20x
hy = 40 − 20y
hxx = −20
hyy = −20
hxy = 0 = hyx .
Then, set ∇h(x, y) = 0 which gives x = 3 and y = 2. Checking this on h(x, y):
h(3, 2) = 10(6(3) − (3)2 + 4(2) − (2)2 ) + 4000 = 4110m.
 

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Next, we use Lagrange multipliers to evaluate the altitudes on the circle 10km in radius around
your hotel. In this case, the given h(x, y) is our f (x, y), and the constraint is
g(x, y) = x2 + y 2 = 10
Find the two gradients:
∇f (x, y) = h60 − 20x, 40 − 20yi
∇g(x, y) = h2x, 2yi.
Setting these equal and solving we get
60 − 20x 40 − 20y
=
2x 2y
which has simplification
120y − 40xy = 80x − 40xy ⇒ 3y = 2x.
providing solution x = 1.5y. Substituting this into the constraint gives
(1.5y)2 + y 2 = 100 ⇒ y = ±5.547.
This gives additional point x = ±8.32, so we have four possible solutions. Evaluating these on
h(x, y):
h(8.32, 5.55) = 3721
h(8.32, −5.55) = 3676
h(−8.32, 5.55) = 2723
h(−8.32, −5.55) = 2678
so the maximum altitude on the circle 10km in radius around your hotel is at h8.32, 5.55i km away,
and has altitude 3721, not particularly exciting given that your hotel is at 4000m.

Solution 9.16. Start by writing the constraint equation:

g(x, y) = 10x + 15y = L
and then the optimizing equation:
f (x, y) = 500x2/3 y 1/3
Then, compute the two gradients:
100 −1/3 1/3 500 2/3 −2/3
∇f (x, y) = h x y , x y i
3 3
∇g(x, y) = h10, 15i
and then write the constrained optimization equation:
∇f = λ∇g
100 −1/3 1/3 500 2/3 −2/3
h x y , x y i = h10, 15i
3 3
This gives solution equation
1000 −1/3 1/3 500 2/3 −2/3
x y = x y
30 45
90
y=x
30
so y = 1/3x. Substituting this into the constraint equation gives
10(3y) + 15y = 45y = L
L L
so y = 45 and x = 15 .
Thus, to produce as many units as possible, use L/15 units of X and L/45 units of Y .

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Solution 9.17. Start by writing the constraint equation:

g(x, y) = x + y = 124,
and then the optimizing equation:
x2 y2 xy
P (x, y) = 50x − + 40y − + .
5 10 10
Then, compute the two gradients:
∇P (x, y) = h50 − 0.4x + 0.1y, 40 − 0.2y + 0.1xi
∇g(x, y) = h1, 1i
and then write the constrained optimization equation:
∇f = λ∇g
h50 − 0.4x + 0.1y, 40 − 0.2y + 0.1xi = λh1, 1i.
This has solution 3y = 5x − 100, which we can substitute into the constraint:
1
124 = x + (5x − 100)
3
which gives x = 59, and thus y = 124 − 59 = 65. Thus, to maximize the profit, sell 59 units
domestically, and 65 units to the foreign market.

Solution 9.18. Start by writing the constraint equation:

g(x, y) = 3x + y = 1
and then the optimizing equation:
f (x, y) = x2 + 2y 2 − x
Then, compute the two gradients:
∇f (x, y) = h2x − 1, 4yi
∇g(x, y) = h3, 1i
and then write the constrained optimization equation:
∇f = λ∇g
h2x − 1, 4yi = λh3, 1i
so that
3x − 1 4y
= ⇒ 12y = 2x − 1
3 1
which, substituted into the constraint, gives
1 1
1 − 3x = x −
6 12
or 11 = 39x, giving x = 0.282. This gives y = 0.154. Thus, the extreme point of f (x, y) on the line
3x + y = 1 occurs at h0.282, 0.154i and has value
f (0.282, 0.154) = −0.155066
Since f (x, y) is mostly positive (for all but the region x2 < x and y small), this must be a minimum,
not a maximum: clearly there are an infinite number of points where f (x, y) > 0, which are all
larger than this point.

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