Module/unit Description

🛍 Provides an introduction to basic research concepts to include research the

philosophical paradigms on quantitative and qualitative research with
emphasis on principles and methods of health and health-related data
collection, organization, presentation, analysis and interpretation.
RESEARCH METHODS 🛍 These concepts serve as a basis for conducting responsible and sound
research.
FAMILY AND COMMUNITY MEDICINE 1 🛍 Research process
SY 2017-18 🛍 Paradigms
🛍 Research designs

🛍 Ethics and social accountability

🛍 Data collection and analysis

RESEARCH METHODS 1
RESEARCH METHODS 1
FAMILY AND COMMUNITY MEDICINE 1
FAMILY AND COMMUNITY MEDICINE
Marivic A. Villamor, MD, MHPEd, PhD
Marivic A. Villamor, MD, MHPEd, PhD
LEARNING OUTCOMES LEARNING APPROACHES
🛍 Lectures
🛍 Apply the paradigms of qualitative research 🛍 Group discussion
🛍 Completed research protocol 🛍 Group output
🛍 Apply ethical principles in every step of the research process. 🛍 Report
🛍 Present completed paper 🛍 Presentation
🛍 Long Exams

RESEARCH METHODS 1 RESEARCH METHODS 1

FAMILY AND COMMUNITY MEDICINE 1 FAMILY AND COMMUNITY MEDICINE 1
Marivic A. Villamor, MD, MHPEd, PhD Marivic A. Villamor, MD, MHPEd, PhD
 RESEARCH METHODS 1_

INTRODUCTION
FAMILY AND COMMUNITY MEDICINE

RESEARCH METHODS 1
RESEARCH METHODS 1
FAMILY AND COMMUNITY MEDICINE 1
FAMILY AND COMMUNITY MEDICINE
Marivic A. Villamor, MD, MHPEd, PhD
Marivic A. Villamor, MD, MHPEd, PhD
OBJECTIVES
🛍 Discuss the research process in the context of health.
🛍 Review the components of the research process.
🛍 Discuss the paradigms of research that provide foundation to
research.
🛍 Naturalistic
🛍 Positivist
🛍 Identify research topics and problems.

RESEARCH METHODS 1 RESEARCH METHODS 1

FAMILY AND COMMUNITY MEDICINE 1 FAMILY AND COMMUNITY MEDICINE 1
Marivic A. Villamor, MD, MHPEd, PhD Marivic A. Villamor, MD, MHPEd, PhD
 Literature review
Theory construction or forging links between theories or
perspectives in the absence of empirical data.
Collection and analysis of data without theoretical
grounding and offering no explanation of the data is not
research.

RESEARCH
RESEARCH METHODS
METHODS 11 RESEARCH METHODS 1
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FAMILYANDANDCOMMUNITY
COMMUNITYMEDICINE
MEDICINE1 FAMILY AND COMMUNITY MEDICINE 1
Marivic A. Villamor, MD, MHPEd, PhD Marivic A. Villamor, MD, MHPEd, PhD
RESEARCH CONCEPTS THAT GUIDE RESEARCH
🛍 Ontology
🛍 A systematic process of collecting and analyzing 🛍 The study of existence.
information /data for some purpose (McMillan and 🛍 It provides the ‘world-view’ that guides the study
‘What is the nature of reality?
Schumacher, 1989).
🛍

🛍 ‘What kind of being is the human being?’

🛍 A process of steps used to collect and analyze 🛍 Epistemology
Theoretical study of knowledge involved in the search for knowledge and truth.
information to increase our understanding of a topic or
🛍

🛍 It provides a focus for the study

issue (Creswell, 2012). 🛍 ‘What is the relationship between the researcher and the area of study?’
🛍 Methodology
🛍 Provides a framework (process) for conducting the study
🛍 ‘How do we know the world, or gain knowledge of it?’ (Parse 2001; Denzin & Lincoln 2005)

RESEARCH METHODS 1 RESEARCH METHODS 1

FAMILY AND COMMUNITY MEDICINE 1 FAMILY AND COMMUNITY MEDICINE 1
Marivic A. Villamor, MD, MHPEd, PhD Marivic A. Villamor, MD, MHPEd, PhD
PARADIGM RESEARCH PARADIGM
🛍 A way of looking at the world. 🛍 The set of common beliefs and agreements shared between
🛍 It is composed of certain philosophical assumptions that guide scientists about how problems should be understood and
and direct thinking and action. addressed (Kuhn, 1962).

https://www.sagepub.com/sites/default/files/upm-binaries/29985_Chapter1.pdf
http://salmapatel.co.uk/academia/the-research-paradigm-methodology-epistemology-and-ontology-explained-in-simple-language

RESEARCH METHODS 1 RESEARCH METHODS 1

FAMILY AND COMMUNITY MEDICINE 1 FAMILY AND COMMUNITY MEDICINE 1
Marivic A. Villamor, MD, MHPEd, PhD Marivic A. Villamor, MD, MHPEd, PhD
POSITIVIST APPROACH INTERPRETATIVE APPROACH
🛍 Referred to as occurring within a naturalistic (or constructivist) paradigm.
🛍 Refers to a philosophical position which reflects the traditional scientific approach 🛍 AIM
of objective observation, prediction and testing of causal relationships (Maggs- 🛍 To describe, explore and generate meaning within a social or practice context.

Rapport 2001). 🛍 REALITY

not fixed
Paradigm
🛍
🛍
🛍 constructed according to naturally occurring events and situations.
🛍 Representative of quantitative research approaches. 🛍 a flexible position whereby the phenomenon being investigated exists within contexts that have many different
possibilities and meanings.
🛍 Positivism (or modernism) is a broad cultural reflection of rationality and 🛍 MEANINGS

known science. 🛍 located in a particular context or situation and time

🛍 Deductive reasoning generally emerge from the study process.
🛍

🛍 INDUCTIVE REASONING
🛍 Research hypotheses are derived from theory, and where reasoning moves 🛍 Generalisations are developed from specific observations
from the general to the particular.
Whitehead D. (2013) An overview of research theory and process. In: Nursing & Midwifery Research: Methods and Appraisal for Whitehead D. (2013) An overview of research theory and process. In: Nursing & Midwifery Research: Methods and Appraisal for
Evidence-Based Practice. 4th ed. Evidence-Based Practice. 4th ed.
RESEARCH METHODS 1 RESEARCH METHODS 1
FAMILY AND COMMUNITY MEDICINE 1 FAMILY AND COMMUNITY MEDICINE 1
Marivic A. Villamor, MD, MHPEd, PhD Marivic A. Villamor, MD, MHPEd, PhD

TABLE 2.1
A simplified comparison of positivist, critical and interpretive approaches
POSITIVIST
Position Empirico-analytical,
reductionist
Methodology Experimental,
quasi-experimental,
correlational etc
Data collection Experiments, closed
surveys and interviews
Researcher position Distant
Whitehead D. (2013) An overview of research theory and process. In: Nursing & Midwifery Research: Methods and
Appraisal for Evidence-Based Practice. 4th ed.
Point to ponder
Some disciplines will lend themselves more to
feminist research than others. This would
certainly potentially be the case for midwifery,
although it is relevant to all those who work
with women and on issues of women’s health.
A search of the midwifery-based research
literature, to date, uncovers scant feminist
research examples. The previous ‘Research in
brief’ box is one example.
Interpretive approach
Interpretive approaches to research aim to
describe, explore and generate meaning within a
social or practice context. The most common
post-positivist examples of this approach are
phenomenology (hermeneutics), grounded
theory and ethnography (see Chapter 6). They
are also referred to as occurring within a
naturalistic (or constructivist) paradigm. In
effect, ‘reality’ is not fixed and is constructed
according to naturally occurring events and
situations. For the interpretive researcher, then,
reality is a flexible position whereby the
2 • An overview of research theory and process
ENTOMOLOGY OF RESEARCH
🛍 Positivists
CRITICAL INTERPRETIVE 🛍 believe that there is a single reality, which can be measured and known.
Post-positive, post- Post-positive, post-modern,
modern, post-structural, naturalistic
🛍 Constructivists
emancipatory 🛍 believe that there is no single reality or truth, and therefore reality needs
Feminist research, Phenomenology, grounded
action research, critical theory, ethnography,
to be interpreted (multiple realities).
ethnology etc exploratory/descriptive, 🛍 Pragmatists
case study, historical, Delphi
Open observation or Open observation or 🛍 believe that reality is constantly renegotiated, debated, interpreted,
interviews, focus groups interviews, focus groups and therefore the best method to use is the one that solves the problem
Close Close
http://salmapatel.co.uk/academia/the-research-paradigm-methodology-epistemology-and-ontology-explained-in-simple-language
cannot be separated from the people and
processes involved. The goal is a deepRESEARCH
and METHODS 1
self-reflexive engagement with theFAMILY
phenomena
Marivic
AND COMMUNITY MEDICINE 1
A. Villamor, MD, MHPEd, PhD
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Marivic A. Villamor, MD, MHPEd, PhD
being studied.
Another related concept of qualitative research
is that of ‘inductive reasoning’. This describes a
logical thought process whereby generalisations
are developed from specific observations — and
where reasoning moves from the particular to the
general (the opposite to quantitative research).
Chapters 6 through to 8, which deal primarily
with descriptive exploratory, phenomenology,
grounded theory and ethnography approaches,
further add to the understanding of interpretive
qualitative methods. Table 2.1 offers a simplified
comparison between positivist, critical and
interpretive approaches.
CHOOSING A PARADIGM
The reasons for selecting a qualitative paradigm
position rather than a quantitative one, or vice
versa, are based on the research question and the
purpose of the study. The formulation of the
research problem (research question, problem
statement or hypothesis) is an initial and key
step in the process of research, regardless of the
60 Research Methods for Accounting and Finance

Research Paradigm
Ontology QUALITATIVE VERSUS QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
Objective Subjective

Epistemology
Criteria Qualitative Research Quantitative Research
Positivist
Critical
Realist
Action
Research
Interpretivist Purpose To understand & interpret social To test hypotheses, look at cause & effect,
interactions. & make predictions.

Data Gathering
Group Studied Smaller & not randomly selected. Larger & randomly selected.
Methodology Variables Study of the whole, not variables. Specific variables studied
Quantitative Case Study Qualitative
Type of Data Collected Words, images, or objects. Numbers and statistics.
Form of Data Collected Qualitative data such as open- ended Quantitative data based on precise
Techniques
Big Data Interviews Archives
responses, interviews, participant measurements using structured &
Experiments Observation Physical Artefacts observations, field notes, & reflections. validated data-collection instruments.
Surveys Focus Groups Oral History

Netnography Audio Visual Ethnography

Type of Data Analysis Identify patterns, features, themes. Identify statistical relationships.
Objectivity and Subjectivity Subjectivity is expected. Objectivity is critical.
Data Analysis Approaches Role of Researcher Researcher & their biases may be known Researcher & their biases are not known
Deductive Inductive to participants in the study, & participant to participants in the study, & participant
EXPLORING RELATIONSHIPS: Correlation analysis;
Partial correlation analysis; Multiple
Template Analysis
characteristics may be known to the characteristics are deliberately hidden
regression analysis; factor analysis Thematic Analysis
https://www.goodfellowpublishers.com/free_files/ researcher. from the researcher (double blind studies).
COMPARING GROUPS: t-test; ANOVA; MANOVA; Discourse Analysis
Chapter%204-6d1069ed94ebdf969422ba04a0de357d.pdf https://www.xavier.edu/library/students/documents/qualitative_quantitative.pdf
ANCOVA
Hermeneutics Results Particular or specialized findings that is Generalizable findings that can be applied
Structural Equation Modelling
Grounded Theory RESEARCH METHODS 1 less generalizable. to other populations. RESEARCH METHODS 1
FAMILY AND COMMUNITY MEDICINE 1 FAMILY AND COMMUNITY MEDICINE 1
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Figure 4.1: Methods Map Scientific Method Exploratory or bottom–up: the researcher Confirmatory or top-down: the researcher
generates a new hypothesis and theory tests the hypothesis and theory with the
from the data collected. data.
View of Human Behavior Dynamic, situational, social, & personal. Regular & predictable.
Most Common Research Explore, discover, & construct. Describe, explain, & predict.
Objectives
Focus Wide-angle lens; examines the breadth & Narrow-angle lens; tests a specific
depth of phenomena. hypotheses.
Nature of Observation Study behavior in a natural environment. Study behavior under controlled
conditions; isolate causal effects.
Nature of Reality Multiple realities; subjective. Single reality; objective.
Final Report Narrative report with contextual Statistical report with correlations,
description & direct quotations from comparisons of means, & statistical
research participants. significance of findings.

The content in the above table was taken from the following sources:

Johnson, B., & Christensen, L. (2008). Educational research: Quantitative, qualitative, and
mixed approaches (p. 34). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Lichtman, M. (2006). Qualitative research in education: A user’s guide (pp. 7-8). Thousand
Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
 QUALITATIVE VERSUS QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

Criteria Qualitative Research Quantitative Research

Purpose To understand & interpret social To test hypotheses, look at cause & effect,
interactions. & make predictions.
Group Studied Smaller & not randomly selected. Larger & randomly selected.
Variables Study of the whole, not variables. Specific variables studied
Type of Data Collected Words, images, or objects. Numbers and statistics.
Form of Data Collected Qualitative data such as open- ended Quantitative data based on precise
responses, interviews, participant measurements using structured &
observations,
QUALITATIVE field notes,
VERSUS & reflections.
QUANTITATIVE validated
RESEARCH data-collection instruments.
Type of Data Analysis
Criteria
Objectivity and Subjectivity
Identify patterns, features, themes.
Qualitative
Subjectivity isResearch
expected.
Identify statistical relationships.
Quantitative Research
Objectivity is critical.
RESEARCH WHEEL
Purpose
Role of Researcher To understand
Researcher & interpret
& their social
biases may be known To test hypotheses,
Researcher look atare
& their biases cause
not & effect,
known
Research
interactions.
to participants in the study, & participant &
to make predictions.
participants in the study, & participant
characteristics may be known to the characteristics are deliberately questions/
Group Studied Smaller & not randomly selected. Larger & randomly selected. hidden Hypotheses
researcher. from the researcher (double blind studies).
Variables Study of the whole, not variables. Specific variables studied
Results Particular or specialized findings that is Generalizable findings that can be applied
Type of Data Collected Words, images, or objects.
less generalizable. Numbers and statistics.
to other populations.
Form of Data
Scientific Collected
Method Qualitative
Exploratorydata such as open-
or bottom–up: the ended
researcher Quantitative
Confirmatorydata based on precise
or top-down: the researcher
responses,
generates ainterviews, participant
new hypothesis and theory measurements usingand
tests the hypothesis structured & the
theory with Conceptual Empirical
observations, field notes,
from the data collected. & reflections. validated
data. data-collection instruments. framework observation
Type
View of
of Data
Human Analysis
Behavior Identify
Dynamic, patterns, features,
situational, themes.
social, & personal. Identify
Regular statistical relationships.
& predictable. (Theory, Data
Objectivity andResearch
Subjectivity Subjectivity is expected. Objectivity is critical. Literature) Collection
Most Common Explore, discover, & construct. Describe, explain, & predict.
Objectives
Role of Researcher Researcher & their biases may be known Researcher & their biases are not known
Focus to participants
Wide-angle in the
lens; study, the
examines & participant
breadth & to participants lens;
Narrow-angle in thetests
study, & participant
a specific
characteristics may be known to the
depth of phenomena. characteristics
hypotheses. are deliberately hidden
researcher. from the researcher (double blind studies).
Nature of Observation Study behavior in a natural environment. Study behavior under controlled INDUCTIVE Data DEDUCTIVE
Results Particular or specialized findings that is Generalizable findings
conditions; isolate causal that can be applied
effects. Analysis
less generalizable. to other populations.
Nature of Reality Multiple realities; subjective. Single reality; objective. RESEARCH METHODS 1 Proposition RESEARCH
RESEARCH METHODS
METHODS 11
https://www.xavier.edu/library/students/documents/qualitative_quantitative.pdf FAMILY
FAMILYANDANDCOMMUNITY
COMMUNITYMEDICINE
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Scientific Method Exploratory or bottom–up: the researcher Confirmatory or top-down: the researcher
FAMILY AND COMMUNITY
Marivic A. Villamor,
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MD, MHPEd, PhD Marivic A. Villamor, MD, MHPEd, PhD
Final Report Narrative areport
generates with contextual
new hypothesis and theory Statistical
tests report with
the hypothesis andcorrelations,
theory with the
description
from & collected.
the data direct quotations from comparisons of means, & statistical
data.
research participants. significance of findings.
View of Human Behavior Dynamic, situational, social, & personal. Regular & predictable.
Most Common Research Explore, discover, & construct. Describe, explain, & predict.
The content in the above table was taken from the following sources:
Objectives
Focus Wide-angle
Johnson, B., & Christensen, lens;
L. (2008). examines research:
Educational the breadthQuantitative,
& Narrow-angle lens;and
qualitative, tests a specific
mixed approachesdepth
(p. of phenomena.
34). hypotheses.
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Nature of Observation Study behavior in a natural environment. Study behavior under controlled
Lichtman, M. (2006). Qualitative research in education: A user’s guide (pp. 7-8).isolate
conditions; Thousand
causal effects.
Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Nature of Reality Multiple realities; subjective. Single reality; objective.
Final Report Narrative report with contextual Statistical report with correlations,
description & direct quotations from comparisons of means, & statistical
research participants. significance of findings.
10/12/12
The content in the above table was taken from the following sources:

Johnson, B., & Christensen, L. (2008). Educational research: Quantitative, qualitative, and
mixed approaches (p. 34). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Lichtman, M. (2006). Qualitative research in education: A user’s guide (pp. 7-8). Thousand
Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.