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Lecture 4
Surface Waves and Dispersion
P S SS SSS
wave packet surface waves
Body waves Impulsive, short period (but later arrivals are stretched
out due to attenuation). Higher frequencies make waves “sharper”.
Reminder
1/ 2
⎛ K S + 4 .µ ⎞
α = ⎜⎜ 3 ⎟
⎟
ρ ↓v increasing
⎝ ⎠
1/ 2
⎛µ⎞
β = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ρ⎠
Rayleigh wave
At Z = Z0 A(z) = A0 / e ~ A0 / 2
i.e., the amplitude at the characteristic depth of penetration is
approx. half surface amplitude
Retrograde ellipse
amplitude
decays - Z0 A = A0/2
exponentially
with depth
So long period waves, as they penetrate deeply into the Earth travel at
higher velocities; short period waves travel at slower velocities
This is normal dispersion
Rayleigh wave
z Normal dispersion
b) v gradually decreasing with depth
v Short T arrives first
Long period
travelling at low
velocity
z Reverse dispersion
GNH7/GG09/GEOL4002 EARTHQUAKE SEISMOLOGY AND EARTHQUAKE HAZARD
Types of dispersion
c) velocity constant
v