Energy Efficient Building Design College of Architecture Illinois Institute Of Technology (IIT), Chicago

Volume of Pipes in System

Pressurization Tank Sizing
Color Codes Nom Inside Volume Length Volume
Project Name User Input Size Diam per f per size per size
Project No. Calculated (ins) (ins) (cu.f.) (f) (cu.f.)
System Type Chilled Water Reference Data 3/8 0.49 0.001 0.00
Date 1/2 0.62 0.002 0.00
Tank Identif. / Name 3/4 0.82 0.004 20 0.07
Tank Description Cylindrical / Horizontal 1 1.05 0.006 30 0.18
Location (building) Penthouse Equipt Room 1 1/4 1.38 0.010 0.00
1 1/2 1.61 0.014 30 0.42
Volume System Equipt Properties of Water 2 2.07 0.023 20 0.47
Equipt Dscr Volume Temp Sp.Vol e Temp Sp.Vol e 2 1/2 2.47 0.033 30 1.00
(replace/edit) (cu.f.) T deg F V ft3/lb % exp T deg F V ft3/lb % exp 3 3.07 0.051 20 1.03
Chillers - Evap 20 35 0.01600 0 160 0.01639 2.44 3 1/2 3.55 0.069 0.00
Chillers - Cond 40 0.01602 0.12 170 0.01645 2.81 4 4.03 0.088 30 2.65
Cooling Towers 50 0.01602 0.12 180 0.01651 3.19 5 5.05 0.139 0.00
CHW Pumps 10 60 0.01604 0.25 190 0.01657 3.56 6 6.07 0.201 50 10.03
CW Pumps 70 0.01605 0.31 200 0.01663 3.94 8 7.89 0.340 30 10.19
Boilers - WT 80 0.01607 0.44 210 0.01670 4.38 10 10.02 0.548 0.00
HW Pumps 90 0.01610 0.62 220 0.01677 4.81 12 11.94 0.777 20 15.55
Heat Exchangers 100 0.01613 0.81 230 0.01684 5.25 14 13.13 0.940 0.00
Cooling Coils 50 110 0.01617 1.06 240 0.01692 5.75 16 15.00 1.227 0.00
Heating Coils 120 0.01620 1.25 250 0.01700 6.25 18 16.88 1.553 70 108.73
Radtrs, Convtrs 130 0.01625 1.56 260 0.01708 6.75 20 18.81 1.931 0.00
Fan Coil Units 30 140 0.01629 1.81 270 0.01719 7.44 22 20.75 2.348 0.00
Terminal Equipt 150 0.01634 2.13 280 0.01726 7.88 24 22.64 2.796 0.00
Miscell Equipt 10 26 25.25 3.477 0.00
Equip Vol (f3) 120 e = % Expansion of Water from 35 F to t 28 27.25 4.050 0.00
System Vol (ft3) = 270 e = 100*( Vt - 0.016 ) / 0.016 30 29.25 4.666 0.00
Contigency Factor ( %) = 10 t = Max temp of water (deg F) 32 31.25 5.326 0.00
Sys Vol + % age (ft3 ) = Vs 297 Vt = Sp. Vol at temp t (ft3/lb) 34 33.25 6.030 0.00
Equiv lbs of Water = Vp 18,555 a = Coeff of Exp of Steel (in / in) = 0.0000065 36 35.25 6.777 0.00
Equiv gals of Water = Vg 2,226 a = Coeff of Exp of Copper (in / in) = 0.0000095 Total Volume of Pipes (f3) = 150.3

E = Net Pressurization Factor for diaphragm tanks E = Net Exp of water (gals) heated from T1 to T2
T E T E T E T E T 100 120 150 200 280
90 0.004 110 0.008 130 0.012 150 0.018 e= 0.006 0.010 0.018 0.034 0.070
100 0.006 120 0.010 140 0.015 160 0.021 E = exp 13.4 22.3 40.1 75.7 155.8

Sizing Data (Enter as required by tank type & sizing method)

Maxim Water Temp - Tmax (F) T2 200 Average Operating Temp (F) T 200 dt = T2-T1 = 160
% Exp of Water fr 35 F to T2 e 3.94 Minim Water Temp - Tmin (F) T1 40 (V2/V1 - 1) = 0.04375
Tank Material (Steel / Copper) Steel Maxim Water Temp - Tmax (F) T2 200 Pa / P1 = 0.588
Coeff of Exp of Tank Material a 6.5E-06 Specific Volume at Tmin (ft3/lb) V1 0.0160 Pa / P2 = 0.3675
Tank Type (Open / Closed) Open Specific Volume at Tmax (ft3/lb) V2 0.0167 P1 / P2 = 0.625
Closed Type (Normal / Diaphragm) Normal System Volume (ft3) Vs 297 Pa' / Po = 0.09686
Tank Size (% of System Volume) 5 Min Press at Highest Point (psia) P1 25.0 3*a*dt = 0.00312
Default Diameter (inches) D 24 Max Press to open Safety Valve (ps P2 40.0 psi x 2.31 = ft
Locatn w.r.t Pump (Suctn/Dischge) Suction Atmospheric Pressure (psia)) Pa 14.7 " Hg x 1.33 = ft
System Height above Tank (ft) H 90 Atmospheric Pressure (ft.Wtr) A, Pa' 33.9 ft3 x 7.5 = gals
Pr. Loss fr Tank to Pump (ft.Wtr) F 20 Venting Pressure (ft.Wtr) V 12 gals x 8.334 = lbs

Instructor: Varkie C. Thomas, Ph.D., P.E. Skidmore, Owings Merrill LLP 378586033.xls
Energy Efficient Building Design College of Architecture Illinois Institute Of Technology (IIT), Chicago
Pump Head (ft Wtr) PH 70 Maxim Operating Pressure (ft Wtr Po 350 ft3 x 62.4 = lbs

Instructor: Varkie C. Thomas, Ph.D., P.E. Skidmore, Owings Merrill LLP 378586033.xls
Energy Efficient Building Design College of Architecture Illinois Institute Of Technology (IIT), Chicago

Pressurization Tank Sizing

Open Tank Sizing Sizing assumes Open Tank is: (1) vented to atmosphere, (2) at least
Vt Weight Volume Tank Size 3' above highest point of system, & (3) connected to pump suction
Basis of Sizing
gallons lbs ft3 D (in) L (ft) Vt = Minimum Volume of Expansion Tank (gals)
(1) As a Percentage of System Volu 111 928 15 24.0 4.7 Vt = Vs * (% of System Volume / 100)
(2) Using Min, Max Temp, Exp Coeff 96 804 13 24.0 4.1 Vt = Vs * (e/100) * 1.1 Exp Vol + 10%
from ASHRAE Systems 2000 181 1508 24 24.0 7.7 Vt = 2 * Vs * [ (V2/V1 - 1) - (3*a*dt)] ASHRAE 2000

Closed Tank Sizing V = +ve venting pressure (= 12 ft if unknown)

Fill Pressure (Pf): The tank location w.r.t. the piping system affects the initial fill or minim press at the tank.
F = frictional loss from tank to pump in order to
The tank can be at three possible locations with respect to the system as shown below. maintain +ve venting pressure (ft)
Pf = Initial or Min Pf Pa/Pf A = atmospheric pressure (ft)
Pa/Pf Pf/Po 1-Pf/Po
Location of Tank Fill Pressure (ft) ft H2O - Pa/Po H = system static head (ft) = distance between
(1) Tank is above the piping system Pf = V + F + A 65.9 0.51 0.42 0.19 0.81 tank and highest point of system
(2) Tank is on suction side of pump Pf = V + H + A 135.9 0.25 0.15 0.39 0.61 PH = pump head (ft) reqd to maintain +ve press.
(3) Tank is on discharge side of pum Pf = V + PH + A 115.9 0.29 0.20 0.33 0.67 at the top of the system

(1) Closed Tank:: T <= 160 T2 = 150 dt = 110 Vs = 297

V2 at T2 = 0.01634 E = e*Vs = 40 Vt = Minim Volume of Pressurization Tank (gals)
Location of Tank Denom Vt gals Lbs ft3 D (ft) L (ft)
(1) Tank is above the piping system 0.42 96 798 13 24.0 4.1 Vt = E ASHRAE 1987
(2) Tank is on suction side of pump 0.15 262 2185 35 24.0 11.1 (Pa/Pf) - (Pa/Po) for T <= 160 F
(3) Tank is on discharge side of pum 0.20 204 1704 27 24.0 8.7 E = Net expansion of water (gals) heated from 40 F to T
Using ASHRAE HdBk Systems 2000 0.22 193 1608 26 24.0 8.2

(2) Closed Tank:: 160 <= T <= 280 T2 = 200 Vs = 297 [(V2/V1) - 1] - (3* a*dt) ASHRAE
Vt = Vs *
(0.00041 x T - 0.0466) x Vs 79 (Pa/P1) - (Pa/P2) 2000
Location of Tank Denom Gallons Lbs ft3 D (ft) L (ft)
(1) Tank is above the piping system 0.42 189 1573.0 25.2 24.0 8.0
(2) Tank is on suction side of pump 0.15 517 4304.6 69.0 24.0 22.0 (0.00041*T - 0.0466) * Vs ASHRAE 1987
Vt =
(3) Tank is on discharge side of pum 0.20 403 3357.5 53.8 24.0 17.1 ( Pa/Pf) - (Pa/Po ) 160 <= T <= 280
Using ASHRAE HdBk Systems 2000 0.22 410 3419 55 24.0 17.4

(3) Closed Chilled Water Tank T= 90 Vs = 297 (1) Tank Size is half of a hot water tank operating at 200 F
(0.00041 x T - 0.0466) x Vs 79 (0.00041*T - 0.0466) * Vs
Vt =
Location of Tank Denom Gallons Lbs ft3 D (ft) L (ft) 2 * [(Pa/Pf) - (Pa/Po)]
(1) Tank is above the piping system 0.81 97 809 13 24.0 4.1 ASHRAE 1987
(2) Tank is on suction side of pump 0.61 129 1074 17 24.0 5.5 (2) Tank Size can be estimated from:
(3) Tank is on discharge side of pum 0.67 118 982 16 24.0 5.0 (0.00041*T - 0.0466) * Vs
Vt =
Using ASHRAE HdBk Systems 2000 0.22 205 1709 27 24.0 8.7 1 - (Pf/Po)

(4) Closed Diaphragm Water Tank T= 120 Vs = 297

E= 0.01 Num = E*Vs = 22 E * Vs ASHRAE 1987
Vt =
Location of Tank Denom Gallons Lbs ft3 D (ft) L (ft) [ 1 - (Pf/Po) ] for T <= 160 F
(1) Tank is above the piping system 0.19 118 985 16 24.0 5.0
(2) Tank is on suction side of pump 0.39 57 478 8 24.0 2.4 [(V2/V1) - 1] - (3*a*dt) ASHRAE
Vt = Vs *
(3) Tank is on discharge side of pum 0.33 67 560 9 24.0 2.9 [ 1 - (P1/P2) ] 2000
Using ASHRAE HdBk Systems 2000 0.38 241 2010 32 24.0 10.3

References: (1) 1987 ASHRAE Handbook, pp. 13.11 - 13.15 (2) 2000 ASHRAE Handbook pp. 12.3 - 12.5

Instructor: Varkie C. Thomas, Ph.D., P.E. Skidmore, Owings Merrill LLP 378586033.xls
Energy Efficient Building Design College of Architecture Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT), Chicago

PRESSURIZATION TANKS

Pressurization tanks include expansion tanks and compression tanks. The term expansion tank is used with low
pressure systems where the tank is located at the highest point of the piping system (open or closed) and the tank’s
water surface is at atmospheric pressure. The height location of the expansion tank determines the static pressure
head available to the terminal equipment. The term compression tank applies to pressurized closed piping systems.
Make-up water is supplied through the pressurization tank.

Pressurization tank types include (1) Open and (2) Closed

Closed pressurization tank construction can be:
A regular tank where the pressurizing air or gas is in contact with the liquid.
A diaphragm tank where the air charge and liquid are permanently separated by a diaphragm to prevent
corrosion of the tank or contamination of the fluid.

System Volume
Pressurization tank size is based on the volume capacity of the system. System volume consists of:
the physical inside volume of all the pipe sections in the system. The pipe volume is converted into gallons of
liquid using the density of the liquid.
the liquid storage capacity of all the equipment in the system. The physical volume storage capacity of the
terminal equipment, primary equipment and miscellaneous equipment, etc., that is converted to liquid
volume using liquid density.

Open Tank Sizing

Open tank sizing assumes that the tank is:
vented to the atmosphere
at least three feet above the highest point in the piping system
connected to the suction side of the pump

Tank Volume
The tank volume size in gallons is estimated as a percentage of the total system volume The minimum recommended
volume is 6% in accordance with 1987ASHRAE Handbook. An alternative to sizing the tank based on percentage of
system volume, the system liquid expansion volume can be used to determinethe tank size. This expansion volume
is the difference in volumes at the maximum temperature of the piping system and at the minimum temperature.

Closed Tank Sizing

Fill Pressure: The tank location with respect to the piping system affects the initial fill or minimum pressure Pf
at the tank. The tank can be at three possible locations with respect to the system.

(1) Tank is above the piping system

Pf = V + F + A
V = positive venting pressure; (assumes 12 ft of liquid if not known)
F = frictional pipe losses from tank to pump that must be overcome in order to
obtain positive air venting pressure (ft of liquid as specified in input)
A = atmospheric pressure (ft of liquid)

(2) Tank is on suction side of the pump

Pf = V + H + A
H = system static head = distance between tank and highest point of piping system

(3) Tank is on discharge side of the pump

Pf = V + PH + A
PH = pump head (ft of liquid) required to maintain positive pressure attop of system

In all three cases, the atmospheric pressure A is added to obtain absolute pressure
You must specify either the initial fill pressure Pf or the system static head H.
Instructor: Varkie C. Thomas, Ph.D., P.E. Skidmore, Owings Merrill LLP 378586033.xls
Energy Efficient Building Design College of Architecture Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT), Chicago

Tank Sizing Equations (closed tanks)

(1) Tank with operating temperatures below 160 F

E
Vt = Vt = minimum volume of pressurization tank (gal)

[( ) ( )]
Pa
Pf
-
Pa
Po
E
Pa
Pf
= net pressurization of water in the system when heated from min to max temp (gal)
= pressure in tank when water first enters tank (ft of water absolute); At atmos.press.
= initial fill or minimum pressure of tank (ft of water absolute)
Po = maximum operating pressure of tank (ft of water absolute)

( 0 . 041 x T - 0 . 0466 ) x V s (2) Tank with operating temperatures between 160 F and 280 F
Vt = T = maximum average operating temperature (oF)

[( ) ( )]
Pa
Pf
Pa
Po
Vs = system volume calculated from the piping system dimensions (gal)
Error: Denominator is Pa/Pf - Pa/Po

( 0 . 041 x T - 0 . 0466 ) x V s (3) Chilled Water Tank Error: Denominator is 1 - Pf/Po

Vt = Tank sizing for chilled water systems will result in tanks of very small size

[ ( )]
1
Pf
Po
because of the low pressurization coefficients (40 F to 90 F temperature range). For that
reason, closed compression tanks applied to chilled water systems are sized as follows:
(1) regular tank size is half the equivalent hot water size
(2) the piping system is considered to be operating from 70 F to 200 F

(4) Diaphragm Water Tank Specific Volume of Water

e Vs
Vt = (ASHRAE Chapter-6, Table-4)

[ ( )]
1-
Pf
Po
e = net pressurization factor for water Tmp
F
Press
psia
Sp.Vol
ft3 / lb
Expansion
ft3 / (F.lb)
* 1,000,000
Sp.Vol
ft3 / gal
Exp: ft3
/ (F.gal)
* 1,000,000
0 0.0185 0.0174 0.1453
The lowest temperature of chilled water equals the minim 32 0.0886 0.0175 0.1456
design temperature. This can be assumed to be 35 oF. T 40 0.1217 0.0160 0.1335
The highest temperature is the highest anticipated ambient temp. 50 0.1781 0.0160 0.1335
The net pressurization factor e is obtained from table below 60 0.2564 0.0160 0.1337
Source: 1987 ASHRAE Handbook, Table 2, p. 13.15 70 0.3633 0.0161 1.6667 0.1338 8.6900
80 0.5074 0.0161 1.7500 0.1339 10.6845
Net Pressurization Factors Typical make-up water supply 90 0.6989 0.0161 2.0000 0.1342 13.5480
for Diaphragm Water Tank and expansion tank piping for 100 0.9503 0.0161 2.1667 0.1344 15.4570
plain steel tanks 110 1.2765 0.0162 2.4286 0.1348 18.0111
Highest Press. 120 1.6947 0.0162 2.5000 0.1350 18.8850
Temp Factor 130 2.2257 0.0163 2.7778 0.1354 21.4167
F e 140 2.8926 0.0163 2.9000 0.1358 22.6086
90 0.004 150 3.7228 0.0163 3.0909 0.1362 24.3415
100 0.006 160 4.7469 0.0164 3.2500 0.1366 25.7855
110 0.008 170 5.9994 0.0165 3.4615 0.1371 27.6485
120 0.010 180 7.5194 0.0165 3.6429 0.1376 29.2453
130 0.012 190 9.3495 0.0166 3.8000 0.1381 30.6292
140 0.015 200 11.5375 0.0166 3.9375 0.1386 31.8401
150 0.018 210 14.1358 0.0167 4.1176 0.1392 33.3988
160 0.021 220 17.2010 0.0168 4.2778 0.1398 34.7843
230 20.7960 0.0168 4.4211 0.1403 36.0240
240 24.9873 0.0169 4.6000 0.1410 37.5564
250 29.8462 0.0170 4.7619 0.1417 38.9429
260 35.4502 0.0171 4.9091 0.1423 40.2033
280 49.2260 0.0173 5.2500 0.1438 43.1035
300 67.0350 0.0175 5.5769 0.1454 45.8781

Instructor: Varkie C. Thomas, Ph.D., P.E. Skidmore, Owings Merrill LLP 378586033.xls
Energy Efficient Building Design College of Architecture Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT), Chicago

PROPERTIES OF LIQUIDS

Temperature
Liquid Properties
-30 0 30 60 100 150 210
Water Density (lb/cu ft) 62.42 62.37 62.00 61.20 59.81
Specific Gravity ( = Density / 62.4 ) 1.00 1.00 0.99 0.98 0.96
Kinematic viscosity (sq ft/sec) 0.00 12.17 7.39 4.76 3.20
Specific heat (Btu/lb oF) 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.01
Glycol Density (lb/cu ft) 67.98 67.55 67.11 66.55 65.74 64.68 63.12
Specific Gravity ( = Density / 62.4 ) 1.09 1.08 1.08 1.07 1.05 1.04 1.01
Kinematic viscosity (sq ft/sec) 595.00 190.00 85.40 48.60 22.60 12.50 6.40
Specific heat (Btu/lb oF) 0.70 0.73 0.76 0.78 0.81 0.85 0.88
Brine Density (lb/cu ft) 78.59 78.21 77.71 77.21 76.09
Specific Gravity ( = Density / 62.4 ) 1.26 1.25 1.25 1.24 1.22
Kinematic viscosity (sq ft/sec) 171.70 77.50 34.70 21.80 8.90
Specific heat (Btu/lb oF) 0.66 0.67 0.68 0.69 0.71
Diesel Density (lb/cu ft) 59.20 57.40 56.10 54.90 53.00 51.10
Specific Gravity ( = Density / 62.4 ) 0.95 0.92 0.90 0.88 0.85 0.82
Kinematic viscosity (sq ft/sec) 376.70 161.50 80.70 48.30 29.10 7.50
Specific heat (Btu/lb oF) 0.47 0.48 0.49 0.50 0.51 0.52
Petrol Density (lb/cu ft) 46.10 45.50 44.90 44.70 44.30 42.40
Specific Gravity ( = Density / 62.4 ) 0.74 0.73 0.72 0.72 0.71 0.68
Kinematic viscosity (sq ft/sec) 11.00 9.80 8.80 7.00 5.50 3.00
Specific heat (Btu/lb oF) 0.47 0.48 0.49 0.50 0.51 0.52

PROPERTIES OF HIGH TEMPERATURE HOT WATER Increase in Frictional Pressure Loss

due to Pipe Age
Temp Satur. Density Specific Kinem Sp. Heat Hydraulic Handbook by Colt Industries
deg F Press lb/cu f Gravity = Viscos Btu/lb oF Multipliers
psig Density/62.4 sq ft/sec
212 0 59.81 0.96 3.2 1.0055 Pipe Age Small Medium Large
220 2.5 59.63 0.96 3 1.0068 Years 1” - 3” 4” to 12” 14” - 48”
240 10.3 59.1 0.95 2.7 1.0104 0 1 1 1
260 20.7 58.51 0.94 2.5 1.0148 5 1.4 1.35 1.3
280 34.5 57.94 0.93 2.3 1.02 10 2.2 1.9 1.6
300 52.3 57.31 0.92 2.1 1.26 15 3.6 2.7 1.8
350 119.9 55.59 0.89 1.9 1.044 20 5 3.5 2
400 232.6 53.65 0.86 1.7 1.067 25 6.3 4.2 2.1
450 407.9 51.55 0.83 1.5 1.095 30 7.25 4.73 2.2
35 8.1 5.2 2.3
40 8.75 5.58 2.4
45 9.25 5.93 2.6
50 9.6 6.23 2.86
60 10 7 3

Instructor: Varkie C. Thomas, Ph.D., P.E. Skidmore, Owings Merrill LLP 378586033.xls