PREFACE

Thank to Almighty God's Writing Paper. This paper contains information on

understanding “Cancer” to meet task english. In this paper, contains material about
Cancer, where this cancer is one of the dangerous diseases and also deadly due to
abnormal growth of body tissue cells that turn into cancer cells. In its development,
these cancer cells can spread to other body parts that can cause death.

If in this paper found many shortcomings, the author apologizes as much as

possible. Remember the author is just a human being who did not escape the mistakes,
where everything created by humans must have shortcomings. Therefore the authors
expect criticism and suggestions that are constructive for the perfection of this paper,
and also the authors hope this paper can be useful for the community and its users.

Bandung, 9 November 2017

Nabila Riztina

3112171045

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 TABLE OF CONTENT
PREFACE.......................................................................................................................... i
TABLE OF CONTENT ................................................................................................... ii
CHAPTER I PRELIMINARY ......................................................................................... 1
1. ISSUE BACKGROUND ....................................................................................... 1
2. PROBLEM INDENTIFICATION ........................................................................ 1
3. PURPOSE.............................................................................................................. 2
CHAPTER II DISCUSSION ............................................................................................ 3
1. What is Cancer? ..................................................................................................... 3
2. The symptoms of cancer ........................................................................................ 4
3. Factors that cause cancer ....................................................................................... 4
4. Factors that may increase the risk of cancer .......................................................... 5
5. How to check and treatment of cancer .................................................................. 6
6. The types of cancer ................................................................................................ 7
7. How to prevent cancer ........................................................................................... 7
CHAPTER III FINAL .................................................................................................... 11
1. CONCLUSION ................................................................................................... 11
2. Advice.................................................................................................................. 11
List library ...................................................................................................................... 12

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 CHAPTER I
PRELIMINARY

1. ISSUE BACKGROUND
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential
to invade or spread to other parts of the body. These contrast with benign tumors,
which do not spread to other parts of the body. Possible signs and symptoms include
a lump, abnormal bleeding, prolonged cough, unexplained weight loss, and a change
in bowel movements. While these symptoms may indicate cancer, they may have
other causes. Over 100 types of cancers affect humans. People at all stages of cancer
treatment typically receive some kind of palliative care. In some cases, medical
specialty professional organizations recommend that patients and physicians
respond to cancer only with palliative care.

2. PROBLEM INDENTIFICATION
In writing this paper, the issues to be studied are:

- What is cancer?
- What are the symptoms of cancer?
- Which factors cause cancer?
- Which factors can increase the risk of cancer occurrence?
- How to check and treat cancer?
- The process of spreading cancer to other parts of the body?
- Types of cancer?
- How to prevent cancer?

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3. PURPOSE
Based on the formulation of the above problems, the objectives to be achieved
are:

- Knowing the meaning of cancer.

- Know the symptoms of cancer.
- Know the factors that cause cancer.
- Knowing Factors that can increase the risk of cancer.
- Knowing how to check and treatment of cancer.
- Know the types of cancer.
- Knowing how to prevent cancer

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 CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
1. What is Cancer?
Cancer is a disease caused by abnormal growth
of body tissue cells that turn into cancer cells. In
its development, these cancer cells can spread to
other body parts that can cause death. Cancer is a
term that includes a complex group of more than
different types of cancer. Cancer can affect
almost every organ in the human body. Many
people are surprised to learn that cancer can affect parts of the body such as the eyes
and heart. Each type of cancer is characterized by different causes, symptoms, and
treatment methods. Like other disease groups, some types of cancer are more
common than others. The benefits of screening in breast cancer are controversial.
Cancer is often treated with some combination of radiation therapy, surgery,
chemotherapy, and targeted therapy. Pain and symptom management are an
important part of care. Palliative care is particularly important in people with
advanced disease. The chance of survival depends on the type of cancer and extent
of disease at the start of treatment. In children under 15 at diagnosis the five-year
survival rate in the developed world is on average 80%. For cancer in the United
States the average five-year survival rate is 66%. Cancers are a large family of
diseases that involve abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to
other parts of the body. They form a subset of neoplasms. A neoplasm or tumor is a
group of cells that have undergone unregulated growth and will often form a mass
or lump, but may be distributed diffusely. The risk of suicide in people with cancer
is approximately double.

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2. The symptoms of cancer
Signs and symptoms are both signals of injury, illness, disease – signals that
something is not right in the body. A sign is a signal that can be seen by someone
else – maybe a loved one, or a doctor, nurse, or other health care professional. For
example, fever, fast breathing, and abnormal lung sounds heard through a
stethoscope. A symptom is a signal that’s felt or noticed by the person who has it,
but may not be easily seen by anyone else. For example, weakness, aching, and
feeling short of breath.

Symptoms of cancer in general that arise depending on the type or organ of the
body that is attacked are:

- Changes in bowel habits

- Wounds that do not heal.
- A lump in the breast.
- Changes in moles or striking skin.
- Digestive disorders, such as persistent persistent swallowing.
- Rapid weight loss due to less fat and protein (kaheksia)
- Deaf.
- Pain can occur due to a widespread tumor suppressing the nerves and
surrounding blood vessels, immune reactions and inflammation against the
growing cancer, and pain also caused by fear or anxiety.

3. Factors that cause cancer

A. Hereditary factors
Genetic factors cause some families to have a higher risk for certain cancers when
compared with other families.
B. Psychological factors or emotional
Significant stress can cause a disruption of the body's cellular balance.

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 C. Food factors that contain chemicals
Food can also be another important risk factor for cancer, especially cancer of
the gastrointestinal tract. Examples of the types of foods that can cause cancer
are smoked and acidified foods (in the form of pickles) increase the risk of
gastric cancer. Drinks containing alcohol cause a higher risk of esophageal
cancer.
D. Behavioral factors
Behavior in question is to smoke and consume foods that contain lots of fat
and meat are also preserved alcoholic drinkers. Sexual behavior is to have sex
at an early age and often change couples.
E. Food coloring
Heavy metals such as mercury are often present in contaminated seafood such
as: shellfish, fish, etc. Various foods (sweet and flour) are processed in excess.

4. Factors that may increase the risk of cancer

It is usually not possible to know exactly why one person develops cancer and
another doesn’t. But research has shown that certain risk factors may increase a
person’s chances of developing cancer. (There are also factors that are linked to a
lower risk of cancer. These are sometimes called protective risk factors, or just
protective factors.) The list below includes the most-studied known or suspected risk
factors for cancer. Although some of these risk factors can be avoided, others such as
growing older cannot. Limiting your exposure to avoidable risk factors may lower
your risk of developing certain cancers.

A. Virus
Some types of viruses are closely related to normal cell changes into cancer
cells. This type of virus is called cancer-causing virus or oncogenic virus.
B. Alcohol
Drinking alcohol can increase your risk of cancer of the mouth, throat,
esophagus, larynx (voice box), liver, and breast. The more you drink, the higher

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 your risk. The risk of cancer is much higher for those who drink alcohol and also
use tobacco.
C. Hormones
Estrogens, a group of female sex hormones, are known human carcinogens.
Although these hormones have essential physiological roles in both females and
males, they have also been associated with an increased risk of certain cancers.
D. Obesity
People who are obese may have an increased risk of several types of cancer,
including cancers of the breast (in women who have been through menopause),
colon, rectum, endometrium (lining of the uterus), esophagus, kidney, pancreas,
and gallbladder.

5. How to check and treatment of cancer

"Increased taste sensitivities are more common than a muting of taste," said
Catherine Carpenter, professor of clinical nutrition at UCLA's David Geffen School
of Medicine. "Usually, the type of taste sensitivity encountered is one of a metallic
nature." Changes in tastes often influence a person's food preferences, but treatment
may affect individuals differently, Carpenter noted in a university news release. For
existing suspicions, the checks that can be done are:
- Cytological examination and anatomical pathology
- Test for cancer in the blood
- Rontgen
- Mammography (special rontgen for breast)
- Ultrasonografi / USG
- Endoskopi (inner body tooling)
- Colposcopy (cervical cavity)
- Laparoscopy (observation of the abdominal cavity)
- Photographing body layers with CT Scan, MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
- Surgery (surgery)
- Irradiation (Radiotherapy)

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- Increased endurance (immunotherapy)
- Treatment with hormones
- Organ transplants.
- Stem Cell
- The outcome of treatment depends mainly on the stage or stage of the cancer.

6. The types of cancer

The types of cancer include the following:

- Cervical cancer (cervical cancer)
- Breast cancer
- Malignant trophoblastic disease
- Skin cancer
- Nasopharyngeal cancer
- Lung cancer
- Heart cancer
- Cancer of lymph nodes (Malignum lymphoma)
- Colon cancer
- Blood cancer (Leukemia).

7. How to prevent cancer

Many people believe that getting cancer is purely down to genes, fate or bad luck. But
through scientific research, we know that our risk actually depends on a combination of our
genes, our environment and things to do with our lifestyle, which we’re more able to control.
Cancer is caused by damage to our DNA, the chemical instructions that tell our cells
what to do. Things we come into contact with in our environment, such as UV rays, or
through our lifestyle, such as the cancer-causing chemicals in tobacco, can damage our
DNA. This damage can build up over time. If a cell develops too much damage to its DNA it
can start to grow and multiply out of control – this is how cancer starts. In the UK, more
than 1 in 2 people will develop cancer at some point in their lives. Every year, more
than 350,000 people are diagnosed with the disease. But experts estimate that more

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than 4 in 10 cancer cases could be prevented, largely through lifestyle changes,
such as:
- Not smoking

Picture 7.1

The best way for smokers to reduce their risk of cancer, and improve their
overall health, is to stop smoking completely. How you chose to quit is up to you but
prescription medication and support from a specialist at your local Stop Smoking
Services (link is external) gives you the best possible chance of stopping
successfully.
- Keep a healthy weight

Picture 7.2

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 Keeping a healthy weight can help cut your risk of cancer and other serious
diseases. The good news is that small changes to your lifestyle that you keep up over
time can lead to a reduction in bodyweight.
- Eating a healthy, balanced diet

Picture 7.3

The food we eat can affect our risk of developing cancer, both directly and by
helping us keep a healthy weight. Keeping a healthy weight is the second best thing
you can do to cut the risk of cancer, after not smoking.
- Keep active

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 Picture 7.4

It can be easier than you think to increase your activity levels, even if you don’t
do much at the moment. Making small changes, like taking the stairs instead of the
lift or making short journeys on foot, can really help increase how active you are.
And it’s never too late to start making a difference. Even if you’ve been inactive for
years, becoming more active can improve your health and reduce the risk of cancer.

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 CHAPTER III
FINAL
1. CONCLUSION
Cancer is a very deadly and very dangerous disease and also very deadly
because of the abnormal consequences of body tissue cells that turn into cancer cells.
In its development, these cancer cells can spread to other body parts that can cause
death.
Cancer is a disease caused by abnormal growth of body tissue cells that turn into
cancer cells. In its development, this cancer cell can spread to other body parts that
can cause death. Cancer is a term that covers more complex groups of different types
of cancer. Cancer can affect almost every organ in the human body. Many people are
surprised to learn that cancer can affect parts of the body such as the eyes and heart.
Each type of cancer is characterized by various causes, symptoms, and methods of
treatment. Like other disease groups, some cancers are more common than others.

2. Advice

In this paper there are still many who have not discussed about Cancer.
Therefore, it is expected to other writers who want to raise the same theme, that is
about Cancer Disease, to be better and more detail again in making paper about
Disease, because there are still even many discussion about this paper that I have not
submitted in paper this.

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 List library
1. https://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancer-basics/signs-and-symptoms-of-
cancer.html
2. https://www.webmd.com/cancer/news/20170919/cancer-treatment-can-affect-
your-food-preferences
3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer

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