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PROMPT:

Representation

Policy + Organization

● Communication & power

Questions:

Writing your Project Proposal. Now comes the writing. Please follow this format:

1. State your Research Question at the top of the page.

2. Write a short paragraph about why this is an important question to be able to answer

– i.e., “So what?” or “Why should we care?”

3. List each aspect of the larger research question in it’s own paragraph, and describe

how it fits into the MCS pillars that we have been working on so far. You may want

to assign each of these to a specific student. Please cite at least one reading from the

course so far. These should be in-text citations in a standard citation style.

● What are the current and/or future consequences for passively accepting the collection of

metadata?

○ Access to citizens lives such as personality traits, searching habits, behaviors,

purchases, friends, and family, dreams and aspirations

● How is social media’s privacy policies and infrastructures affecting human behavior and

quality of life? And maintain concentration of power

○ Gold rush for attention

○ Dopamine(is this a drug?)[ lol it’s a neurotransmitter, but it’s tied to addiction]
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○ Dependency

● How is social media being used to empower and disempower citizens?

○ Distraction from critical thinking

○ Citizens in less developed cities with little to no access to social media

- internet infrastructure

- finances needed to access

- the intersectional subjectivity, established by outsiders, of these citizens of less

developed cities/countries, preventing their expressions to be taken seriously

● How is social media affecting how we communicate with others during face to face

contact?

○ Difference between face to face and digital communication

○ Face to face = DEEP COMMUNICATION. Less one can hide.

○ Digital space = More power to choose what to leave in and leave out.

○ Different types of social skills needed

● How does social media influence the social hierarchy?

○ Differences in power(very general term) (the number of likes, followers, friends,

etc.)

○ Credibility (more likes = more credible)

- Influence on constructing a narrative

- Social conditioning
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○ Overshadowing others

- Those with less power are overshadowed

- Superficiality, looks becoming more important than skills and substance

● How reliable are social media results? - How are those results affecting the consumers?

○ Filter bubble. Echo chamber

● How does social media influence one’s identity?(representation → self objectification →

adds to representation → more self objectification)

● How does social media, through facilitating the growth of decentralized, self-media and

algorithmic aggregation, influence the news industry and in turn, change our perception?

○ Duty of programmers making decisions

○ Freedom of the press

● How are users affected by social media policy?

○ Terms of Service

○ Terms and Agreements

- Rights to privacy(tracking via history, cookies/the use of user’s data?)

○ Metadata

● How does social media changes the way we talk through the introduction of tiny

signifiers (emoji)? Revisions are welcomed

1. Flawed mechanics. Without the traditional sense of tactile feedback, typing on a

virtualized qwerty keyboard squeezed into a portrait oriented screen is not an ideal way
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of communicating.

2. Language. Plain words, sometimes, hardly conveys emotions, or just the message

itself. With image-based signifiers, we can communicate much faster, sometimes

vaguely, and more playfully, in the digital media.

3. Culture. How signifiers connect to our culture. And, in different cultures, there are

different types of image-based signifiers that have a vastly different cultural background.

4.Signifiers are not perfect.

5.

● People who don't know of a life that existed without social media

1.

● Social media as social sixth sense?(Break it down into multiple parts)

○ https://www.wired.com/2007/06/st-thompson-4/

○ Human evolution. YOU HAVE UNDERESTIMATED MY POWER ;lol

Research Question:

● How does social media influence the perception of its users through representation,

policy and organization, and communication and power?

● ALTERNATIVE QUESTION: How is social media changing the way users relate to

themselves and others through policy and organization, and how does that affect

representation, communication and power?

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○ Representation

■ How does social media influence the social hierarchy?

■ How does social media influence one’s identity?(representation → self

objectification → adds to representation → more self objectification

○ Policy and Organization

■ How are users affected by social media policy?

■ What are the current and/or future consequences for passively accepting

the collection of metadata?

○ Communication

■ How does social media, through facilitating the growth of decentralized,

self-media and algorithmic aggregation, influence the news industry and in

turn, change our perception?

■ How reliable are social media results? - How are those results affecting the

consumers?

■ How is social media affecting how we communicate with others during

face to face contact?

○ Power

■ New advertising playing field

■ How is social media being used to empower and disempower citizens?

■ What are the con

■ Amount of users, influence.

■ Tool for propaganda

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Research Question:

How does social media influence the perception of its users through representation, policy and

organization, and communication and power?

So what? Why is it important?

Social media platforms are growing at a fast rate and evolving into more reliable sources of

communication. It does not only create a social hierarchy, but also plays a major role in

influencing one’s identity. It is important to understand how the policy and organization in social

media affects us, how we represent ourselves through social media, and how power and

communication plays a part in visibility and the broadcasting of individual voices.

Representation:

Social Media has become part of everyone’s daily life and we are often influenced by

the news we read and see on these platforms. Facebook has become the biggest social media site

with on average, about 936 million daily active users. LinkedIn has also become an increasingly

popular social media platform. While users on Facebook focus on promoting personal

self-presentation and self-expression, LinkedIn takes a much more serious approach and focuses

on professional self-promotion. Both of these platforms are used to connect people, but users

create different identities on each site as a way to appeal to a company, organization or group of

people they may be interested in. Influenced by our idols and celebrities, we try to reshape our

identities to match theirs in order to gain popularity and hope we can become comfortable with

our new identity.

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2.

The social media environment is changing the way individuals are interacting with

information. Social media not only functions as a relayer from news outlet sources but also

functions as an originator (1). Individuals have possessed a role for secondary gatekeeping (word

of mouth), but with social media platforms, the flow of information is more vast; dependent on

the judgments and actions of individuals users within the context of the platform (through likes,

shares, and comments) (1). It's also important to note that within algorithms, individual users

may be less responsible for the flow of information. The impact social media has on individuals

is obvious at this point thus the importance of the role these operators of social media platforms

have at an individual level greatly affects the flow of news and information. Individuals

functioning as secondary gatekeepers of information may have less of responsibility for what

types of information gets shared then one would think. Social media algorithmic responsibilities

of the platform operators carry much responsibility for influence within the platform. It's also

important to note that social media platforms may not carry the same ethical foundational

principles of traditional news outlets where the best interest is to serving communities news and

information. It's important to note that individuals relying on these platforms for information are

depending on platform operators who are constructing algorithms that feed users specific content

at an individual level. This can be seen as problematic, especially if particular types of content

displays a specific of misrepresentation and or fake news, thus only contributing to a larger issue

of an uninformed public, and confirming bias views of existing diverse people and cultures.
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As the amount of social media users increase, so does the potential power for it to serve

as a more direct, visible and diverse medium of communication. The power of social media, such

Facebook, Snapchat, resides in its ability to make the once invisible visible. The nature of the

Internet provides a different information landscape, making it much more difficult to control the

flow of symbolic content within it. For those in power, this creates great difficulty to control the

types of images made available, compared to old communication structures which were once

easier to sensor (5). Social media has already helped to change the conditions of visibility in

environmental politics, affording activist a level of control over the production and distribution

of media images (5). With the ability to produce content and to have direct communication with

viewers without a middleman, activist are able to assure their messages are not misrepresented in

less meaningful frames.

People use social media as a platform to enhance their daily communication. According

to ​Carey​, the transmission view of communication is “defined by terms such as “imparting,”

“Sending,” “transmitting,” or “giving information to others" (15). Echoing to the increase in

power the various social media platforms possesses, which is evidenced by not only their rapidly

expanding user base, but also the power and authority they wields when shaping us, is the

escalating number of policies, such as the end user agreements, or terms and services, that are

bundled with the products and services that require a consent to such piece of convolutedly

written, obscurely laid out contract that ordinary users hardly understand(Willson and Leaver

151). It is fair to say that, in the modern age of interaction, “Exchange of user information,

activity, or attention for free services, applications, is a widespread online business model.”(154)

Behind the exchange of the user’s consent and the service, however, lies the mechanisms that
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turn our recorded acts and communications into assets ready to be dissected and reused.

Compounded by the fact that a lot of these terms and services are formulated in a way that

requires a doctorate to understand or, in worse cases, skippable by simply using the service(152),

the vast majority of users of social media platforms are misinformed on the process in which

they are being turned into data generators, thus fuels the increasing trend of deep data mining

that intrusively extrapolates user’s every digital step and invades personal privacy.
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Teachers Comments:

I like the "how" part of the question. Underline that as a focus on describing the dynamics

at play. ​How does social media influence the perception of its users through representation,

policy and organization, and communication and power?

"It is important to understand how the policy and organization in social media affects us,

how we represent ourselves through social media, and how power and communication

plays a part in visibility and the broadcasting of individual voices." Awesome summary.

This sounds like your three sub-questions.

Clarify Carey transmission view as a theoretical framework for explaining how

communication is this context works… ​perhaps a different theoretical framework..

How might the ritual model might offer you a different perspective?

Perhaps draw from different sources to deepen analysis (Benkler et al., Herrman, Gottfried

and Shearer, Rushkoff, Andrejevic, Greenwald)

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Your project draft should be a written document aimed at facilitating an audible

presentation

Project Draft

Title

Social Media: An Influence on Today’s Perceptions

● What is the title of your presentation?

● social media influences the perception of its users through representation, policy and

organization, and communication and power

Introduction

Hello my name is……

And today we are going to be answering a question around the topic of social media

Introduce yourselves. You can choose to use a pseudonym if you like.

What is the focus of your group, and what research question are you going to answer for us

today?

Why is this an important thing to know about – i.e., so what, why should I care, etc.? This might

be a good place to talk about power and/or social justice.

A clear thesis statement that summarizes your key claims

A preview of what the sections/chapters will be

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Body

Section/chapter 1 (including the following elements - not necessarily in this order)

Question/focus and why it matters

Key findings with citations

Some kind of concrete example from your research to make it real for the audience

A review of key findings at the end

Section/chapter 2, etc.

Conclusion

A reminder of the focus and RQ for the group

A re-iteration of why this is an important thing to know about

A clear thesis statement that summarizes your key claims

A review of what the sections/chapters were and the smaller claims that they each made

A concluding statement about the state of knowledge on this question and what we should think

about it in relation to our lives

Questions

You will end with a period for audience members to ask questions of the group. Aim for around

3-5 minutes.
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Social Media: An Influence on Today’s Perception

Intro Music:

Access link to anyone:

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B4o6kOpWvHAATkdlUTVmSVhnY00

2nd one:

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B4o6kOpWvHAAdkhWb3pqQnkxOG8

Purpose: Arm ourselves in the age of social media? Is this more of an informative piece?

Intro (1:05)

Good afternoon, we have a great show for you today about the influences of social media. I’m

(we introduce ourselves), and we are here to discuss social media’ and​ how it’s reshaping the

way we communicate, relate and understand our world.​ We will be doing this by examining

social media through the different lens of representation, policy & organization, and

communication & power. ​ As social media grows and becomes a bigger part of our everyday

lives, it is important to understand how it’s going to impact the way we live (breath) The way we

represent ourselves online, can be the deciding factor on whether we get that next job or not

(breath) The news article you’re reading on your Facebook wall, might not be news at all. And

what exactly are these terms of services that we are agreeing to? These are just a few examples

of the topics we will be discussing today’ to help get you thinking about how YOU want to

participate in social media.

(First, let’s take a look at social media through representation. Austin, can you tell us a little bit

more about how social media is shaping the way we represent ourselves?
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Body 1:

Representation: (Austin) (2:30)

These days everyone has a social media accounts like Facebook, twitter, Instagram or

LinkedIn. We use social media as a way to represent our identities and shape our persona’s. We

may change our identities depending on who views the content we post and the people we follow

and idolize. We should understand the way that we represent ourselves and how social media

influences us.

In the article Representation by Stuart Hall, he describes representation as “the

production of meaning through language.” We use language as a way to represent ourselves on

these sites and can represent different identities through different social media platforms.

Facebook has become the largest social media site with an average of 1.15 billion daily active

users (5/3/17). On Facebook we promote personal self-presentation and self-expression. Another

site that many people use is LinkedIn which has 433 million registered users and 40% of these

users check their accounts daily. On LinkedIn we present ourselves in a professional

self-promotion. People change their behavior depending on the site they use, they might act

professional on LinkedIn but will act a completely different way on Facebook. The article ‘You

have one identity’: performing the self on Facebook and LinkedIn, by Jose van Dijck, she

explains that in a 2011 survey , out of 300 employers, 91% of employers screened their

employees through Facebook and 70% rejected candidates applying for the job because of

inappropriate behavior and unlikeable traits. So we should understand how the content we post

can affect us. On social media we follow celebrities and people we idolize because we look up to
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them. We notice the popularity they gain from the way they act on these sites. Van Dijck says,

“Following the examples of celebrities’ self-promotion,...many users (especially young adults

and teenagers) shape their online identities in order to gain popularity and hopefully reach a

comfortable level of recognition and connectedness.” We want to be like them but we shouldn’t

change our persona’s to be like them because they gained popularity being themselves so it’s

important to be yourself on social media. It’s not bad to portray different identities through

different social media accounts because we get to express our true selves on sites like Facebook

and twitter but we should understand how we represent ourselves through the language we use

on these sites, the content we post, ‘like’ or share, and how other people can influence our

behavior on these sites. Many platforms use our information, and use algorithms to control the

media that we view and influence us. Here is Tristan to expand on how social media sites do that.

Representation (Tristan): (2:20)

Thanks Austin,

Social media as many of us know has many beneficial aspects that are pretty obvious at this

point. We as individuals are contributors to a vast flow of information that the internet facilitates.

In a 2015 article written by Napoli Philip M, he described social media functions as a news

originator, as well as a relayer from reputable news sources(1). This gives users an opportunity

to become journalists contributing towards the spread of information, which is dependent on user

interaction, likes, shares, retweets etc. It's important to note that within these social media

platforms are constructed algorithms, thus individual users may be less responsible for the flow

of news and information than so it would seem.

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Mark Zuckerberg stated: “A squirrel dying in your front yard may be more relevant to your

interests right now than people dying in africa.” what we see is tailored flow information that is

already pertaining to our views. Eli Pariser chief executive of Upworthy, stated in his ted talk:

The internet shows us what it thinks we want to see, but not necessarily what we need to see.

This can be seen as problematic, especially if particular types of content displays a specific form

of misrepresentation of diverse cultures, contributing towards a sense of truth towards how we

see the world.

Benkler, Yochai, and a few others published an Analysis explaining “how there is a network of

mutually-reinforcing hyper-partisan sites that combine ​decontextualized​ truths, repeated

falsehoods, and leaps of logic to create a misleading view of the world“(4).

This was especially true by their observation of media polarization being asymmetric where

pro-Trump audiences paid the majority of their attention to polarized outlets.

Its interesting to ponder how much trust we put in these platforms to quench our deep thirst to

understand what's going on around us. In 2014, information on facebook conducting social

experiments on its users made its way to many media headlines. In the RadioLab podcast “The

Trust Engineers” Kate Crawford a Principal Researcher at Microsoft Research shared a 2010

experiment conducted by facebook to increase voter turnout during the elections. The study

concluded that if users saw pictures of your friends who had voted, you were 2% more likely to

hit the “i voted” button as well (assuming that they voted). This experiment resulted in 340,000

who wouldn't have voted but had decided to vote from this nudge. Though this may sound like a
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good thing since more people are participating in their civic duty, what stops facebook from

implementing this system design to people who agree to specific political candidates of their

liking, this could elicitate a profound democratic power,”As kate crawford mentions. This raises

questions around policies and terms of services that exist within social media platforms, in which

Wu will share more on this topic.

Body 2

Policy and Organization:

Wu(finished revising):

Thanks Tristan and Austin for giving us an excellent presentation. To add to that, it is crucial to

talk about the effects of policy and organization, which we believe have a profound impact on us

in the forms of contracts and data mining. A way to understand the potential impact is to know

that the majority of us don’t know about what happens to the our digital footsteps. Many of the

reasons why this is happening come down to the fact that ​(breath)​ people are poorly prepared

for the transition from traditional media to contractually established media. Referring to what

Woodraw Hartzog said in his paper, we are not bonded to anything in our consumption of

traditional media. There isn’t any contract to sign when you turning on your TV. However, as

social media saturates our lives, we quickly begin to see contracts, often dubbed as terms and

services, that asks for our obligations regarding copyrights, disputes, and data. While many don’t

ask your agreements when using their services because the act of use is often taken as consent,

every ‘terms and services’ you clicked ‘agree’, presumably without even reading it, is what you

have to do for access to services by subjecting yourself to the company’s overarching data

mining operation that maintains their businesses.

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So, what’s the big deal? I mean --- no one is going to flip through pages after pages of a piece of

agreement that require a phd to comprehend, right? Right!? And you know, all those companies

promised me that my data is in good care. I can just trust those companie. Right!? Well, in many

ways, that is the problem. The vast majority of user, whom with little to no contractual

expectation or experience with laws and regulations, are poorly informed on what the contract

actually said about the policies regarding the utilization of personal data.​ ​On top of that, because

we have no idea what we just skipped, our blind willingness of submitting ourselves to, quote

from Mark Andrejevic, “...increasingly detailed and comprehensive forms of monitoring,” end

quote, has not only lured us to give away our privacy, but also, quote, “(normalizes) commercial

monitoring into the landscape of digital media”, end quote. The most scaring part, however, is

that the contracts are often presented in a so-called“take it or leave it”offer. We are left with

(breath)​ either surrendering ourselves to big data so we can gain access to services, or

disagreeing with it and having no access at all. ​(exhale)​. Ok, I will now let Ken to continue this

chapter and give our thirsty audience some delicious details.

Ken:

Thank you, Wu.

According to the increasing number of users on social media, first of all let’s talk about stacking

up on news; nowadays, Facebook is the obvious news powerhouse among the social media sites,

There are roughly two-thirds (64%) of U.S. adults use the site, and half of those users get new

there amounting to 30% of the general population; YouTube is the next biggest social news

pathway-about half of Americans use the site; 16% of Americans and half of those users say they
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get news on Twitter. People started to use the higher repetition source through social media as

the fact, instead of finding facts through news. Besides something with academic people approve

it, the numbers of people on social media would just tell the truth by seeing whatever have higher

repetition on social media . Above all the facts, social media poorly informed people in multi

ways, not only news like lawsuits, or international cases, but also health stuffs. By the power of

spreading words on social media, it poorly informed people strongly. According to the technique

of data mining, people started to loss of their personal privacy; give yourself 30 seconds, what’s

the most common fact happened in your daily life. Every time you search something on

searching engine, after you go browsing your social media platforms, I am quite sure, the things

that you just searched will pop out on the advertisement parts on the social media platforms, this

is what I really want to tell all of you about, by searching something on place A, and pop out an

ads about it on place B, it is a most easy way to understand losing personal privacy from data

mining. It doesn’t happen locally, it also happens globally, I do remember last time that I

traveled to Asia. the first time that I was just browsing Yahoo homepage, it started to giving me

ads like, how to live in the Pacific northwest, travel master in Seattle, airbnb in Seattle. By

staying in an area for a period, even you travel, social media would still provide things that

related to the area that you stayed. Someone would say, wow it makes our life easier, social

media provide so many sources on different sites, on the other hand, people would say, how can

data mining just happen like this, we lost our personal privacy.

Reconsider at this point, does the social media really helps us ? Or the social media is using us,

or those social media businesses are using us to expand their own profits.

Let's move forward to communication & power, by speaker, Ploy.

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Body 3

Communication & Power

Communication Part: Ploy

Thanks Ken, and again our focus question is “how does social media influence the perception of

its users through representation, policy and organization, and communication and power?” and

now we are moving onto our last part of social media and communication and power.

Social media has become an integral part of today’s communication. People of all ages

participate in the social media world. Small businesses and large corporations use social media

on a daily basis for as little as posting an invitation for an event to selling their products online.

This is due to the ability to get any message across the world in just a few seconds of social

media. ​Social media is very fascinating, yes, but it has changed the way we communicate to

one another.

There are two views of communication, thanks to James Carey. Professor James Carey was an

American communication theorist and a professor at Columbia University. He successfully

developed the second view of communication. Today, we are focusing on the view that Carey

created called ritual (pause). This view focuses on common roots of the word “communication”,

like “communion”, “community”, and “commonness”. ​It actually views communication as a

process that people would adapt into new things that are shared​ within their community.

This,​ then,​ make social media a very powerful tool​ because people are embracing it into their

everyday life.
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As an example, there is a recent study from Ukpabi and Karjaluoto from the University of

Jyvaskyla (Pronounced as hew-vas-ki-la) in Finland shows that the market of e-tourism has

become very prominent in our society. Social network has enabled the companies to share their

photos and videos to promote their packages. ​And nowadays, people actually make their

travel decisions based on what they are most exposed to online. ​Next, Tam will talk about

power within social media.

Power Part: Tam (2:35)

Thanks Ploy, in addition to communication, we also have to ask how social media is shifting the

distribution of power.

Like stated before, with 1.15 (one-point-fifteen) billion daily active users on facebook, another

power that social media possesses, is its ability to make the once invisible, visible. The nature of

the Internet provides ​a​ different information landscape, making it much more difficult to control

the flow of symbolic content within it. This opening of the information highway does present us

with a double edge-sword. On one side of this social media sword, this less regulated way of

information sharing can lead to an overabundance of information. The qualification needed to

produce information is reduced, while your reach is significantly increased (so we can see where

the problem with this lies). With most people getting the majority of their news via social media,

this new information highway can become a source of misinformation. In an article in the

Columbia Journalism Review, Bankler and colleagues introduce us to something most call “fake

news”, which the authors actually argue is​ not quite an accurate term since the intent is not to
 22

spread propaganda or misinformation. ​( breathe) But the phenomenon they are trying to describe

is a way of information sharing, which takes advantage of Facebook advertising dollars, written

with “clickbait” headlines that are controversial, but most of the time sensationalize and taken

out of context. When varying stories centered around the same narratives are circulated through

different platforms, this gives viewers a type of familiarity with these narratives, making these

stories seem more credible, than they really are. (it’s the whole saying, if you hear something

enough times, you’ll start to believe it )

(breathe)

On the other edge of the social media sword however, this opening of the information highway

gives individual voices the ability to produce content, and to have direct communication with

viewers, without a middleman. Libby Lester, a researcher at the University of Tasmania

mentions that ​social media has already helped to change the conditions of visibility in

environmental politics, affording activist a level of control over the production and distribution

of media images.​ Another perfect example of this is the “Black Lives Matter Movement”.

Through the use of social media tools, people have taken matter into their own hands. Some

examples are, the utilization of facebook events to organize protests, use of media features to

post pictures and videos and using the share option to spread these contents a million times over.

The power of these movements would have been greatly mitigated, without the new medium of

communication that social media provides. So, to conclude, ​with the flood of new information

we’re able to create and access​, there is also a flood of junk that comes with it. Without

adequate discernment, a tool that has potential for liberation can become a source of

misinformation and deception.

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Conclusion:

To sum up, social media has become a crucial part within our society. It is now a platform that

more than a billion of people are accessing daily. Social media gives us an access to the world of

new cultural experiences and information at our fingertips. However, it plays a huge role in

shaping people’s identities, and how we represent ourselves. Moreover, the policies we signed,

usually without reading, when joining an online platform were written in a way that stirs

confusion and discourages people from being informed. As a result, unaware by the majority of

the users, tons and tons of data, generated by their every move, are collected by the company

every second without raising a public concern. As we adapt more into this new way of

communication, the possessions of power by these corporations are increasing and may impact

our lives in the near future. At a certain point, participation might not be a choice, but how we

participate can make all the difference. We hope that the information we presented will make

you stop and think for a few seconds the next time you guys are online checking out your

Facebook or Twitter.

Outro Music:

Access to link by anyone(Google Drive):

(Trololo music)

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B4o6kOpWvHAAbnA1VDd3cVhpVzg

2nd choice, better(Google Drive):

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https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B4o6kOpWvHAAbklMeFp0V08xdnM

Work cited:

Dijck, Jose Van. "'You Have One Identity': Performing the Self on Facebook and LinkedIn."
Media, Culture & Society​, vol. 35, no. 2, Mar. 2013, pp. 199-215. ​Academic Search Complete​.
Accessed 16 May 2017.

Gregory, Downey, J. "Digital Labor: The Internet as Playground and Factory."

​Journal of the Association for Information Science & Technology​, vol.
66, no. 6, June 2015, pp. 1303-04. ​Academic Search Complete​, doi:10.1002/
asi.23397. Accessed 24 May 2017.

Hartzog, Woodrow. "The New Price to Play: Are Passive Online Media Users Bound by Terms
of Use?" ​Communication Law and Policy​, vol. 15, no. 4, 4 Oct. 2010, pp. 405-33. ​Taylor &
Francis Online.​ Accessed 15 May 2017.

Hall, S. (1997). Chapter 1: The work of representation. In S. Hall (Ed.),​ Representation: Cultural
Representations and Signifying Practices ​(pp. 13-74). London: Sage Publications & Open
University.

James Carey. ​A Cultural Approach To Communication. ​Routledge, York, N.Y., 1989.

Lester, Libby, and Brett Hutchins. "​The Power of the Unseen: Environmental Conflict, the Media
and invisibility​." ​Sage Journals​ Vol 34.Issue 7 (n.d.): 847-63. Media, Culture & Society.
September-28-2012, 28 Sept. 2012. Web. 16 May 2017.

Napoli, Philip M. "Social Media and the Public Interest: Governance of News Platforms in the
Realm of Individual and Algorithmic Gatekeepers." Shibboleth Authentication Request.
ScienceDirect, 21 Jan. 2015. Web. 15 May 2017.

Pariser. “Beware Online Filter Bubbles Links to an external site.” 2011.

"The Trust Engineers." Radiolab. N.p., 9 Feb. 2015. Web. 23 May 2017.

Benkler, Yochai, Robert Faris, Hal Roberts, and Ethan Zuckerman (Mar 3, 2017) Breitbart-led
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Radio Lab

MPR

Actionable Steps?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yczul_609Gg