FIRST GROUP

DERA FRANA KUSUMA

AND
NAUZIA PRANAWATI

PRESENT

“The dimensions of meaning”

Topics of presentation
• Reference is the way speakers and hearers
use an expression successfully.
• Denotation is literal definition of a word
that might be found in a dictionary.

Reference & denotation

 CONCEPT

WORD OBJECT
MEANING

Triangle of meaning by Ogden and Richards

 A PROFESSIONAL
COOK

CHEF

MEANING
Connotation is the emotional and
imaginative association surrounding a
word.

Connotation
Kinds of connotation:

• Flavor or positive connotation: words that make people

feel good.
• Unfavorable or negative connotation: words that provoke
a negative emotional response.
• Neutral connotation: not good or bad; indifferent; used
when the author doesn’t want to show strong emotions
either way.
For example:
Positive Neutral Negative

That is a That is a nice That is a gaudy

glamorous necklace. necklace.
necklace.

Andi is a little Andi is a child. Andi is a brat.

one.
Sense relations is a paradigmatic relation
between words or predicates.

Sense relations
 SYNONYM ANTONYM

POLYSEMY HYPONYM

Kinds of sense relations

 Synonym

Synonym is a word that means exactly the same as

or very nearly the same as, another word in the same
language.
For example:
Close (informal) = Shut (formal)
Please shut the door!
Please close the door!
 Antonym

Antonym is a word which has opposite meaning.

For example:
Big >< Small
Big: I ever eat big burger.
Small: I have shoes with small size.
 Polysemy

Polysemy is a word that has many meaning, but it

includes a central groove.
For example:
Eye, is a central groove and the branches of eye are
eye care, eye wind, cow eye, and humanizer eye.
 Hyponym

Hyponym is a word whose meaning is summarized

in a broader sense. Parts of hyponym are:
• Subordination is the meaning or extends (vertical). E.g.
flower.
• Co-Hyponym is below or narrow meaning (horizontal)
E.g. roses, orchid, etc.
Lexical (derivational morphology) studies word
formation which produces new words. It changes part of
speech and meaning.
Grammatical (inflectional morphology) studies word
formation related to grammar. It does not change part
of speech and meaning, but give signal grammatical
information

Lexical & grammatical meaning

For example:

 Noun modifies adjective

Happy (Adjective) => Happiness (Noun)
They look happy after winning the competition.
My father does it for my happiness.
 Verb modifies noun
Smoke (Verb) => Smoker (Noun)
Don’t smoke here!
My father is a smoker.

Lexical
For example:

Simple past vs Simple present

A dog barked. A dog barks.
Singular vs Plural
A dog barked. Some dogs barked.

Grammatical
Thank you 