PULMONARY

TUBERCULOSIS
GROUP 2
GAMBOA, JERIZ MARIE M.
GENTEROLA, ZHEAN DRAE G.
GONZALES, ROVELYN C.
GONZALES, ROBERT DOMINIC D.
INTRODUCTION
Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by bacteria
(Mycobacterium tuberculosis) that most
often affect the lungs.

TB is spread from person to person through

the air.

About one-quarter of the world's population

has latent TB.
Introduction
● People infected with TB bacteria have a 5–15% lifetime risk of falling ill with TB.
However, persons with compromised immune systems, such as people living with HIV,
malnutrition or diabetes, or people who use tobacco, have a much higher risk of falling ill.

● When a person develops active TB disease, the symptoms (such as cough, fever, night
sweats, or weight loss) may be mild for many months.

● Without proper treatment, 45% of HIV-negative people with TB on average and nearly
all HIV-positive people with TB will die.
NATIONAL STATISTICS
NATIONAL STATISTICS
GLOBAL STATISTICS
THE NATURAL HISTORY OF PULMONARY TB
I. HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS
❏ A tuberculin skin test
(TST) which is negative,
indicates that a subject
had never become
infected with the
tubercle bacillus.
❏ Pre-disposing Factors
THE NATURAL HISTORY OF PULMONARY TB
II. PRE-CLINICAL PHASE
❏ In the great majority of individuals
who become infected with the
tubercle bacillus, possibly 90%, these
small granulomas remain localized
and quiescent, become encapsulated
with fibrous tissue, and may
ultimately demonstrate calcification
of the central caseum.
THE NATURAL HISTORY OF PULMONARY TB
CYCLE OF TUBERCULOSIS PROGRESSION
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
(Airborne)

INHALATION

IMPLANTATION EXCAVATION

EXUDATION LIQUEFACTION

CASEATION
THE NATURAL HISTORY OF PULMONARY TB
III. CLINICAL PHASE

Common symptoms of active lung TB are:

❏ Cough with sputum and blood at times

❏ Chest pains
❏ Weakness
❏ Weight loss
❏ Fever
❏ Night sweats
 THE NATURAL HISTORY OF PULMONARY TB
IV. OUTCOME

ACTIVE TUBERCULOSIS

Treated with a standard 6 month course of 4
antimicrobial drugs that are provided with
information, supervision and support to the
patient by a health worker or trained volunteer.
Drug resistance emerges when anti-TB
medicines are used inappropriately, through
incorrect prescription by health care
providers, poor quality drugs, and patients
stopping treatment prematurely.

TREATED UNTREATED
LEVELS OF PREVENTION
Primary Prevention

● Sanitation
● Coughing Etiquette
● Immunization BCG (Bacillus Calmette- Guerin) Vaccine
● Environmental control
● Use of Respiratory protective equipment
Secondary Prevention
● Tuberculin Skin Test (TST) or Mantoux skin test
● Chest X-ray
● Interferon Gamma Lease Assay (IGLA) blood test
● Bacteriological examination
○ Sputum smear microscopy
○ Mycobacterial culture
Tertiary Prevention
● Use of TB drugs ● Injectable drugs
○ 1st line TB drugs ○ Kanamycin
■ Isoniazid ○ Amikacin
■ Rifampicin ○ Capreomycin
■ Pyrazinamid ○ Streptomycin
■ Ethambutol ● Fluoroquinolones: for MDR-TB
○ Levofloxacin
○ Moxifloxacin
○ Ofloxacin
END