Effect of Elevated Temperature On Concrete Strength - Civil Engineering Forum

7/17/2017 Effect of Elevated Temperature on Concrete Strength | Civil Engineering Forum
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Effect of Elevated Temperature on

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Effect of Elevated Temperature on

Concrete Strength
Concrete structures could be exposed to high temperatures due to
di erent reasons, mainly during exposure to re; another one
could be when the structure or its elements are a part of industrial
installations.
At high temperatures, Portland cement concretes undergo

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incompatibility between the two ingredients, resulting in damages
ranging from cracking and spalling of concrete surface (short
duration exposure) to the structural element complete destruction
as a result from the loss of its mechanical strength (long duration
exposure).
An experiment is conducted with the following

details:
A concrete mixture was prepared by using ordinary Portland

cement, crushed limestone aggregate with maximum size of 15
mm, and water. A plasticizer was also utilized in order to improve
the workability of the mixture. One hundred and 150 mm cube
concrete specimens were cast and cured in water for 28 days.
Afterwards, they were air-dried in the laboratory for 7 days and
oven-dried at 105 ◦ C for another 7 days. Finally, the specimens
were exposed to high temperatures ranging from 200 to 1200 ◦ C
for 2 h. The heating rate was 1◦C/min. After such a treatment, the
specimens were allowed to cool with a rate of 1◦C/min. Then, the
specimens were stored in dry condition at room temperature for 7
days until testing. The compressive strength of the specimens was RECENT POSTS
determined. The test results obtained from unheated specimens
are 69.2 MPA for 100 mm cube and 76.6 MPA for 150 mm cube. How to Select the Construction
The microstructures of concrete specimens were also examined by Plant?
scanning electron microscope (SEM) analyses after exposure.
Concrete in Compression (ACI
Results of Experiment 318)
Visual inspections
Concrete in Tension: Tensile
Strength of Concrete
The assessment of re-damaged concrete usually starts with visual
observation of color change, cracking, and spalling of concrete
surface. The surface textures of concrete specimens exposed to Structural Design and Limit
States
high temperatures are illustrated in Figure 1. There was no visible
e ect on the surface of the specimens heated up to 400 ◦ C. The
concrete started to crack when the temperature reached to 600 ◦ C, Compacting Factor Test
but the e ect was not signi cant at that temperature level. The
cracks were pronounced at 800 ◦ C and extensively increased at
1000 ◦ C. The cracks highly enlarged and partly spalling of the
sample was observed after exposure to 1200 ◦ C. This can be SUBSCRIBE VIA E-MAIL
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Figure 1. Surface textures of the concrete specimens exposed to high temperatures.
Moreover, the spalling may substantially reduce the load-bearing

capacity of a re-damaged concrete. Furthermore, the concrete
can be broken into pieces often without advance notice due to
thermal explosions. The retained properties of concrete after
exposure to a re can be primarily assessed by observing the color
of the concrete. The inner surfaces of the concrete specimens are
shown in Figure 2. The crushed limestone aggregates used in the
production of concrete became dark pink, pink, o -white, and
white when the exposure temperature increased to 400, 600, 800,
and 1000 ◦ C, respectively. It was observed that the aggregates
completely decomposed and lost their integrity as the temperature
reached to 1200 ◦ C. However, further color image analyses are
required in order to examine the changes in the color of the

cement paste. According to Li et al. straw yellow, o -white, and red
appear when the concrete is subjected to temperatures of 400,
800, and 1000 ◦ C, respectively. Yuzer et al. studied compressive
strength–color change relation in mortars at high temperatures.
They observed that the hue of color changed a little from yellow
into greenish yellow when the temperature rose from 20 to 600 ◦ C,
it was yellow at 600 ◦ C and it became reddish yellow when the
temperature increased from 600 to 1200◦C.
Figure 2. Inner surfaces of concrete specimens exposed to high temperatures
Compressive strength test results
The strength of concrete is a direct requisite of all concrete

structures that resist applied loads. The researchers found that
one of the main e ects of high temperatures on concrete
structures was the reduction in compressive strength of concrete.
The retained compressive strength values of the concrete
specimens after exposure to high temperatures are presented in
Figure 3.
Figure 3. Retained compressive strength of the concrete specimens exposed

to high temperatures.
The retained compressive strength was calculated as the percent

compressive strength of concrete after exposure with respect to
strength of unheated specimen. The test results revealed that the
retained compressive strength signi cantly decreased with
increase in exposure temperature. It slightly reduced upon heating
at 400 ◦ C and there was a sharp reduction beyond that point. For
example, the retained compressive strength values were 82 and
10% when the concrete was heated at 400 and 800 ◦ C, respectively.
When the exposure temperature exceeded 1000 ◦ C, the specimens
started to decompose and lost their binding capacities. The
retained compressive strengths of concrete specimens after
exposure to 1000 and 1200 ◦ C were measured as 1.9 and 0.9%,
respectively.
The reductions in compressive strength of concrete when exposed

to elevated temperatures can be attributed to the dehydration of
concrete by driving out of free water, interlayer water, and
chemically combined water. The loss of physically bound water
signi cantly a ects the mechanical properties of the concrete
exposed to elevated temperatures. The shrinkage due to the

evaporation of water and steam pressure results in cracking and
spalling of concrete. The integrity and load-bearing capacity of the
structure may be imperilled. Furthermore, the explosive thermal
spalling of concrete during re occurs mostly without advance
notice. It should also be noted that the presence of loading during
heating in uences the strength of concrete since the failure mode
is generally thermal spalling when concrete is exposed to high
temperature. The magnitude of concrete creep at elevated
temperatures is much bigger than at room temperature.
SEM micrographs
SEM micrographs of pre- and post-heated concrete specimens up

to 1200 ◦ C are illustrated in Figure 4. The micrographs taken from
the core of the cubes revealed hydrated phases such as CSH gels
(marked CSH) and calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] (marked CH). SEM
studies on concrete specimens exposed to 800 ◦ C revealed
signi cant changes in the microstructure of the concrete due to
the microcracks, voids, partly deteriorated CSH gels, and deformed
CH crystals. The increase in temperature to 800 ◦ C resulted in
several microcracks generally intermingled with voids.
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Figure 4. SEM micrographs of concrete specimens: (a) at

ambient temperature; (b) at 800◦C; and (c) at 1200◦C.
http://www.civilengineeringforum.me/elevated-temperature-concrete-strength/ ◦ 9/14
SEM micrograph of specimen subjected to 1200 ◦ C showed that the

microstructure of the concrete completely disrupted at that
temperature level. The micrograph showed that the carbonation
reaction was completely developed resulting in the decomposition
of limestone aggregate into CaO and CO2. In addition to that, large
amount of gaps were observed in the whole area of the examined
sample. This can be attributed partly to pulverization of the
limestone aggregate and partly to deterioration of the cement
paste. Therefore, the very low retained compressive and splitting
tensile strengths may be attributed to deterioration of the
structure which may make the concrete more susceptible to
further destruction.
Li M., Qian C.X., Sun W., (2004) “Mechanical properties of high-strength concrete after re”,
Cement and Concrete Research
Yuzer N., Akoz F., Ozturk L.D., (2004), “Compressive strength—colour change relation in mortars
at high temperature”, Cement and Concrete Research
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2 comments
SATYA PAUL says:

May 6, 2017 at 5:01 am
very good research work.any how we use jackets with
embedded ceraz wool.the enclosure may be of .2mm
stainless steel sheet.this cover will control the concrete
from atmospheric or plant released gases.i suggest cover
shall be minimum 60 mm for columns,50mm for beams
and minimum 30mm for slabs.although it does not
conform to code of practice.But is important to protect rcc
structures.
Reply
Educademy CE says:
May 7, 2017 at 5:13 am
Thank you very much for the valuable
information
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7/17/2017 Effect of Elevated Temperature on Concrete Strength | Civil Engineering Forum

 Sunday 16th July 2017  

Civil Get hands-on experience with our

Effect of Elevated Temperature Search … Search

Effect of Elevated Temperature on

Effect of Elevated Temperature on

At high temperatures, Portland cement concretes undergo

An experiment is conducted with the following

A concrete mixture was prepared by using ordinary Portland

Get hands-on experience

Figure 1. Surface textures of the concrete specimens exposed to high temperatures.

Moreover, the spalling may substantially reduce the load-bearing

required in order to examine the changes in the color of the

Figure 2. Inner surfaces of concrete specimens exposed to high temperatures

Compressive strength test results

The strength of concrete is a direct requisite of all concrete

Figure 3. Retained compressive strength of the concrete specimens exposed

The retained compressive strength was calculated as the percent

The reductions in compressive strength of concrete when exposed

exposed to elevated temperatures. The shrinkage due to the

SEM micrographs of pre- and post-heated concrete specimens up

RMC Concrete Business

Figure 4. SEM micrographs of concrete specimens: (a) at

SEM micrograph of specimen subjected to 1200 ◦ C showed that the

Cement and Concrete Research

at high temperature”, Cement and Concrete Research

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