Reproduction in Organisms

9. In which of the following pair both the plants can be

vegetative propagated by leaf pieces?
1. The period from birth to the natural death of an organism (a) Bryophyllum and Kalanchoe
represents
(b) Chrysanthemum and Agave
(a) gametophytic phase (b) sporophytic phase
(c) Agave and Kalanchoe
(c) life span (d) life cycle
(d) Asparagus and Bryophyllum
2. In all the methods of asexual reproduction
(a) offsprings produced are genetically identical to the 10. Syngamy means
parents. (a) fusion of similar spores.
(b) offsprings produced are genetically different from the (b) fusion of gametes.
parents. (c) fusion of dissimilar spores.
(c) offsprings produced may or may not be identical to the (d) fusion of cytoplasm.
parents.
11. Estrus cycle is seen in
(d) none of the above
(a) cows and sheep (b) rats and deers
3. In sexual reproduction, offsprings resemble the parents
(c) dogs and tiger (d) all of the above
(a) structurally but not functionally.
12. The terms homothallic and monoecious are used to denote
(b) functionally but not structurally.
(c) both structurally and functionally. (a) bisexual condition (b) unisexual condition
(d) neither structurally nor functionally. (c) staminate flowers (d) pistillate flowers
4. A clone is a group of individuals obtained through 13. Which of the following is a post-fertilization event in
flowering plants ?
(a) self-pollination (b) hybridization
(a) Transfer of pollen grains
(c) asexual reproduction (d) cross-pollination
(b) Embryo development
5. Asexual reproduction is common among
(a) single celled organisms only. (c) Formation of flower
(b) plants only. (d) Formation of pollen grains
(c) animals with simple organization. 14. Viviparity is found in
(d) single celled animals, plants and animals with simple (a) whale (b) lizards
organizations. (c) frogs (d) birds
6. In protists and monerans, asexual reproduction occurs by 15. In flowering plants both male and female gametes are
(a) budding (b) binary fission non-motile. The method to bring them together for
(c) conidia (d) multiple fission fertilization is
7. Development of an egg without fertilization is called (a) water (b) air
(a) gametogenesis (b) metagenesis (c) pollination (d) apomixis
(c) oogenesis (d) parthenogenesis 16. Sexual reproduction can be grouped into _______ distinct
8. The term ‘Terror of Bengal’ is used for states.
(a) Bengal tiger (b) water hyacinth (a) two (b) three
(c) algal bloom (d) aquatic fauna (c) four (d) five
17. The term clone is used to describe such ___________and 25. Select the incorrect statement.
________ similar individual. (a) Anisogametes differ either in structure, function or
(a) chemically, genetically behaviour.
(b) physiologically, chemically (b) In oomycetes, female gamete is smaller and motile, while
(c) morphologically, genetically male gamete is larger and non-motile.
(d) morphologically, metabolically (c) Chlamydomonas exhibits both isogamy and anisogamy
18. In yeast cell division results in a small cell called and Fucus shows oogamy.
(a) bud (b) clone (d) Isogametes are similar in structure, function and
(c) branch (d) offspring behaviour.
19. The end of vegetative phase in plants which marks the 26. Select the incorrect statements.
beginning of the reproductive phase can be easily seen in (a) Cucurbits and coconuts are monoecious plants.
the higher plants when they come to (b) Papayas and date palms are dioecious plants.
(a) flower (b) fertilize (c) Leeches and tapeworms are bisexual animals.
(c) pollinate (d) none of the above (d) Sponges and coelenterates are unisexual animals.
20. Many unicellular organisms reproduce by the process of 27. Which of the following statements is/are correct ?
(a) fission (b) meiosis (i) The genetic constitution of a plant is unaffected in
(c) ovulation (d) regeneration vegetative propagation.
(ii) Rhizome in ginger serves as an organ of vegetative
STATEMENT TYPE QUESTIONS reproduction.
(iii) Totipotency of cells enables us to micropropagate
21. Which of the following statement about animal reproduction plants.
is incorrect ? (a) (i) and (ii) (b) (ii) and (iii)
(a) Species that reproduce sexually cannot reproduce (c) (ii) only (d) All of the above
asexually. 28. Which of the following statement(s) is/are incorrect about
(b) Viviparity, but not ovoviviparity, is common in mammals. internal fertilization?
(c) Male insects can remove spermatophores deposited in (i) Male gametes are motile.
a female by other males. (ii) Male gametes are non-motile.
(d) Oogenesis an d spermatogenesis both occur (iii) Male gametes are produced in large number.
simultaneous in hermaphrodites. (iv) Male gametes are produced in small number.
22. Which of the following statements about animals that utilize (v) There is a significant reduction in the number of eggs
external fertilization is incorrect ? produced.
(a) They are divided equally between terrestrial and aquatic (a) (i), (iii) and (v) (b) (iii) and (iv)
species. (c) (ii) and (iv) (d) Only (v)
(b) Many produce large numbers of gametes to ensure 29. Which of the following statements is incorrect ?
successful reproduction. (i) Bamboo species flower only once in their life time,
(c) The behaviours associated with mating are often highly generally after 50-100 years and produce large number
synchronized. of fruits and die.
(d) The probability of any one egg being fertilized and (ii) In animals, the juvenile phase is followed by
developing into an adult can be low. morphological and physiological changes prior to active
23. Which of the following statement is correct in the process of reproductive behaviour.
fertilization ? (iii) The reproductive phase is of same duration in all
(a) Only one sperm reaches the egg and enters it. organisms.
(b) The entry of sperm activates the egg for completing (iv) Juvenile phase is the period of growth between the
meiosis. birth of an individual till it reaches reproductive maturity.
(c) Two haploid nuclei fuse and immediately divide to (a) Only (i) (b) Only (ii)
produce two nuclei which are again haploid. (c) Only (iii) (d) Only (iv)
(d) Only the acrosome of the sperm enters the egg. 30. Which of these statement(s) is/are correct ?
24. Which of the following definitions about oviparity is (i) Stamens are male reproductive part whereas carpels
incorrect ? are female reproductive parts.
(a) Only birds and reptiles are oviparous. (ii) In Spirogyra, asexual reproduction takes place by
(b) The large amount of yolk provides the nutrients for the fragmentation.
developing embryo. (iii) Vegetative propagation by leaves occurs in sweet
(c) The shell protects the egg from dehydration. potato.
(d) Both oxygen and carbon dioxide can diffuse through (a) (i) and (ii) (b) (ii) and (iii)
the shell. (c) (i) and (iii) (d) All are correct
 303
31. Which one of the following option is correct regarding the MATCHING TYPE QUESTIONS
given statements ?
36. Match column-I with column-II and select the correct answer
(i) The plant was introduced in India because of its
using the codes given below.
beautiful flowers and shape of leaves.
Column-I Column-II
(ii) It can propagate vegetatively at a phenomenal rate and A. Animals which give I. Hydra
spread all over water body in a short period. birth to young one
(iii) It is very difficult to get rid off these plants. B. Animal which produces II. Planaria
(iv) It is associated with flowering plants. bud
(a) Dahlia (b) Water hyacinth C. An animal which III. Viviparous
(c) Azolla (water fern) (d) Mosses shows regeneration
32. Read the following statements and select the correct ones. D. Provides nutrition IV. Placenta
(i) Conidia are the asexual propagules restricted to to the developing
kingdom Fungi. embryo from the mother
(a) A – I; B – III; C – II; D – IV
(ii) A piece of potato tuber having at least one eye (or
(b) A – III; B – I; C – III; D – IV
node) is capable of giving rise to a new plant.
(c) A – III; B – I; C – IV; D – II
(iii) Ginger propagates vegetatively with the help of its (d) A – III; B – IV; C – I; D – II
underground roots. 37. Match the terms given in column-I with their example in
(iv) Fleshy buds which takes part in vegetative propagation column-II and choose the correct option.
are called bulbils, present in Dioscorea, Agave, etc. Column-I Column-II
(a) (ii) and (iii) (b) (i) and (iv) (Terms) (Examples)
(c) (i), (ii) and (iv) (d) (i), (ii) and (iii) A. Binary fission I. Algae
33. Read the following statements regarding sexual reproduction B. Zoospore II. Amoeba
and selects the incorrect ones. C. Conidium III. Hydra
(i) Sexual reproduction does not always require two D. Budding IV. Penicillium
individuals. E. Gemmules V. Sponge
(a) A – I; B – IV; C – V; D – III; E – II
(ii) Sexual reproduction generally involves gametic fusion.
(b) A – II; B – I; C – IV; D – III; E – V
(iii) Meiosis never occurs during sexual reproduction. (c) A – II; B – IV; C – III; D – V; E – I
(iv) External fertilization is a rule during sexual reproduction. (d) A – I; B – IV; C – III; D – II; E – V
(a) (i) and (iii) (b) (iii) and (iv) 38. Match column-I with column-II and select the correct option.
(c) (i), (ii) and (iii) (d) (ii), (iii) and (iv) Column -I Column- II
34. Which of the following statements regarding the given terms (Name of the (Haploid chromosome
are correct? organism) number in gamete)
Runners, Tubers, Offsets A. Ophioglossum I. 23
(a) These are all incapable of giving rise to new individuals B. Rice II. 24
and formation of these structures does not involve two C. Potato III. 12
parents. D. Man IV. 630
(b) These are all capable of giving rise to new individuals (a) A – I, B – II, C – III, D – IV
and formation of these structures does not involve two (b) A – II, B – III, C – IV, D – I
parents. (c) A – III, B – IV, C – II, D – I
(c) These are all capable of giving rise to new individuals (d) A – IV, B – III, C – II, D – I
39. Match the organisms (given in column I) with their
but formation of these structures involves two parents
approximate life span (given in column II) and choose the
for reproduction.
correct combination from the options given below.
(d) These are all incapable of giving rise to new individuals
Column-I Column-II
and formation of these structures involves two parents
(Organism) (Approximate
for reproduction. life span)
35. Which of the following statements regarding the asexual A. Butterfly I. 60 years
reproduction is incorrect? B. Crow II. 140 years
(a) Both mitotic and meiotic division occurs. C. Parrot III. 15 years
(b) It does not contribute to evolution and speciation. D. Crocodile IV. 1 – 2 years
(c) It is uniparental and usually occurs in unicellular (a) A – IV; B – III; C – I; D – II
organisms. (b) A – II; B – III; C – IV; D – I
(d) There is no variation and the offsprings have the same (c) A – III; B – II; C – I; D – IV
phenotype and genotype. (d) A – IV; B – III; C – II; D – I
40. Match the name of the organism given in column I with their 44. Which one of the following pair is correctly matched?
chromosome number in meiocytes choose the correct (a) Onion – Bulb
combination from the options given below. (b) Ginger – Sucker
Column-I Column-II (c) Chlamydomonas – Conidia
(Name of the (Chromosome number (d) Yeast – Zoospores
organism) in meiocyte) 45. Find out the incorrectly matched pair.
(2n) (a) Tuber – Potato
A. Housefly I. 20 (b) Rhizome – Ginger
B. Fruit fly II. 34 (c) Bulbil – Agave
C. Apple III. 8 (d) Leaf buds – Banana
D. Maize IV. 12 46. Match the column I contain structures of male reproductive
(a) A – II, B – III, C – IV, D – I system and column II contains its feature. Select the correct
(b) A – III, B – IV, C – II, D – I match.
(c) A – IV, B – III, C – I, D – II Column-I Column-II
(d) A – IV, B – III, C – II, D – I A. Gamete I. Result of fusion of male
41. Match the organisms given in column-I with their and female gametes
reproductive structure/mode of reproduction given in B. Budding II. Division of body into two
column-II and select the correct option from the codes given equal halves
below :
C. Fission III. Germ cells
Column - I Column - II
D. Fertilization IV. The fusion of male and
A. Sponge I. Tuber
female gametes
B. Yeast II. Offset
E. Zygote V. An unequal division of
C. Potato III. Gemmules
organisms in which
D. Water hyacinth IV. Budding
(a) A – IV, B – I, C – II, D – III individual arises as an
(b) A – III, B – I, C – IV, D – II outgrowth from the parent
(c) A – III, B – IV, C – I, D – II (a) A - I; B - II; C - III; D - IV; E - V
(d) A – III, B – IV, C – I, D – II (b) A - III; B - V; C - III; D - IV; E - I
42. Match the vegetative propagules given in column I with (c) A - III; B - I; C - V; D - II; E - IV
their examples given in column II and select the correct option. (d) A - V; B - IV; C - III; D - I; E - II
Column-I Column-II
A. Gemmules I. Agave DIAGRAM TYPE QUESTIONS
B. Leaf-buds II. Penicillium 47. The given figure shows the members of fungi and simple
C. Bulbil III. Water hyacinth
plants such as algae which undergo asexual reproduction.
D. Offset IV. Sponges
Identify the correct asexual reproductive structures found
E. Conidia V. Bryophyllum
in the members A, B, C and D.
(a) A – IV, B – V, C – I, D – III, E – II
(b) A – IV, B – III, C – II, D – I, E – V
(c) A – III, B – V, C – IV, D – II, E – I
(d) A – IV, B – I, C – V, D – III, E – II
43. Match the definition (given in column I) with their correct
term (given in column II) and choose the correct combination
from the options given.
Column-I Column-II (A) (B)
A. The pollen transferred I. Germination
from one flower to another
B. The process in which II. Pollination Chlamydomonas Penicillium
embryo develops
into seedling
C. Fertilized egg in humans III. Menstruation Mouth
gets implanted in
D. When egg in humans IV. Uterus
is not fertilized process occur (C) (D)
(a) A – II; B – I; C – IV; D – III
(b) A – I; B – II; C – IV; D – III
(c) A – I; B – II; C – III; D – IV
(d) A – I; B – III; C – II; D – IV Hydra Sponge
 305
(a) A-Zoogamete, B-Conidia, C-Bud, D-Gemmule 50. The given figure refers to which type of reproduction in
(b) A-Zoospore, B-Conidia, C-Bud, D-Gemmule yeast?
(c) A-Zoospore, B-Conidiosporangium, C-Bud, D-Gemmule
(d) A-Aplanospore, B-Conidia, C-Bud, D-Gemmule
48. The given figure shows some examples of angiosperms as
A, B, C and D. All these are capable of giving rise to new
offsprings with the help of vegetative propagules. Identify
the correct unit of vegetative propagules present in these
angiosperms. (a) Binary fission (b) Budding
(c) Layering (d) Fusion
Bud Nodes 51. The given figures (A, B and C) are types of gametes of
Leaf scar Buds different organisms. Identify gametes (A, B and C)
Node respectively.

A Adventitious B
root

(A) (B) (C)

(a) Heterogametes, Isogametes, Homogametes

(b) Isogametes, Homogametes, Heterogametes
(c) Homogametes, Isogametes, Heterogametes
(d) Homo/Isogametes, Heterogametes, Heterogametes
52. Which of the following animal is a dioecious organism ?

C D
(a) (b)
A B C D
(a) Tuber Rhizome Bulb Leaf buds
(b) Offset Sucker Stolon Leaf buds
(c) Offset Stolon Sucker Leaf buds
(d) Tuber Rhizome Bulbil Leaf buds
49. The given figure represents the events marked as (A, B, C
and D) in the life of general reproduction. Identify the events
A, B, C and D.
(c) (d)
n

A C
Pre-fertilization Post-fertilization 53. The given figures (i to v) represent the process of binary
B D event
event fission in Amoeba.

fertilization (i) (ii)

2n

(a) A-Gamete transfer, B-Gametogenesis, D-Zygote

formation, E-Embryogenesis
(b) A-Gametogenesis, B-Gamete transfer, D-Zygote (iii) (iv)
formation, E-Embryogenesis
(c) A-Gametogenesis, B-Zygote formation, D-Gamete
transfer, E-Embryogenesis
(d) A-Gametogenesis, B-Gamete transfer, D- (v)
Embryogenesis, E-Zygote formation.
 306
Arrange the figures in the correct sequence and choose the (a) A and B (b) B and C
correct option. (c) A and C (d) B and D
(a) (iv) (iii) (i) (ii) (v) 57. In the given figure of water hyacinth, a structure is marked
(b) (iii) (iv) (i) (ii) (v) as "X". This structure is involved in vegetative propagation
(c) (iii) (v) (ii) (iv) (i) as a unit of vegetative propagules. Identify the type of unit.
(d) (iv) (iii) (ii) (v) (i)
54. Refer the given figures and select the option which shows
its correct interpretation.

A B

(a) Tuber (b) Offsets

(c) Sucker (d) Rhizome
C D
(a) ‘C’ and ‘D’ reproduce by budding that includes nuclear
CRITICAL THINKING TYPE QUESTIONS
division only.
(b) All of these reproduce by the sexual mode of 58. After culturing the anther of a plant, a few diploid plants
reproduction. were found along with haploid plants. The diploid plants
(c) ‘B’ represents multiple fission in an algae. could have arisen from
(d) ‘A’ shows spore formation in a monerean. (a) generative cell of pollen.
55. Which of the labelled parts (X and Y) in the transverse section
(b) cells of anther wall.
of pea plant is/are diploid ?
(c) vegetative cell of pollen.
(d) exine of pollen wall.
59. Seeds are regarded to be the product of sexual reproduction
X because they
(a) can be stored for a long period.
Y
(b) give rise to new plants.
(c) are the result of fusion of male gamete with the female
gamete.
(a) X (b) Y (d) none of the above
(c) Both X and Y (d) None of these 60. If basal half of an onion bulb is removed and upper half is
56. The given figures P (plant Chara) and Q (earthworm) have sown in the ground then the new plant will
label A, B, C and D as their reproductive organs. Select the
(a) emerge normally. (b) not emerge.
option which correctly identifies male reproductive organs
(c) be without leaves. (d) be without flowers.
of the two organisms.

C
A

P Q
 308

ANS W ER KEY
1 (c) 11 (d) 21 (a) 31 (b) 41 (c) 51 (d) 61 (d) 71 (b)

2 (a) 12 (a) 22 (a) 32 (c) 42 (a) 52 (d) 62 (a) 72 (d)

3 (b) 13 (b) 23 (b) 33 (b) 43 (a) 53 (c) 63 (c) 73 (b)

4 (c) 14 (a) 24 (a) 34 (b) 44 (a) 54 (a) 64 (c) 74 (a)

5 (d) 15 (c) 25 (b) 35 (a) 45 (d) 55 (c) 65 (d) 75 (d)

6 (b) 16 (b) 26 (d) 36 (b) 46 (b) 56 (b) 66 (d) 76 (a)

7 (d) 17 (c) 27 (d) 37 (b) 47 (b) 57 (b) 67 (c)

8 (b) 18 (a) 28 (c) 38 (d) 48 (d) 58 (b) 68 (b)

9 (a) 19 (a) 29 (c) 39 (d) 49 (b) 59 (c) 69 (a)

10 (b) 20 (a) 30 (a) 40 (d) 50 (b) 60 (b) 70 (c)

1. (c) Life span is the period from the birth to the natural death of
an organism.
2. (a) Asexual reproduction is a mode of reproduction by which
offsprings arise from a single organism, and inherit the genes
of that parent only. In all the methods of asexual reproduction
offsprings produced are genetically identical to the parents.
3. (b) Sexual reproduction is mostly biparental. It involves meiosis,
gamete formation and usually fertilization also, and introduces
genetic variation in the offsprings and play a role in evolution
of species.
4. (c) Asexual reproduction is a process in which the new organisms
are produced without the formation and fusion of gametes.
In this case, all the genes and genetic contents are received by
the offspring from one parent through mitotic cell division.
Offsprings are genetically and morphologically identical to
the parents and are termed as clones.
5. (d) Asexual reproduction does not involve meiosis, ploidy
reduction or fertilization, and the offspring is a clone of the
parent organism because of no exchange of genetic material.
Asexual reproduction is the primary form of reproduction
for single-celled organisms such as the archaebacteria,
eubacteria, and protists. Many plants and fungi reproduce
asexually as well.
6. (b) In protista and monerans, asexual reproduction occurs by
binary fission. Binary fission is the process which involves
the division of the nucleus followed by that of cytoplasm,
breaking the parent cell which splits into two daughter cells
of approximately equal size.
7. (d) Parthenogenesis is a form of reproduction in which the ovum
develops into a new individual without fertilization. It is
common among insects and certain other arthropods.
8. (b) The excessive growth of a floating plant, water hyacinth
(Eichhorhia crasipes) caused havoc in India by blocking our
water ways. In India, it is also known as ‘Terror of Bengal’.
Water hyacinth grows abundantly in nutrient rich water
bodies and causes an imbalance in the aquatic ecosystem.
9. (a) Leaves of a number of plants develop or possess adventitious
buds for vegetative propagation e.g., Bryophyllum, Kalanchoe,
Adiantum caudatum, etc.
10. (b) Syngamy is the process of fusion of male and female gametes
to form diploid zygote.
11. (d) The females of placental mammals exhibit cyclical changes in
the activities of ovaries and accessory ducts as well as
hormones during the reproductive phase. In non-primate
mammals like cows, sheep, rats, deers, dogs, tiger, etc. such
cyclical changes during reproduction are called oestrus cycle
whereas in primates (monkeys, apes and humans) it is called
menstrual cycle.
12. (a) Homothallic and monoecious are used to denote bisexual
condition. The example includes fungi and plants. Heterothallic
and dioecious are used to denote unisexual condition.
13. (b) Embryo development is a post fertilization event in flowering
plants. The zygote develops into the embryo and ovules
develop into the seed. The ovary develops into the fruit
which develops a thick wall called pericarp that is protective
in function.
14. (a) Viviparous animals give birth to young ones. This includes
all placental mammals. The zygote develops into a young
one inside the body of the female. After attaining a certain
stage of growth, the young ones are delivered out of the body
of the female organism.

15. (c) In flowering plants, both male and female gametes are non-
motile. The method to bring them together for fertilization is
called pollination. Pollination is the process by which pollen
is transferred from the anther (male part) to the stigma (female
part) of th e plant, thereby enabling fertilization and
reproduction. Pollination takes place in the angiosperms, the
flower bearing plants.
16. (b) Events in sexual reproduction may be grouped into
3 distinct stages namely, the pre-fertilization, fertilization
and the post-fertilization events.
17. (c) Clone is an organism or cell, or group of organisms or cells,
produced asexually from one ancestor or stock, to which
they are genetically identical.
18. (a) In yeast cell division results in a small cell called bud. Bud is
a small rounded outgrowth on an asexually reproducing
organism, such as a yeast or Hydra, which is capable of
developing into a new individual.
19. (a) The end of vegetative phase in plants which marks the
beginning of the reproductive phase can be easily seen in the
higher plants when they come to flower.
20. (a) Binary fission is a type of asexual reproduction whereby a
cell (such as an Amoeba) replicates its DNA and splits its
DNA and cytoplasm equally.
21. (a) Many animals reproduce both by asexual and sexual means.
22. (a) Since external fertilization can only take place in an aquatic
habitat, there are no terrestrial animals that use it.
23. (b) Fertilization is a process of the union of male and female
gametes, during sexual reproduction, to form a zygote (or
fertilized egg). Millions of sperms reach the egg but only one
enters it. The entry of sperm activates the egg for completing
the meiosis.
24. (a) The birds and reptiles are not the only oviparous species. A
group of mammals, the monotremes, are also egg layers.
25. (b) In oomycetes female gamete is large and non-motile while
male gamete is small and motile.
26. (d) Sponges and coelenterates are bisexual animals.
27. (d) All the given statements are correct.
28. (c) Statement (ii) and (iv) are incorrect regarding internal
fertilization. Internal fertilization takes place inside the female
after insemination through copulation. In organisms exhibiting
internal fertilization, the male gamete is motile and has to
reach the egg in order to fuse with it. In these even though the
number of sperms produced is very large, there is a significant
reduction in the number of eggs produced.
29. (c) Statement (iii) is not correct. The reproductive phase is not
of same duration in all organisms.
30. (a) Vegetative propagation by buds or notches occurs in potato.
31. (b) All the given statements are related to water hyacinth. Water
hyacinth is a free-floating tropical American water plant which
has been introduced as an ornamental and in some warmer
regions has become a serious weed of waterways.
32. (c) Statement (i), (ii), and (iv) are correct.
(iii) Ginger propagates vegetatively with the help of an
underground stems (rhizomes).
309
33. (b) Statement (iii) and (iv) are incorrect regarding sexual
reproduction.
(iii) Meiosis occurs during sexual reproduction. Meiosis is a type
of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with
half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, as in the
production of gametes and plant spores.
(iv) External fertilization is not a rule during sexual reproduction.
34. (b) Runners, tubers and offsets are all the units of vegetative
propagules in plants. These are all capable of giving rise to
new offsprings. Since the formation of these structures does
not involve two parents, the process involved is asexual.
35. (a) When offspring is produced by a single parent with or without
the involvement of gamete formation, the reproduction is
called asexual. As a result, the offspring that are produced
are not only similar to one another but are also exact copies
of their parent. Only mitotic division occurs in asexual
reproduction.
36. (b) Animals which give birth to young one are called viviparous
animals. Animals (like Hydra) which produces bud as a small
projection to form a complete individual from that is a type
of asexual reproduction called budding. Planaria shows
regeneration. Regeneration is formation of the whole body of
an organism from a small fragment (morphallaxis) or the
replacement of the lost part (epimorphosis). Regeneration
was first discovered in Hydra by Abraham Trembley in 1740.
Placenta is a flattened circular organ in the uterus of pregnant
eutherian mammals which nourish and maintain the foetus
through the umbilical cord.
37. (b) A – II; B – I; C – IV; D – III; E – V
Asexual reproduction takes place in many ways:
(i) Binary fission, e.g., Amoeba.
(ii) Spore formation - by motile zoospores, e.g., Ulothrix,
Chlamydomonas or by non-motile conidia, e.g.,
Penicillium.
(iii) Budding - by external budding, e.g., Hydra or by
gemmules (internal buds), e.g., sponges.
38. (d) A – IV; B – III; C – II; D – I
Ophioglossum – 630
Rice – 12
Potato – 24
Man – 23
41. (c) A : Gemmule is a tough-coated dormant cluster of embryonic
cells produced by a freshwater sponge for development in
more favourable conditions.
B : Budding is a type of asexual reproduction in which a daughter
individual is formed from a small projection, the bud, arising
from the parent body, eg, yeast.
C : Tuber is an underground stem structure which can take part
in vegetative reproduction.
D : Offset is a type of sub aerial or creeping stems. These are
one internode long runners that occur in some aquatic plants.
Breaking of offsets helps in propagation, e.g., water hyacinth
and water lettuce.
42. (a) A – IVI; B – V; C – I; D – III; E – II
Gemmules – Sponges
Leaf buds – Bryophyllum
Bulbil – Agave
Offset – Water hyacinth
Conidia – Penicillium
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43. (a) A : Pollination is the process by which pollen is transferred
from the anther (male part) to the stigma (female part) of the
plant, thereby enabling fertilization and reproduction.
B : Germination is the process by which a plant grows from a
seed, eg, the sprouting of a seedling from a seed of an
angiosperm or gymnosperm. .
C : Uterus is the enlarged, muscular, expandable portion of the
oviduct in which the fertilized ovum implants and develops
during prenatal development..
D : Menstruation is the process in a woman of discharging blood
and other material from the lining of the uterus at intervals of
about one lunar month from puberty until the menopause,
except during pregnancy.
44. (a) Onion - Bulb (Underground stem), Ginger - Rhizome,
Chlamydomonas - Zoospore, Yeast - ascospores
45. (d) Banana is vegetatively propagated by modified stem
(rhizomes).
46. (b) A - III, B - V, C - II, D - IV, E - I
A : Gamete is a mature haploid male or female germ cell which is
able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual
reproduction to form a zygote.
B : Budding is a form of asexual reproduction in which new
individuals form from outgrowths (buds) on the bodies of
mature organisms. These outgrowths grow by means of
mitotic cell division.
C : Fission is a form of asexual reproduction and cell division
used by all prokaryotes (bacteria and archaebacteria) and
some organelles within eukaryotic organisms (e.g.,
mitochondria). In this a unicellular organism divides into two
or more independently maturing daughter cells.
D : Fertilization involves the fusion of male and female gametes
to form a zygote.
E : Zygote is a diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two
haploid gametes; a fertilized ovum.
47. (b) In the given figure of Chlamydomonas (A), Penicillium (B),
Hydra (C) and sponge (D), the asexual reproductive structure
found in them are respectively zoospore, conidia, bud and
gemmules. Zoospore is a motile asexual spore that uses a
flagellum for locomotion. They are produced inside the
zoosporangia and generally naked (without cell wall). Conidia
are non-motile spores produced singly or in chains by
constriction at the tip or lateral side of special hyphal branches,
called conidiophores. They are produced exogenously,
dispersed by wind and germinate directly by giving out germ
tubes. Bud is a small rounded outgrowth on an asexually
reproducing organism, such as a yeast or Hydra, which is
capable of developing into a new individual. Gemmule is a
tough-coated dormant cluster of embryonic cells produced
by a freshwater sponge for development in more favourable
conditions.
48. (d) Vegetative propagation or reproduction is the formation of
new plants from vegetative units (= vegetative parts of the
plant) such as buds, tubers, rhizomes, etc. These vegetative
units are called vegetative propagules. In the given figures of
members of angiosperms (A- Potato; B - Ginger; C - Agave
and D - Bryophyllum), the correct vegetative propagules
present are respectively tuber, rhizome, bulbil and leaf buds.
Tubers: These have buds over their nodes or eyes which
produce new plantlets when a stem tuber or a part of it
having an eye is placed in the soil, e.g., Artichoke, Potato
(also called eyes on tuber).
Rhizomes are main underground stems which store food
during unfavourable conditions. These have buds for formation
of new aerial shoots during favourable conditions. Rhizomes
take part in vegetative propagation due to these buds, e.g.,
banana, ginger, turmeric, Aspidium, and Adiantum.
Bulbils are multicellular fleshy buds that take part in vegetative
propagation, e.g., Oxalis, Agave, Pineapple (Ananas),
Dioscorea (Yam), Lily, Chlorophytum. In Agave, bulbils are
modified floral buds that develop on the flowering axis.
Leaf buds: These leaf buds (adventitious) arise from the
notches present at the margin of leaves in Bryophyllum.
49. (b) The events marked as A, B, C and D in the given figure of life
of general reproduction is respectively gametogenesis, gamete
transfer, zygote formation and embryogenesis.
Gametogenesis is the development and production of the
male and female germ cells required to form a new individual.
The gametes in human males are produced by the testes and
gametes in human females are produced by the ovaries. After
their formation, male and female gametes must be physically
brought together to facilitate fusion (fertilization). Zygote
formation is universal in all sexually reproducing organisms
which depend on the type of life cycle of the organism and
the environment to which it is exposed. Embryogenesis refers
to the process of development of embryo from the zygote.
50. (b) The type of reproduction shown in the given figure of yeast
is budding. In budding, a daughter individual is formed from
a small projection, the bud, arising from the parent body. In
yeast, the division is unequal and a small bud is produced
that remains attached initially to the parent body. Later on
the bud gets separated and matures into a new yeast organism.
51. (d) The type of gametes shown in the figure A (Cladophora, an
algae), B (Fucus, an algae) and C (Homo sapiens) are
respectively homo/isogametes, heterogametes and
heterogametes. Isogamete is a gamete indistinguishable in
form, size, or behaviour from another gamete with which it
can unite to form a zygote. Heterogametes is either of a pair
of gametes that differ in form, size, or behaviour and occur
typically as large non-motile female gametes and small motile
sperms.
52. (d) Figure (d) is Marchantia plant. Marchantia is a dioecious
organism which has the male and female organs in separate
and distinct individuals. They have separate sexes.
53. (c) The given figure shows the binary fission (a type of asexual
reproduction) in Amoeba. The correct sequence of the figures
(i, ii, iii, iv and v) are:
iii v ii iv i
54. (a) Figure A and B shows conidia of Penicillium and zoospores
of Chlamydomonas respectively whereas figure C (Hydra)
and D (Yeast) shows the process of budding, a type of asexual
reproduction. In budding, a daughter individual is formed
from a small projection, the bud, arising from the parent
body.
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55. (c) Both X and Y are diploid in the given figure of transverse
section of pea plant.
56. (b) In both the figures, the structure marked as B (in figure P)
and C (in figure Q) are the male reproductive organs. B and C
is respectively antheridium and testes sac. An antheridium
(or antheridia) is a haploid structure (or organ) producing and
containing male gametes (called antherozoids or sperms).
It is present in the gametophyte phase of cryptogams like
bryophytes and ferns, and also in the primitive vascular
psilotophytes. Testis sac is the pouch containing the testes
and their accessory organs.
57. (b) The marked structure in the given figure is offset. Offsets are
one internode long runners that occur in some aquatic plants.
Breaking of offsets helps in propagation, e.g., Eichhornia
(Water Hyacinth), Pistia (Water Lettuce).Vegetative
propagation is a form of asexual reproduction in plants, in
which multicellular structures become detached from the
parent plant and develop into new individuals that are
genetically identical to the parent plant. For example,
liverworts and mosses form small clumps of tissue (called
gemmae) that are dispersed by splashing raindrops to form
new plants. Bulbs, corms, offsets, rhizomes, runners, suckers,
and tubers are all important means of vegetative reproduction
and propagation in cultivated plants.
58. (b) Anther, a male reproductive organ, is diploid (2n) in
chromosome numbers. As a result of microsporo-genesis,
tetrads of microspores are formed from a single spore mother
cell. They are known as pollen grains after their release from
tetrads. Pollen grain is the haploid (n) small, male gametophyte
covered by two membranes outer ‘exine’ and inner ‘intine’
and divide mitotically to produce a bigger vegetative cell(n)
and a smaller generative cell(n). Therefore, if we culture the
whole anther then we will get both haploid plantlets from
pollen grains and diploid plantlets from anther wall (vegetative
cell).
59. (c) Seeds are regarded to be the product of sexual reproduction
because they are the result of fusion of male gamete with the
female gamete.
60. (b) Bud giving rise to new plant is present towards base of the
onion bulb. So, if basal half of the onion bulb is removed then
new plant will not emerge.