5.

Feed

Feed is the term applied to the distance the tool bit advances along the work for each
revolution of the lathe spindle. Feed is measured in inches or millimeters per revolution,
depending on the lathe used and the operator's system of measurement. Table 3-3 in
Appendix A is a guide that can be used to select feed for general roughing and finishing
operations. A light feed must be used on slender and small workplaces to avoid damage.
If an irregular finish or chatter marks develop while turning. reduce the feed and check
the tool bit for alignment and sharpness. Regardless of how the work is held in the lathe,
the tool should feed toward the headstock. This results in most of the pressure of the
cut being put on the work holding device. If the cut must be fed toward the tailstock. use
light feeds and light cuts to avoid pulling the workpiece loose.Feeds are classified as
follows: -

(a) Longitudinal Feed - It is the feed parallel with the axis of rotation as in case of
turning.

(b) Cross Feed - When the fed is given at right angle to the axis of rotation as in case of
facing

(c) Angular Feed - It is the feed directed at an angle to the axis of rotation as in case of
taper turning.

6.Depth of Cut

It is the advancement (penetration) of the tool in the job in the direction perpendicular
to the surface being machined or the thickness of the chip of material removed by the
tool in one cut. The amount of metal to be removed, type of the tool and the rigidity of
the machine structure determine the depth of cut in turning operations. Depth of cut for
normal roughing operations may be from 2 to 5 mm and for finishing operations from
0.5 to 1 mm.

The depth of cut of job, which has its diameter before cut as ‘D’ mm and is reduced to
the diameter ‘d’ mm after cut in one pass of the tool, will be equal to one half the
difference in diameters. It can be calculated by the following formulae:

Factors Determining Depth of Rough-Turning cut

-Available Stock

-Workpiece of material

-Condition of machine

-Rigidity of workpiece, machine and cutting tool

-Rate of feed

Factors Determining Depth of Rough-Turning cut

- factors due to machining parameters, such as feed rate, cutting speed, and depth of
cut.

- factors due to cutting tool parameters, such as tool wear, tool geometry, tool material,
and tool coating.

- factors due to machining and machine tool conditions, such as dry or wet turning, type
of cutting fluid, method of fluid application, machine tool rigidity, and chatter vibration.

- factors due to workpiece material properties, such as hardness, microstructure, grain

size, and inclusions.