THERMODYNAMICS

AN ENGINEERING APPROACH

Prepared by:
Engr. Joselito A. Olalo, MSME-EE
Zeroth Law
states when two bodies,
isolated from other environment
are in thermal equilibrium with a
third body, the two are in thermal
equilibrium with a third body, the
two are in thermal equilibrium
with each other.
- invented the title of “the zeroth law of thermodynamics
and with the existence of temperature cause”.
The First Law of Thermodynamics is referred to as the
Conservation of Energy principle, meaning that energy
can neither be created nor destroyed, but rather
transformed into various forms as the fluid within the
control volume is being studied.
Also:
1. Conservation of energy principle
2. One form of energy maybe converted into another form or
energy entering system is equal to the energy leaving the
system.
3. In the absence of any work interactions b/w a system and its
surrounding, the amount of net heat transfer is equal to the total
energy of a closed system.
4. For all adiabatic processes b/w two specified states of a closed
system, the net work done is the same regardless of the nature
of the closed system and the details of the process.
 First Law of Thermodynamics

For any system, energy transfer is associated with mass

and energy crossing the control boundary, external
work and/or heat crossing the boundary, and the
change of stored energy within the control volume. The
mass flow of fluid is associated with the kinetic,
potential, internal, and "flow" energies that affect the
overall energy balance of the system. The exchange of
external work and/or heat complete the energy
balance.
 States that the total mass is constant in a system.
 Mass is indestructible.
- means that the mass entering the system is equal to
the mass leaving.
 Forms of Energy

 Kinetic Energy- is energy stored in a system, one of

whose mechanical properties is its speed v.
mv2 Wv2
KE = 2 KE =
2g
 Potential Energy- is the energy stored in the system
(not true of work in general); that is by virtue of the
system’s elevation z above a chosen datum, it
possesses a certain amount of energy that is
potentially available for conversion into work under
idealized conditions.
PE = mgz
 First Law of Thermodynamics

 Internal Energy- the sum of the energies of all the

molecules in a system, energies that appear in several
complex form or the energy stored within the body.
 Work- is that translational energy (not stored in a
moving substance) crossing the boundaries of a system
that could conceivably produce the one and only
effect of raising a weight.
a. For Non-flow Work
Wn = ʃpdV
b. For Steady Flow Work
Ws = -ʃVdp
 First Law of Thermodynamics

Energy Equation

PE1 + KE1 + Wfi + U1 HEAT (Q)

SYSTEM

PE2 + KE2 + Wf2 + U2

WORK (W)
Ein = Eout

W = (PE2-PE1) + (KE2-KE1) + (U2-U1) + (WF2-WF1) + Q

BUT ∆H = ∆U + ∆WF
 First Law of Thermodynamics

Energy Equation

PE1 + KE1 + Wfi + U1 HEAT (Q)

WORK (W)
SYSTEM

PE2 + KE2 + Wf2 + U2

Ein = Eout

W = (PE1-PE2) + (KE1-KE2) + (U1-U2) + (WF1-WF2) - Q

BUT ∆H = ∆U + ∆WF
 First Law of Thermodynamics

Sign Convention
For heat Transferred:
(+) means heat is added to the system
(-) means heat is removed from the system

For Work
(+) If work is done by the system
(-) If work is done to the system
– is a theoretical device that continuously and indefinitely
discharges more energy than it receives, it would violate
the law of conservation of energy because it would be
creating energy.
1. The enthalpy of air is increased by 139.586 KJ/kg in a
compressor. The rate of air flow is 16.42 kg/min. the power
input is 48.28 KW. What is the heat loss from the
compressor in KW?
2. A steam turbine receives 70 lbsf of steam with an
enthalpy of 1600 BTU/lb and a velocity of 100 ft/s. it leaves
the turbine at 900 ft/s and 1320 BTU/lb enthalpy. The
radiation loss is 84000 BTU/hr. Find the horsepower output.
3. Steam enters a turbine stage with an enthalpy of 3628
KJ/kg at 70 m/s and leaves the same stage of an
enthalpy of 2846 KJ/kg and a velocity of 124 m/s.
Calculate the work done ( KJ ) by the steam, assuming 1
kg of steam.
1. It is impossible to construct a heat engine which
operate in a cycle and receives a given amount of
heat from a high temperature body and does an
equal amount of work.
2. No heat engine can have a thermal efficiency of
100%.
 It is impossible to construct a device that operate in a
cycle and produces no effect other than the transfer of
heat from a lower temperature body to a higher
temperature body.
1. Electrical appliances (TV, stereo) use electric power as
input. What happens to the power? Are those heat
engines? What does the second law say about those
devices?
2. Geothermal underground hot water or steam can be
used to generate electric power. Does that violate the
second law?
3. A windmill produces power on a shaft taking kinetic
energy out of the wind. Is it a heat engine? Is it a
perpetual machine? Explain.
4. For each of the cases below determine if the heat
engine satisfies the first law (energy equation) and if it
violates the second law.
a. Qh = 6 kW, QL = 4 kW, W = 2 kW
b. Qh = 6 kW, QL = 0 kW, W = 6 kW
c. Qh = 6 kW, QL = 2 kW, W = 5 kW
d. Qh = 6 kW, QL = 6 kW, W = 0 kW
1. A 30kg iron was put in a container with 14.33 kg water.
The water is at 10degC and the iron has an initial
temperature of 493K until the iron was in thermal
equilibrium with water. Find the change in entropy. Cp of
iron = 0.4 KJ/kg-K
2. What is the total energy (KWH) required in heating to
raise the temperature of a given amount of water when
its energy applied is 1000 KWH with a loss of 25%?
3. What is the temperature in degC of a 2 liters of water
at 30degC, after 500 calories of heat have been added?
4. A mass of 0.2kg of metal having a temperature of
100degC is plunged into 0.4 kg of water at 20degC. The
temperature of the water and metal becomes 48degC.
Assuming no heat loss to the surroundings, determine the
specific heat capacity of the metal in KJ/kg-K?
 states that the absolute entropy of a pure crystalline
substance in complete internal equilibrium is zero at
zero degrees absolute.

An energy interaction which is accompanied by entropy

is heat transfer.
An energy interaction which is not accompanied by
entropy transfer is work.
1. Any device that violates the first law of
thermodynamics is called the “Perpetual Motion
Machine of the First Kind”.
2. Any device that violates the second law of
thermodynamics is called the “Perpetual Motion
Machine of the Second Kind”.
3. Any device that violates the first and second law of
thermodynamics is called the “Perpetual Motion
Machine”.