Qz1.

We may be able to tell whether a stationary point is a local maximum, a local minimum,
or neither by examining the second derivative of the function at the stationary point.

Qz2. The Microsoft Excel Solver combines the functions of a graphical user interface (GUI),
an algebraic modelling language and optimizers for linear, nonlinear, and integer programs.
Each of these functions is integrated into the host spreadsheet program as closely as possible.
Optimization in Microsoft Excel begins with an ordinary spreadsheet model. The
spreadsheet’s formula language functions as the algebraic language used to define the model.
Through the Solver’s GUI, the user specifies an objective and constraints by pointing and
clicking with a mouse, and filling in dialog boxes. The Solver then analyzes the complete
optimization model and produces the matrix form required by the optimizers. The optimizers
employ the simplex, generalized reduced gradient, and branch and bound methods to find an
optimal solution and sensitivity information. The Solver uses the solution values to update the
model spreadsheet, and provides sensitivity and other summary information on additional
report spreadsheets.

Qz3.

Yes it is possible we use Holographic optical elements which are thinner and more
lightweight and have the potential for being very inexpensive in mass production. They
perform multiple functions simultaneously (for example, focusing, beams splitting, and
spectral filtering, all in the same area of the HOE). A HOE can be defined by the object and
reference wave fronts that are used to construct it. We define a set of input wave fronts and a
corresponding set of desired output wave fronts.

Qz4.

The main advantage for analytic solution is that it's exact and gives you more contexts for
what is going on. Having the equation can tell you something than just the output may not tell
you.
The main advantage of numeric solution is that you have to use this a lot since most
problems don't have known analytic solutions .
The numerical solutions can be effectively demonstrated in cases dealing with complex
problems for which analytical solutions cannot be obtained or hand calculations cannot be
made.

This is the major disadvantage of both numerical and analytic solutions, the use of any
analytically or numerical, without the proper understanding of the limitations and
shortcomings can have serious consequences.

Another disadvantage of numeric solution is that it can’t be used as black boxes with input
and output or as numerical recipes.

Analytical solutions
Advantages and Disadvantages
 Analytical techniques provide direct solution and will result in an exact solution, if
one exists.
 Analytical methods usually require less time to find a solution.
 Analytical solution procedure becomes considerably more complex when constraints
are involved.

Numerical solution
Advantages and Disadvantages
 Numerical techniques can be used for functions that have moderately complex
structure.
 It is easy to include constraints on the unknowns in the solution.
 However, numerical methods require a considerable number of iterations in order to
approach the true solution.
 The solution usually is not exact, and therefore it is necessary to provide initial
estimates of the unknowns