Recap from Last Class:

Hazards:

Lava flows
 Pyroclastic fall
 Pyroclastic flows
 Lahars
 Sector Collapse
 Toxic gases

Lecture 1 - Volcano Basics

Lecture 2 - Types of volcanoes

Lecture 3 – Volcanic Explosivity

Lecture 4 – Volcanic hazards

- Volcano monitoring and predicting

Lecture 5
eruptions

  




Hazard & Risk: Hazard Maps
 Volcano Monitoring
 Mount Baker Volcano

Build a volcanic hazard map based on the volcano it’s
topography including rivers/streams, and community
locations, taking into account hazards, vulnerability, and risk
levels.

 Assess the risk i.e. potential loss or damage that might occur to
any given community or location in the event of an eruption.

 List six volcano monitoring techniques, the instruments that are

used, the information each provides, and describe their
relative importance for prediction of volcanic events.

 Characterize the hazards and relative risks to Vancouver and

surrounding areas if Mt Baker erupts.

 Interpret standard eruption warning levels in terms of actions

that should or could be taken, for any given location.
Volcanic hazard:
any potentially dangerous volcanic process (e.g. lava flows,
pyroclastic flows, ash fallout, lahars)
Volcanic risk:
any potential loss or damage as a result of the volcanic
hazard that might be incurred by persons, property, etc.
(e.g. you and your family).

Volcanic hazard: any potentially dangerous
volcanic process (e.g. lava flows, pyroclastic
flows, ash fallout, lahars)

Volcanic risk: any potential loss or damage

as a result of the volcanic hazard that might
be incurred by persons, property, etc. (e.g.
you and your family).

Risk not only includes the potential monetary

and human losses, but also includes a
population's vulnerability
 HAZARD MAPS
State of California Official Hazard Planning

Volcanic eruptions have a much longer warning phase before the onset of eruption,
and eruptions can last much longer than other natural hazards.
Step 1: Geology and Mapping  Hazard Maps

Step 2: Monitoring

Seismology – earthquakes

Ground deformation (volcano changes shape)

Gas emission

Thermal imaging

Lahar flow detection

Satellite observation

Step 3: Prediction and Hazard analysis

Step 1: Geology and Mapping 
Hazard Maps

Map volcanic deposits

 Determine deposit type (lava flow,

mud flow, pyroclastic flow, etc.) and
distribution

 Determine age of deposits and

eruption frequency

 Consider the risk!

Step 1: Geology and Mapping 
Hazard Maps
 VOLCANIC HAZARDS AT
Mt Tongariro LEGEND
39°5'0"S TONGARIRO
Eruption vent active
in last 27,000 years
Lake
Rotoaira

Taupo, NZ
Summit hazard zone
Eruption in last 150
years
Eruption in last 27,000
years
1
Visitor Facilities Te Maari Craters
Ketetahi Hut 1
(in summit hazard zone)
North Crater
Mangatepopo Hut 2
Blue Lake
Oturere Hut 3

Walking tracks Mt Tongariro

Roads
Red Crater
2

Pukeonake Southeast Crater

Half Cone
Pukekaikiore
Mt Ngauruhoe 3

Ngauruhoe erupting in 1975

Many valleys on this map may be at
risk from very hot lava flows and burning
fast-moving pyroclastic flows
- stay out of all valleys in any eruption.
N
Tama Lakes

Lloyd Homer, GNS Science

0 1 2

Kilometres

Tongariro and Ngauruhoe are parts of an active volcano

 ### !$ 


 WHAT TO DO!! VOLCANIC HAZARDS






"

North Crater
SUMMIT HAZARDS Te Maari Craters
If there are any signs of an eruption ! During an eruption there may be gas and
(earthquakes, rumbling, ash-steam flying rocks from recent or new eruption Ngauruhoe

!  cloud or flying rocks):

! Move as quickly as possible down
vents, especially within the Summit Hazard
Zones.
! This zone includes Ketetahi Hut.
off the mountain away from the
Summit Hazard Zones. PYROCLASTIC FLOWS
! Eruptions generate very hot pyroclastic Tama Lakes
! Stay on ridges, out of valleys and flows of ash, rock and gas (burning

 #####

move away from the eruption vent.

! Know where the safer areas are
ground-hugging clouds). These move down
slopes very fast (up to hundreds of km per
hour).
View of Ngauruhoe in the foreground looking northeast
Lloyd Homer, GNS Science

 (ridge lines outside of the Summit

Hazard Zones).
LAVA FLOWS
! Lava flows of molten rock are very hot but
do not move as fast as pyroclastic flows.
! Stay in safe areas until advised
Disclaimer
otherwise by search and rescue ASH FALL Hazard Zones are not definitive.
personnel. ! Any place on this map is at risk from ash fall This map is an interpretation based
in an eruption - this will obscure vision and on historical and geological records.
Volcanic activity may be unpredictable.
make it hard to breath, but is non-lethal.
Step 1: Geology
and Mapping

 Risk Maps

Central zone is a valley


















 

 


KEY
A
B
C
D
E

EOSC114
Step 1: Geology and mapping  Hazard Maps

Step 2: Monitoring
 Seismology – earthquakes
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JypTLDLABzM

 Ground deformation (volcano changes shape)

 Gas emission
 Thermal imaging
 Lahar flow detection
 Satellite observation

Step 3: Prediction and Hazard analysis

 



     
 
 
 Seismology - Earthquakes

Magma rises Rocks crack Surface may crack

USGS
 Seismology - Earthquakes

Most important tool for monitoring and forecasting

Baseline monitoring essential to recognize changes –
anomalous behaviour

MSH, 5 days


 

 

 
Live view of MSH
Step 1: Geology and mapping  Hazard Maps

Step 2: Monitoring

Seismology – earthquakes

Ground deformation (volcano changes shape)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kc_T4buG2gE

Gas emission

Thermal imaging

Lahar flow detection

Satellite observation

Step 3: Prediction and Hazard analysis

 Ground Deformation
(Volcano changes shape)
TM (tiltmeter) - measures
changes in angle of slope
GPS (global positioning system)
measures changes in position
Ground Deformation
(Volcano changes shape)
Ground Deformation
(Volcano changes shape)


Ground Deformation
(Volcano changes shape)


 Ground Deformation
(Volcano changes shape)
Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar: InSAR
measurements by satellites to detect changes in
elevation (cm-m).
Ground deformation
(volcano changes shape)
 Ground Deformation
(Volcano changes shape)

Infilling of the magma reservoir 2004-5.

4/11 to 5/22/2015:
~10 cm of ground deformation
during an intrusion
MSH Interferometry
M. Poland USGS

Surface deformation changes

Red is inflated
Blue is deflated
Step 1: Geology and mapping  Hazard Maps

Step 2: Monitoring

Seismology – earthquakes

Ground deformation (volcano changes shape)

Gas emission
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M5PFLHF3m64

Thermal imaging

Lahar flow detection

Satellite observation

Step 3: Prediction and Hazard analysis

 Gas Emission  Fumaroles
Direct sampling can be done, but it is more
efficient to do it from a distance using
spectrometers that measure amounts of

CO2 (carbon dioxide)

SO2 (sulphur dioxide)

http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-
columbia/meager-mountain-volcanic-
explosion-1.3792808
Reykjanes Peninsula, Iceland - D. Weis 2014
Gas Emission  Fumaroles
Direct sampling

COSPEC FTIR: Fourier transform infra-

red spectrometer
Correlation
spectrometer
Step 1: Geology and mapping  Hazard Maps

Step 2: Monitoring

Seismology – earthquakes

Ground deformation (volcano changes shape)

Gas emission

Thermal imaging

Lahar flow detection

Satellite observation

Step 3: Prediction and Hazard analysis

 Thermal Imaging
Monitoring of temperature range and change

• Infrared monitoring instruments

•On the ground
•Via helicopter

USGS, MSH monitoring

Step 1: Geology and mapping  Hazard Maps

Step 2: Monitoring

Seismology – earthquakes

Ground deformation (volcano changes shape)

Gas emission

Thermal imaging

Lahar flow detection

Satellite observation

Step 3: Prediction and Hazard analysis

 Lahar Detection

Monitoring of lahar and debris flow channels

• seismic or motion sensing systems

• real-time warning
• takes several hours to flow from Mt. Rainier to
Tacoma or Mt. Baker to Sumas/Bellingham

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5x5tZAHEoRU
Step 1: Geology and mapping  Hazard Maps

Step 2: Monitoring

Seismology – earthquakes

Ground deformation (volcano changes shape)

Gas emission

Thermal imaging

Lahar flow detection

Satellite observation

Step 3: Prediction and Hazard analysis

 Satellite Observation
Thermal Ash
pulse tracking

Mt. Spurr

USGS
ESA
SO2 tracking

Global coverage

Rapid repeat
measurements (~15 min.)

Ideal for early warning 
airline routes!

Ideal for remote areas!
USGS. Wicks et al.


 






 










 


 




Step 1: Geology and mapping  Hazard Maps

Step 2: Monitoring

Seismology – earthquakes

Ground deformation (volcano changes shape)

Gas emission

Thermal imaging

Lahar flow detection

Satellite observation

Step 3: Step 3: Prediction, Hazard analysis, and Mitigation

 






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Dormant, but hot. Last small eruption in 1872, last major
eruption ~ 6,700 yrs
 Dominantly intermediate magma composition:
Potential for explosive activity
 Glacier-covered: Potential for lahars
 LANGLEY
SURREY

WHITE ROCK ALDERGROVE ABBOTSFORD

Lahar hazard in
surrounding valleys
 ABBOTSFORD
(160,000 people)

Lava & pyroclastic

flow hazard close
to Mt. Baker – low
risk (uninhabited)
LAHARS

PYROCLASTIC FLOWSUSGS
 Worksheet - Volcanic Hazards Map
 


  






 

 


  



 
 



 



  





 




 





 
 

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Stuart Rankin , Flickr, MSH from plane 2014

 Sunrise over Vesuvius - D. Weis 2014

Next week – Landslides with Brett Gilley

HAPPY THANKSGIVING!