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evolutionary perspective-
-actions designed to harm others in some way some now accept the possibility that genetic factors
-Behavior directed toward the goal of harming may indeed play some role in human aggression.
another living being who is motivated to avoid such -males seeking desirable mates found it necessary
treatment. to compete with other males
successful aggression- drives such rivals away
-face-to-face assaults against others, either verbal or **-males tend to be more aggressive toward other
physical males than toward females
-indirect efforts to harm them through such tactics drive theories (of aggression) suggest that
as spreading malicious rumors aggression stems from externally elicited drives to
harm others
Theoretical perspectives- nature and its origin THE MOTIVE TO HARM OTHERS
DETERMINANTS OF HUMAN AGGRESSION -Theories suggesting that aggression stems
from external conditions that arouse the
basic social factors- words or actions motive to harm or injure others. The most
of other people,either “in the flesh” or
famous of these is the frustration-
as shown in the mass media
cultural factors- norms requiring that aggression hypothesis.
individuals respond aggressively to -the view that aggression stems mainly from an
insults to their honor; externally elicited drive to harm others
personality- traits that predispose -frustration-arouse a strong motive to harm others--
some
leads to overt acts of aggression
people toward aggressive outbursts
situational factors- external world -strongest, or perhaps the only, cause of aggression
such as high temperatures and alcohol
frustration- aggression hypothesis-
**bullying –repeated victimization of specific this theory suggests that frustration— anything
people by one or more other people. that prevents us from reaching goals we are seeking
—leads to the arousal of a drive whose primary goal
PERSPECTIVES ON AGGRESSION: IN SEARCH OF THE
is that of harming some person or object—primarily
ROOTS OF VIOLENCE
the perceived cause of frustration
Terrorism-acts of aggression against innocent Modern Theories of Aggression: The Social
victims Learning Perspective and the General Aggression
Model
social learning perspective-
The Role of Biological Factors: Are We Programmed Human beings are not born with a large array of
to Aggress? aggressive responses at their disposal. Rather, they
must acquire these in the much the same way that
Sigmund Freud- who held that aggression stems they acquire other complex forms of social behavior :
mainly from a powerful death wish (thanatos) we all through direct experience or by observing the
possess behavior of others
-this instinct is initially aimed at self-destruction, but -suggests that whether a specific person will aggress
is soon redirected outward, toward others in a given situation depends on many factors,
including the 1. person’s past experience, the 2.
Konrad Lorenz, a Nobel Prize–winning ethologist- current rewards associated with past or present
suggested that aggression springs mainly from an aggression, and 3. attitudes and values that shape
inherited fighting instinct this person’s thoughts
-depending on their past experience and the
-ensures that only the strongest males will obtain
cultures in which they live INDIVIDUALS LEARN IN:
mates and pass their genes on to the next 1. various ways of seeking to harm others
generation 2. which people or groups are appropriate
social psychologists rejected such ideas: targets for aggression,
3. what actions by others justify retaliation
1. human beings aggress against others in or vengeance on their part
many different ways—everything from 4. what situations or contexts are ones in
excluding them from social groups to which aggression is permitted or even
performing overt acts of violence against approved
them
2. The frequency of aggressive actions varies
tremendously across human societies, so general aggression model (GAM)- A modern theory
that is much more likely to occur in some of aggression suggesting that aggression is triggered
than in others
by a wide range of input variables that influence FRUSTRATION: WHY NOT GETTING WHAT YOU
arousal, affective stages, and cognitions. WANT (OR WHAT YOU EXPECT) CAN SOMETIMES
LEAD TO AGGRESSION
-a chain of events that may ultimately lead to overt
aggression can be initiated by two major: Frustration-aggression-hypothesis
-certain attitudes and beliefs about violence Condescension- expressions of arrogance or disdain
on the part of others
-tendency to perceive hostile intentions in others’
behavior, and specific skills related to aggression -criticism that attacks us rather than our behavior
impact on three basic processes: teasing— provoking statements that call attention
to an individual’s flaws and imperfections, but can
arousal- increase physiological arousal or
be, at the same time, somewhat playful in nature
excitement
affective states—arouse hostile feelings and
outward signs
cognitions—they can induce individuals to
think hostile thoughts or can bring beliefs
and attitudes about aggression to mind