Académique Documents
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Assessment
By David R. Sherrod, James W. Vallance, Arkin Tapia Espinosa, and John P. McGeehin
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Suggested citation:
Sherrod, D.R., Vallance, J.W., Tapia Espinosa, A., and McGeehin, J.P., 2008, Volcan Baru—eruptive history
and volcano-hazards assessment: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007–1401, 33 p., 1 plate, scale
1:100,000.
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endorsement by the U.S. Government.
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copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted material contained within this report.
By David R. Sherrod1, James W. Vallance1, Arkin Tapia Espinosa2, and John P. McGeehin3
Bo
Nuevo Cerro Punta ca
415 s de
Bambito l To
Ch ro P
VOLCÁN iriq rovi
uí nce
P rov
BARÚ
iejo ince
r iq uí V Volcán Boquete
C hi
8°45'
Río Mach
o
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41
a
h as p
DEBRIS-
Río
AVALANCHE
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Ca
Cuesta de
Río
DEPOSITS de
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ua
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LAHAR
oc
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PLAIN
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Paso
Canoas 41
La Concepción
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8°30' ? ? ?
Río David
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PA
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TA
Río P
ER
ICA
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S
HIG
CO
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iedra
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ST
CO
A
RI KILOMETERS
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PA N A M Á
AREA O c é a n o Pa c í f i Bahía d
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OF MAP co uer
tos
Figure 1. Location of Volcán Barú, Chiriquí Province, western Panamá. Province boundary in northeast approximates continental
divide. Shown queried is southern limit of debris avalanche deposits that formed following a prehistoric collapse of Barú. Brown
shading, lahar plain on south and southeast flanks. Base generalized from Instituto Geográfico Nacional, David, 1:250,000 scale,
edition 2.
SUMMIT DOME
Figure 2. View east to Volcán Barú, from 15 km distance. Foreground is hummocky terrain underlain by debris-avalanche deposits
from Barú. Hachured lines approximate the headwall of ancient debris avalanche.
across a range of chemical composition. At Volcán Barú the Perhaps the greatest threat from tephra fallout, and the cause
volcanic rocks are chiefly andesite and basaltic andesite but of most injuries and fatalities, results when thick or wet
include sparse dacite. accumulations collapse the roofs of buildings. Fine tephra
suspended in the air can irritate eyes and lungs, especially
Tephra among the elderly and infants.
Tephra falls reduce visibility. Tephra clouds can create
darkness lasting tens of minutes or more, even on sunny
General description days. The ash can contaminate surface water, plug storm-
As magma nears the surface of a volcano it releases and sanitary-sewer systems, and clog irrigation canals. Even
dissolved gases. The rapidly expanding gas shreds the thin accumulations may ruin crops. Tephra can short-circuit
solidifying magma. If the resulting fragments exit the conduit electric transformers and break power lines, especially if
at great velocity, they are thrust high into the atmosphere. it is wet, sticky, and heavy. Fine ash is drawn into engines,
Volcanologists use the term tephra for such fragments, which clogging filters or increasing wear. Ash ingested by jet engines
range in size from microscopic ash to meter-sized blocks. abrades the turbines and other internal parts and melts in the
As tephra falls from eruption clouds (fig. 3), it commonly is hot engine, causing malfunction and power loss. Even small,
deposited in broad lobate sheets downwind from the volcano. dilute tephra clouds at great distance from a volcano can
A large deposit can cover areas tens to hundreds of kilometers damage jet aircraft that fly into them.
from the source, its thickness and particle size decreasing
away from the vent. The largest tephra fragments fall to the At Volcán Barú
ground within a few kilometers of the vent.
Tephra fallout seldom threatens life except within a few Prehistoric eruptions of Volcán Barú have repeatedly
kilometers of a vent, where it may accumulate to thicknesses spread tephra blankets more than 100 km downwind and
in excess of 1 m. The impact of large fragments close to the deposited thicknesses of 10 to 20 cm at distances 10 to 15 km
vent can cause death or severe injury. Large projectiles, if downwind (fig. 4). A tephra fall of such magnitude can darken
hot, may start fires where falling onto combustible material. skies, cause panic among some residents, and ultimately cause
Lava flows
If magma degasses
sufficiently before reaching the
Earth’s surface, it may erupt
10,10 0 4 8
KILOMETERS
20,10,5,12
Cerro Punta
12, 10
8°50' 7, 10
30
10
5, 5
8 30 Summit
5 20 25, >200
30,8 5, 5 10
15 8
5,5,15 Boquete
10 5?
Volcán
8°45'
10
Cuesta de
Piedra
8°40'
Figure 4. Characteristic thickness, in centimeters, of fallout tephra around volcano. Sample locations show one or more
thicknesses measured from stratigraphic sections. Isothickness lines indicate 3- and 10-cm accumulations of youngest tephra
fall.
passively to form lava flows. Lava flows that have formed at Volcanic gases
Volcán Barú are extremely viscous, blocky, and slow moving.
Such lava flows commonly advance downslope as boulder- All magmas release gases during and between eruptions.
mantled streams of rock tens of meters thick. They move at Volcanic gases include steam, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide,
rates of meters to a few tens of meters per day. Lava flows and trace amounts of several other gases. The gases dissipate
can be extremely destructive but they typically are not life rapidly downwind from the vent but are potentially toxic
threatening, because people can walk fast enough to escape. within a few kilometers of a vent. Gases can injure eyes and
Lava flows on the steep upper slopes of Barú, however, present lungs. In closed depressions, gases that are denser than air,
some local hazards because they are unstable; they could like carbon dioxide, can accumulate and cause suffocation.
avalanche from their snouts to form hot block-and-ash flows The greatest hazards from volcanic gases preceding or during
from which there is little chance of escape. the next eruption at Volcán Barú will be within 1–2 km of
Stubby lava flows of the past few thousand years have built the summit dome or in the moat to the east (fig. 6). These
Barú’s summit dome. They have moved westward, though uninhabited areas likely would be closed to access during
never more than about 2 km from source (fig. 6). In future future eruptions, owing to the overall high hazard there from
eruptions, however, the flow directions may differ. Although several volcanic phenomena.
the ancient avalanche scarp has directed these lava flows
westward, the moat between the scarp and the summit is now
nearly full. If the moat were overtopped, future lava flows Debris avalanches and landslides
could descend the steep eastern slopes of the volcano toward
the town of Boquete. General description
With few exceptions, the area of greatest lava-flow
hazards at Volcán Barú—outward to 5 km—is uninhabited The steep upper slopes of a volcano may be notably
(fig. 6). This area likely would be closed to access during unstable during eruptions. Their failure can create a rapidly
future eruptions owing to the overall high hazard there from moving landslide called a debris avalanche. Magma intrusion
pyroclastic flows, tephra fallout, and volcanic gases. and volcanogenic earthquakes can cause slope instability and
Lahars
General description
Lahars, also called volcanic mudflows and debris flows,
are masses of mud, rock, and water that look and behave much
like flowing concrete. They occur when water mobilizes large
volumes of loose mud, rock, and volcanic debris. They also
form when landslides and avalanches contain or incorporate
enough water to become fluid, a fairly common occurrence.
Lahars, like floods, follow river valleys and then spread
out to inundate floodplains and low-lying areas. They can
travel many tens of kilometers downvalley at speeds of tens
of kilometers per hour. Lahars destroy or damage everything
in their paths through burial or impact. They leave deposits of
B muddy sand and gravel several meters or more in thickness.
Lahars are particularly hazardous because they travel farther
from a volcano than any other hazardous phenomenon except
tephra, and they affect valley floors where human settlement is
usually greatest.
In some instances, lahars clog stream channels or block
t tributaries so that water collects behind the blockage. The
6m impounded water can spill over the blockage, quickly cut a
channel, and catastrophically drain out, generating floods
and yet more lahars that move down the valley. Breaching
of such blockages may occur within hours or months after
impoundment.
Like floods, lahars range greatly in size. The amount of
available water and loose volcanic debris determines lahar
Figure 5. Pyroclastic-flow deposits, Volcán Barú. A, Coarse size. Eruptions can dump millions of cubic meters of sediment
deposit near foot of summit dome, 4.3 km west of summit. into channels that, when mixed with water during subsequent
Exposure is about 10 m high. Large blocks are dense rains, causes lahars. The smallest lahars recur most frequently
hornblende andesite and dacite. B, Finer-grained pyroclastic- (perhaps every few years), whereas the largest recur on the
flow deposit in quarry 10 km west-southwest of summit, near order of centuries to millennia.
Volcán town. Characteristic pale reddish gray color from
oxidation of iron-bearing minerals during cooling. Large
dense blocks are lacking here owing to distance of transport,
At Volcán Barú
and deposit at this distance is slightly pumiceous. Thin light- At Volcán Barú, many streams are incised in steep-sided
colored band near top (t) is tephra-fall deposit, which lies canyons, so the damage from lahars trapped within them will
between dark-gray paleosols. Sequence is capped by another be limited to the canyon itself. The largest lahars may reach
thin pyroclastic-flow deposit.
(topographic moat)
m
ra
d
0 1 2
iu
s
KILOMETERS
to midslope altitudes on the plain from La Concepción to the the summit might also indicate a buildup to an eruption. Steam
Río Caldera, where the canyons broaden and lose topographic explosions are common as magma nears the surface, where
relief (plate 1). In this area the largest lahars can spread more it interacts with ground water. When any of these events are
widely. recognized, emergency-management agencies need to increase
In contrast, the Volcán area, although close to the the level of monitoring and inform people potentially at risk.
volcano, lies upon a broad plain. Lahars from the mouth of A well-maintained seismic network comprising at least
the amphitheater would spread across this plain and then be three stations remains the best single investment for volcano
funneled in the canyons of the Río Chiriquí Viejo and Río monitoring, but other monitoring can be useful once unrest
Macho de Monte (plate 1). Exceptionally large lahars may begins. As of October 2007, Volcán Barú is monitored by
reach to the Río Gariché and then be funneled downvalley nine seismic stations, a network built and managed by the
until they deplete their mass. University of Panama’s Institute of Geosciences. An additional
Landslides and lahars may cause problems for years after monitoring scheme that could be added is a network of
the original eruptions end. Once lahars have filled stream continuously operating Global Positioning Satellite (GPS)
channels with sediment, the streams begin to erode new paths. receivers. A worthwhile real-time GPS monitoring network
The new stream channels can be highly unstable and shift also requires three or four instruments, both for redundancy
rapidly as sediment is eroded and moved farther downvalley. (in the event that a single station fails) and to verify that
signals from one station are not simply a localized nonvolcanic
response. Measurements of gas flux and composition and heat
Monitoring and warnings flux can indicate changes related to magma movement.
The hazard zones described here (plate 1) are defined
broadly. Particular sites that might be affected within each
Future eruptions at Volcán Barú would be preceded by zone cannot be specified in advance. Once precursory activity
premonitory activity such as shallow earthquakes, deformation or an eruption begins, scientists can better define areas likely
of the edifice, increased gas emissions, or steam explosions. to be affected.
Rising magma will cause shallow earthquakes beneath the When an episode of volcanic unrest continues or increases
edifice for days to weeks prior to an eruption. Deformation in intensity, an eruption may be imminent. Local authorities
of the volcanic edifice in areas surrounding the site of a will need to respond by informing residents of the risk or by
future vent commonly precedes eruptions. Changes in the moving them to safe areas away from the volcano. Single
composition, temperature, or volume of volcanic gases dwellings and small settlements are scattered on the flanks
emanating from the area of past fumaroles in the moat near of the volcano. In the event of an episode of continuing or
12
Trachyte
10
Na2O+K2O, IN WEIGHT PERCENT
Trachyandesite
8 Basaltic
trachyandesite
6
Trachybasalt
Summit dome
New analyses
4 Previously published
Underlying lava flow
Recent pumice (past 3,000 yr)
Volcanic edifice
2 New analyses
Previously published
Basalt Basaltic andesite Andesite Dacite
0
50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68
SiO2, IN WEIGHT PERCENT
Figure 7. Silica vs. total alkalies variation diagram. Data from appendix 1, including 22 new analyses and results published
previously by Restrepo (1987) and Rausch (2007). Analyses normalized to 100 percent SiO2, volatile free. Classification grid from
Le Bas and Streckeisen (1991).
jo
0 4 8
Vie
KILOMETERS
í
qu
iri
Cerro Punta
Ch
Río
8°50'
L L
A SUMMIT
DOME
iqu
í o Chir í ie LINE OF
R jo
V
L SECTION
A'
Volcán L
Rí
Boquete
Río C
oQ
DE
BR
uis
ICE
igá
DE IS F
alder
I
8°45'
P VOLCANIC ED
-A SIT
a
Río M
spa
VA S
O
Cha
LA
hé
acho
NC
ric
Río
Ga
IN
HE
de M
LA
Río
R P
Río Maj
AHA
onte
Río D L
Río C
Cuesta de
agu
av i
Piedra
ochea
L
a
8°40'
Río Chiriquí Viejo
Río Caldera
A A'
METERS
3,000
2,000
1,000
NO VERTICAL EXAGGERATION
EXPLANATION
Lahar plain
Alluvium (Holocene) Lahar deposits (Holocene and Pleistocene)
Rocks and deposits near Volcán and in amphitheater Volcanic edifice
Lahars of Nuevo Bambito (Holocene) L Older lava domes and lava flows (Pleistocene)―
Labeled “L” where canyon-wall exposures
Young block-and-ash deposits (Holocene)
are too narrow to show readily on map
Summit lava dome (Holocene)
Pyroclastic-flow and lahar deposits,
Older part (Pleistocene?) sparse lava flows (Pleistocene)
Figure 8. Reconnaissance geologic map of Volcán Barú, from this study. Hillslope shaded-relief base map from topographic maps
of Instituto Geográfico Nacional, scanned by Titan Averstar Inc. and modeled by U.S. Geological Survey.
North escarpment
Mid-distance ridgeline
Figure 9. Photograph of north escarpment showing stratigraphic section comprising sparse interspersed lava flows (labeled)
and thick pyroclastic flow deposits, lahar deposits, and thin tephra fall deposits (all unlabeled areas). View north-northeast from
2,400-m altitude on westside summit trail.
Cerro
(archaeological) 9,820±35
Punta 13,315±40
Respingo saddle
8°50'
Florentina Pit
Palomar Summit roadcut
plantation 370±35 1335±35
roadcut 420±30
465±35 1100±35
Summit 3030±40
Barriles (285±35)
(archaeological) 975±35 8340±30
855±35 Aguacatal
(245±35) Volcán
quarry
Boquete
Volcán
Laguna
8°45' Volcán
Cuesta 0 4 8
de Piedra kilometers
8°40'
Figure 10. Radiocarbon age localities. Parenthetical ages not related to volcanic events, as discussed in text. Site names
correspond to figure 12. Ages in radiocarbon years before present (14C yr B.P.). Laguna Volcán is site dated by Behling (2000).
Ages from archaeological sites were reported by Linares and others (1975), who showed generalized locations (their fig. 3).
[Samples prepared at U.S. Geological Survey Radiocarbon Lab, Reston, Va. Ages determined on July 2, 2007, by mass spectrometric methods at the Center for Accelerator Mass
Spectrometry, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, Calif. Four samples analyzed for per mil variation of 13C from expected value; other samples have presumed value of
-25. Ages calibrated using CALIB radiocarbon calibration program, version 5.0.1 (Stuiver and Reimer, 1993) in conjunction with decadal atmospheric 14C database (Reimer and others,
2004). Probabilities show percentage of the 95 percent confidence age intervals, rounded to nearest 1 percent. Column for calendar ages is in years A.D. unless stated otherwise.]
[All are bulk soil samples. Ages calibrated to calendar years using Calib 5.0.1 software (Stuiver and Reimer, 1993). Probabilities show percentage of the 95 percent confidence, rounded to
(table 3). These paleosols indicate two major eruptive hiatuses
(or nondeposition at this site) in the time after 800 cal yr B.P.,
not including the quiescence of the modern period. A limiting
age from a paleosol beneath the basal fall deposit at Laguna
Table 2. Radiocarbon and calibrated ages for previously published samples thought to date volcanic events, Volcán Barú, Republic of Panamá.
1508
1378
1298
1601
A.D. 988
125
92
894
discussed, though certainly belonging to one of them, is an
age from the youngest tephra-fall deposit found at Barriles, an
Old
Calendar age
1371
98
1157
381
calibrated age (fig. 12). The Barriles tephra deposit likely
Young
0.01
0.74
1.00
0.24
0.99
0.01
1.00
dated from the volcano’s summit area and Cerro Punta (fig.
12). Units at the Aguacatal site that underlie three paleosols
962
349
442
572
652
1,825
1,858
1,056
eruption
The youngest episode, including activity perhaps as
± (1σ)
60
50
740
500
1,020
1,790
yr B.P.
76
88
Beta 95497 2
2
studies.
I-7236 1
Roadcut
Pit
Roadcut
Roadcut
Quarry
0 2 4 KILOMETERS
(Pit section
not preserved)
Episode 4
Soil 1,335±35 B.P.
Volcanic deposits 1,100±35 B.P.
370±35 B.P. 3,030±40 B.P.
465±35 B.P.
Summit roadcut
de1
Palomar iso 2
plantation Ep 975±35 B.P.
roadcut od e3 Summit Pit
E pis
Episode 4
855±35 B.P.
Aguacatal
Volcán quarry
Figure 11. Fence diagram showing schematic distribution of paleosols and volcanic deposits for five sites at Volcán Barú.
Sequence at Volcán quarry is illustrated in figure 13. Sequence at Aguacatal is detailed in table 3.
Table 3. Interpretive stratigraphic section of Aguacatal site, 4.6 km west of Barú summit.
[Possible age spans for eruptive episodes, in calibrated years B.P., from ages compiled in figure 12 and tables 1 and 2. Dormant
periods shown as duration, in years.]
Age or Interval
Inferred style of
Eruptive status inferred time thickness, Unit description Related 14C ages
volcanism at site
interval in cm
ted 2
4
de
(un isode
de
de
)
iso
iso
iso
da
Ep
Ep
Ep
0.02
VB 93 0.98
Aguacatal
0.12
RC 6E 0.03 Volcán quarry
0.85 Age could be assigned to
I-7236 1.00 Barriles habitation site
any of three episodes
0.24
0.74 Laguna Volcán, first volcanic layer downsection
Beta 95496 0.001
0.01
VB 88-1 1.00 Palomar plantation roadcut
0.93
RC 2-3 Flooded forest, Florentina plantation
0.07
0.55
RC 61-1 Pit at summit saddle
0.45
Figure 12. Calibrated ages of the past 1,600 years. Ages with “Beta” prefix from Behling (2000); those with “I” prefix from Linares
and others (1975); all others are data newly reported here. Locations shown on figure 11. Gray box, each sample; horizontal
bars, calibrated ranges; numbers on right, probability. Pink bars depict episodes as interpreted qualitatively from combination of
radiocarbon ages and sequences of paleosols.
Pyroclastic-flow deposit
Episode 1
Paleosol
Tephra-fall deposit
Episode 2
Paleosol
Episode 3
Pyroclastic-flow deposit
Radiocarbon age 855±35 yr B.P.
Tire
Figure 13. Exposure of pyroclastic-fall and -flow deposits in Volcán quarry. Dark-gray paleosols developed on tephra-fall and
pyroclastic-flow deposits. Charcoal within lower deposit yielded an age of 855±35 14C yr B.P. (table 1). Thin pyroclastic-flow
deposit buries upper paleosol. Uppermost layer disturbed during quarrying. Similar view elsewhere in same quarry is in figure 5B.
Episode numbers correspond to those in figures 11 and 12.
20,000
315
N 0
315
N 0
W 270
45
W 270
45
0
20
16,600 m 0
20
225 40 225 40
60 60
180
80
100
90
E 180
80
100
90
E
135
S S
135
15,000
315
0 0
270 270
ALTITUDE, IN METERS
45 45
0
40
12,400 m 0
40
225 80 225 80
120 90 120
160 90
160
180 180
135 135
315 315
0 0
270 270
10,000 0
45
9,700 m 0
45
18 20 40
225 Wind 0 40 225 80
azim 60 120
uth,
Mar 80 90 160 90
10-yr 100
data, 200
Leve
l 6 (7,
600 315
315 m)
0 0
180
135 135
270 270
45 45
225
0
40
80
120 90
7,600 m 225
0
40
80
120
90
160 160
180 180
135 135
5,000
315
N 0
315
N 0
W 270
45
W 270
45
225
0
50
100
150
3,140 m 225
0
50
100
150
180
200
250
90
E 180
200
250
90
E
135 135
S S
0
March 1997–2006 November 1997–2006
Figure 14. Wind rose diagrams showing direction of prevailing wind for dry (March) and wet (November) seasons, averaged from
ten-year period 1997–2006. Data from National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (http://www.arl.noaa.gov/ss/
transport/archives.html). Histograms point toward the direction from which wind blows, as indicated fancifully by animated face
for the November data from 7,600-m altitude.
5
A Note about Remote Sensing
0
PANAMÁ
One of the most powerful volcano-monitoring tools
developed in the past decade has been the use of Synthetic
Aperture Radar (SAR) imagery, obtained from satellites,
Average October winds, to create interferograms showing ground deformation. At
1997–2006 composite volcanoes, the interferograms commonly display a
Bulk volume 5x106 m3 Contour interval 5 mm bullseye pattern owing to increasing amounts of deformation
Height 9 km Maximum thickness 36 mm
in the area above a magmatic conduit. Ground displacements
as small as a few centimeters can be recognized by the method
Figure 15. Hypothetical tephra fallout from 5-million-cubic- of differencing two images taken over a period of days, weeks,
meter eruption at Volcán Barú. Differing distribution is or months. However, if too much time passes in the sequence,
consequence of changes in prevailing wind direction and the coherence between imagery lessens too greatly to be of
strength at different altitudes. Data from U.S. National value for this technique.
Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration. A, Dry Coverage of Volcán Barú by the C-band (radar wavelength
season, average February winds; B, Wet season, average of 5.7 cm) ENVISAT satellite is sparse, so much so that
October winds. Dotted contour (on B) is zero thickness line for suitable pairs of images are unavailable. Also, the dense
a 25 million-cubic-meter eruption that reaches to 14 km height. vegetation on the north, east, and south flanks of the volcano
[Arranged in order of roughly decreasing age, to match table 5. See table 5 for geographic, stratigraphic, and lithologic information. Analyses by X-ray fluorescence at
Geoanalytical Labs, Washington State University, Pullman, Wash. Also shown are normalized SiO2 values, all iron as Fe2+.]
Sample No. S07-VB07 S07-VB46B S07-VB47 S07-VB52 S07-VB55 S07-VB58 S07-VB81B S07-VB101 S07-VB01 S07-VB103 S07-VB104
Major-element analyses (weight percent)
SiO2 60.24 63.02 57.53 58.75 58.16 58.52 54.82 55.62 55.61 58.05 57.75
TiO2 0.601 0.405 0.711 0.631 0.640 0.600 1.040 0.763 0.749 0.661 0.652
Al2O3 17.16 17.47 16.85 17.39 17.47 17.45 17.79 16.55 18.09 17.60 17.47
FeO 4.95 3.31 5.88 5.41 5.23 5.70 6.88 6.55 6.58 6.48 6.35
MnO 0.092 0.065 0.104 0.101 0.092 0.107 0.128 0.122 0.120 0.123 0.126
MgO 3.19 2.23 3.39 3.01 3.97 3.33 4.16 5.30 3.38 3.62 3.59
CaO 6.41 5.05 7.54 6.95 6.92 7.23 7.56 8.23 8.47 7.23 7.33
Na2O 4.01 4.59 3.00 3.76 4.07 3.28 3.86 3.25 3.06 3.17 3.18
K2 O 1.84 1.61 2.40 1.91 1.40 1.96 1.57 1.87 1.88 1.93 1.92
P2 O 5 0.207 0.151 0.241 0.204 0.230 0.187 0.420 0.257 0.257 0.172 0.175
Total 98.19 98.94 97.43 98.69 97.91 97.65 98.12 98.17 98.19 99.04 98.54
SiO2, 61.04 64.37 58.92 59.88 59.25 59.49 55.81 56.46 56.64 58.61 58.61
normalized to
100%, water-
free
Trace-element analyses (parts per million)
Sc 13 8 17 12 14 14 16 21 15 17 18
V 147 90 190 170 160 170 196 206 210 203 195
Cr 59 53 34 30 100 20 88 150 22 25 23
Ni 39 26 24 22 61 27 45 47 17 24 23
Cu 143 45 126 128 105 135 85 86 150 240 149
Zn 68 57 66 68 69 65 86 72 82 68 71
Ga 19 19 21 21 20 20 20 19 20 19 19
Rb 36 37 40 32 24 32 26 44 29 37 36
Sr 1133 1328 1477 1444 1160 1395 1093 1387 1810 1064 1098
Zr 111 91 125 104 105 95 150 142 102 98 97
Nb 6.1 5.5 4.8 4.5 7.3 3.7 11.5 6.1 4.3 3.3 3.8
Ba 1021 1385 1056 1017 888 846 830 1221 1124 907 923
Pb 6 8 7 4 5 8 5 6 7 6 7
Y 8 6 11 9 9 10 16 11 9 12 12
La 25 18 22 21 23 16 35 33 28 13 13
Ce 41 28 53 42 41 25 70 63 46 26 28
Th 3 1 4 3 2 2 4 5 4 2 1
Nd 17 11 22 19 18 13 30 26 21 13 14
Table 4. Analyses showing new major- and trace-element concentrations in Quaternary volcanic rocks from Volcán Barú, Republic of Panamá—Continued.
Sample No. S07-VB108 S07-VB59 S07-VB105 S07-VB107 S07-VB04G S07-VB06F S07-VB601p S07-VB602p S07-VB603p S07-VB88-2 S07-VB93-1p
Major-element analyses (weight percent)
SiO2 58.50 61.67 63.25 59.75 61.24 59.27 59.26 58.90 60.16 59.67 58.03
TiO2 0.647 0.577 0.480 0.618 0.589 0.621 0.608 0.650 0.557 0.555 0.612
Al2O3 17.52 17.05 16.78 17.21 17.17 17.08 17.03 16.88 17.00 16.87 16.77
FeO 6.33 4.43 3.66 5.10 4.55 5.00 5.00 5.36 4.54 4.57 5.18
MnO 0.121 0.086 0.067 0.096 0.086 0.095 0.091 0.098 0.087 0.089 0.098
MgO 3.50 2.53 2.26 3.26 2.81 3.08 3.27 4.04 2.91 2.74 4.12
CaO 7.18 5.97 5.23 6.66 6.10 6.37 6.39 6.84 6.10 6.02 6.77
Na2O 3.19 4.12 4.72 3.93 4.20 3.83 3.90 3.80 3.97 3.89 3.72
K2 O 1.95 2.22 1.45 1.80 1.97 1.86 1.82 1.75 1.88 2.03 1.70
P2 O 5 0.181 0.233 0.165 0.216 0.232 0.228 0.214 0.223 0.204 0.207 0.202
---
Total 99.12 98.90 98.06 98.65 98.94 97.43 97.58 98.53 97.40 96.62 97.19
SiO2, 59.02 62.36 64.50 60.57 61.89 60.83 60.72 59.78 61.76 61.75 59.70
normalized to
100%, water-
free
Volcán Barú—Eruptive History and Volcano-Hazards Assessment
such a trend. Modern and precollapse surfaces are displayed as the in-place volume of the volcano that was excavated by the
hillshade relief models (fig. 17). debris avalanche.
Siebert and others (2004, 2006) estimated a volume Another common method of calculating volume is by
of 25–30 km3 for the debris avalanche using a source-area measuring the extent of the debris-avalanche deposits and
approach. We concur. Subtracting our two surfaces yields estimating their thickness. The area we map as debris-
about 15 km3. To that is added the volumes of features that avalanche deposits from Volcan Baru covers roughly 700
have been emplaced in the amphitheater after it formed: about km2 north of latitude 8°30', or roughly the latitude of the
4 km3 for the lava flows and summit dome and 6 km3 for the Pan-American Highway (fig. 1); it covers some unknown
pyroclastic fans and talus that drape the south and southwest area farther south on the coastal plain. The deposit thickness
flanks of the recent dome. The resulting volume, about 25 exceeds 50 m near the source and is more than 20 m thick
km3—or 20–30 km3 if expressed as one significant figure—is in the few areas where we have seen the lower contact. The
Figure 16. Circles as approximations for topographic contours at Volcán Barú.
A m radius
B
8.3 k
7 km
6
4.8 k
m
4.15
km
Centers of
35
circles 00
AREA OF AMPHITHEATER 30
00
250
0
200
0
150
0
AREA OF VOLCÁN BARÚ DEPOSITS
0 5 10
100
kilometers 0
Figure 16. Method for determining precollapse shape of Volcán Barú. A, Circles as good approximations for topographic
contours. B, Precollapse contours, showing altitude in meters.
A B
4.7 km
Figure 17. Hillslope shaded-relief images for Volcán Barú, from digital elevation models. View broadly east; north to left. A,
modern volcano, using existing topographic contours. B, Prior to gutting by debris-avalanche, from contours in figure 16B.
reconnaissance nature of our preliminary investigation carries The Cerro Punta site also had samples taken from two
large uncertainties for areal extent and average thickness. A cuts. A layer of white pumice and admixed soil forms a layer
deposit volume of 25–35 km3 is estimated, but the analytical at 15–30 cm depth in one cut; whereas at the other cut, nearly
error may exceed 30 percent. soil-free pumice forms a layer at 20–25 cm depth. Presumably
the two pumice zones are correlative. The samples actually
dated are from depths 40–50 cm and 50–60 cm, respectively,
Appendix 3. Linares radiocarbon ages or 10–15 cm deeper than the tephra fallout zones in the
two cuts. The ages are 1,635±90 and 1,350±85 14C yr B.P.,
from samples I-6523 and I-7260, respectively. They provide
Fifteen radiocarbon ages, referred to herein as the Linares maximum ages for the overlying tephra bed, which must be
ages, were published in conjunction with archaeological younger. During our field work we recognized four major
investigations in the area southwest and northwest of Volcán volcanic episodes occurring after the development of paleosols
Barú (Linares and others, 1975). Dating was conducted at of 1,350 14C yr or younger by combining our knowledge of
the Teledyne Isotopes laboratory (sample prefix I) and the deposits, paleosols, and radiocarbon ages. The Cerro Punta
Smithsonian Institution Radiation Biology laboratory (prefix young tephra-fall deposit probably correlates with the younger
SI). The stratigraphic setting of the samples appeared in an two or three episodes (not the oldest), in order for sufficient
unpublished geologic report (Stewart, 1978), sketches of time to create a paleosol 10–15 cm thick above the soil sample
which were later included in an assessment of the geologic dated from the Cerro Punta site.
hazards of the Volcán Barú area (figs. 10A–D in Universidad The 1,350 14C-yr B.P. age (A.D. 600 if left uncalibrated)
Tecnológica de Panamá, 1992, p. 43–44). Of these ages, only from the Cerro Punta archaeological site was interpreted by
the youngest (740±150 14C yr B.P.) has a convincing relation Linares and her colleagues as if it corresponded to a volcanic-
to primary volcanic deposits. event date. They concluded that “a massive eruption of Volcán
As best we can tell, the Linares samples were bulk Barú unquestionably terminated all human activities at Cerro
soil samples collected across 10- or 20-cm depth intervals. Punta, around A.D. 600” (Linares and others, 1975, p. 144).
Samples were collected from two cuts in the Barriles area. We cannot judge the exodus, but if it occurred in response
The youngest age was from sample I-7263 at 10–20 cm depth, to the tephra bed that lies stratigraphically above the dated
corresponding to a stratigraphic layer described as “part sample, its timing would have been sometime after and
pumice, part soil; medium yellow pumice.” We interpret the perhaps much later than A.D. 600.
description thus: slightly weathered pumice lapilli admixed
with soil in a zone ≤10 cm thick. The deposit is probably
the youngest tephra fall preserved at that site. Whether it
records the youngest volcanic event at Volcán Barú depends Appendix 4. New radiocarbon ages
on the vagaries of wind at the time of a given eruption or unrelated to volcanic events
the possibility that younger deposits have been removed or
so greatly disrupted that they have gone unrecognized. The
radiometric age, 740±150 14C yr B.P., has such large error that To avoid confusion, the two new radiocarbon ages from
the deposit may belong to any of several volcanic events of the samples thought unrelated to volcanic activity are listed
past 1,000 years. separately (table 6) and shown parenthetically on the sample
NEXT PAGE: Table 6. Radiocarbon and calibrated ages for samples unrelated to volcanic events, Volcán Barú,
Republic of Panamá.
Table 7. Locations for radiocarbon samples collected January–February 2007, Volcán Barú, Republic of Panamá.
[First two samples not related to volcanic episodes. Locations accurate to about 30 m (two to three times the stated precision of handheld GPS
device). Altitude is orthometric altitude, read from map sheet after plotting location and interpolated to nearest 10 m.]
14
Longitude, Latitude, Altitude, C age,
Lab No. Sample No. WGS84 WGS84 meters Material dated yr B.P. ± (1σ)
WW6188 S07-VB83B -82.6746 8.7873 1370 wood 245 35
WW6190 RC-86-1 -82.6324 8.7993 1460 charred wood 285 35
WW6166 RC-61-1 -82.5352 8.8073 3280 charcoal 370 35
WW6189 RC-2-3 -82.6313 8.8157 1530 wood 420 30
WW6162 S07-VB88-1 -82.6383 8.7996 1490 charcoal 465 35
WW6165 RC-6E -82.6251 8.7828 1450 charcoal 855 35
WW6171 S07-VB93 -82.5843 8.8020 1990 charcoal 975 35
WW6168 RC-62-0 -82.5337 8.8103 3230 charcoal 1,345 30
WW6169 RC-62-1 -82.5337 8.8103 3230 charcoal 1,100 35
WW6167 RC-62-2 -82.5337 8.8103 3230 charcoal 3,030 40
WW6161 S07-VB56A -82.5014 8.7965 2220 charcoal 8,340 30
WW6164 S07-VB98-2 -82.5330 8.8449 2460 charcoal 9,825 30
WW6163 S07-VB98-1 -82.5330 8.8449 2460 charcoal 13,315 40
I-7260 4 BU-17 bulk soil 1,350 85 1,067 1,405 1.00 A.D. 833 A.D. 545
organics
Beta 95499 5 126 cm depth organic 2,860 50 2,854 3,084 0.91 905 B.C. 1135 B.C.
3,088 3,157 0.09 1139 B.C. 1208 B.C.
1
Samples with Lab prefix WW prepared at U.S. Geological Survey Radiocarbon Lab, Reston, Va., as part of this report. Ages determined on July 2, 2007, by
mass spectrometric methods at the Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, Calif. Presumed value for
δ13C is -25 per mil.
2
Sample is root(?) collected 75 cm below ground surface near base of third paleosol downsection.
3
Sample is from lahar deposit.
4
Sample with Lab prefix I was reported by Linares and others (1975).
5
Sample with Lab prefix Beta was collected and analyzed by Hermann Behling, from near the base of a 130-cm-deep core at Laguna Volcán (Behling, 2000).
31
Figure 18. Stratigraphic setting of radiocarbon samples collected January–February 2007 at Volcán Barú, Republic of Panamá. A,
S07-VB83B; B, RC-86-1; C, RC-61-1; D, RC-2-3; E, S07-VB88-1; F, RC-62-0, RC-62-1, and RC-62-2; G, S07-VB56A; H, S07-VB98-2 and
S07-VB98-1. Figure 18D, RC-2-3
A Interval D Interval
thickness, thickness,
in cm in cm
Lahar
200
Sand and gravel
200-
300
RC-86-1:
285±35
14 25
C yr B.P. Alluvium
F Interval Depth to
thickness, sample,
in cm in cm
1 20
12 60
2
0
70 Soil, dark brown
50 Fallout, pumice+lithic lapilli
RC-62-0: Soil, dark brown
1,345±30 22 Ash, thin
14
C yr B.P.
Fallout(?), ash and pumiceous lapilli
18
RC-62-1: Soil on fine ash
1,100±35 11
14
C yr B.P. Fallout, pumice+lithic lapilli
30
G Interval
thickness,
in cm