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f g x dx fg f gdx.
'
f x ln x 1
x 1
f x ln x 1
1
x 1 x 1
g dx dx , int egrates :
g dx dx ; g x x
xdx x 1 1 dx 1 dx
x 1 x 1 1 x 1 dx x x 1.
I t x ln x 1 x
dx
x 1
dx
x 1. , var iable is changing :
x 1 t , differentiate :
d x 1 dt ; x 1 dx dt ; dx dt
dx dt
x 1 t
ln t ln x 1 C
ln x 1dx x ln x 1 x ln x 1 C.
52) Submitting to calculate:
x 1ln x dx , relation 1; .
2
70
Indefinite integral
x3
g x x
3
g x dx x 1 dx;
2
ln x x 2
1 dx
x3
3
x
ln x
x3
x
1
dx.
x
3
x3 x2
It x ln x
1 dx
3 3
x3 1
It x ln x x 2 dx 1 dx.
3 3
x3 1 x3
It
x ln x xC
3 3 3
x2 x3
It x
1 ln x x C.
3 9
ln x 6 dx.
2
f x ln x 6
2
;
71
Indefinite integral
u n
n
n u n 1
f x 2ln x 6 ln x 6
2 1
ln v v ;
v
ln x 6 x 6
x 6
ln x 6 1
x6
f x ln x 6
2
x6
g x dx dx , int egrates ;
g x dx dx ; g x x
2x
ln x 6 dx x ln x 6 ln x 6 dx
2 2
x6
x
I t x ln 2 x 6 2 ln x 6dx
x6
xdx
ln x 6
x6
We apply integration by parts:
f x g x dx f x g x f x g x dx
x 6
f x ln x 6 ; f x ln x 6
x6
f x
1
x6
g x dx
xdx
; int egrates .
x6
x 6 6
g x dx x 6 x 6 dx
xdx
72
Indefinite integral
g x dx 6 x 6 ln x 6
dx
x6
dx
x6
To switch the variable t
x 6 t , differentiate :
d x 6 dt ;
x 6 dx dt
dx dt
dx dt
x6 t
ln t ln x 6 C1
xdx
ln x 6 x 6 x 6 ln x 6ln x 6
x 6 ln x 6
dx
.
x6
x 6 ln x 6 xdx ln x 6
dx 6 dx
x6 x6 x6
x 6 6 dx 6 lnx 6 dx.
x6 x6
x 6 ln x 6
6 ln x 6
dx dx
x6
dx dx 6
x6 x6
x 6 ln x 6 6 ln x 6
dx
.
x6
ln x 6 x 6
dx
f x g x dx f x g x f x g x dx
f x ln x 6 ;
x 6
f x ln x 6 ;
x6
73
Indefinite integral
f x
1
x6
g x dx
dx
x6
g x dx x 6 ;
dx
g x ln x 6
ln x 6 ln 2 x 6 ln x 6
dx dx
.
x6 x6
2 ln x 6 ln 2 x 6 C.
dx
x6
ln x 6 1
dx ln 2 x 6 C1.
x6 2
x 6 ln x 6 1
dx x 6 ln x 6 6 ln 2 x 6 C2 .
x6 2
x 6 ln x 6
dx x 6 ln x 6 3 ln 2 x 6 C2 .
x6
I t ( x 6) ln 2 ( x 6) 2( x 6) ln( x 6) 2 x C .
x 8
f x ln x 8
x8
1
f x .
x8
g x dx x 22 dx.
74
Indefinite integral
Integrates
g x dx x 2 dx.
2
g x x 2 2 dx.
Variable is changing:
x 2 t ; differentiate :
d x 2 dt ; x 2 d .x dt ; dx dt .
2 t 3 x 2 3
g t dt .
3 3
g x
x 2 3
.
3
It
x 2 3
ln x 8
x 23 1
dx.
3 3 x8
It
x 2
3
1 x 2
ln x 8
3
dx.
3 3 ( x 8)
x 23
x 8 dx.
a b3 a3 3a 2b 3ab2 b3 , short formula.
a b 3 a b 2 a b a b a 2 2ab b 2
a 3 2a 2 b ab 2 b a 2 2ab 2 b 3 a 3 3a 2 b 3ab 2 b 3 .
a b 3 a 3 3a 2 b 3ab 2 b 3
x 23 x 3 3 x 2 2 3x 2 2 2 3 x 3 6 x 2 12 x 8.
x 23 x 3 6 x 2 12 x 8
x8 x8
x 6 x 12 x 8 x 8 x 2 2 x 28 216
3 2
x 2 3
x 8 x 2
2 x 28 216
x 2 2 x 28
216
.
x8 x8 x8
75
Indefinite integral
x 23 dx 2 216
x 2 x 28 dx
x8 x 8
216 dx
x 2 dx 2 xdx 28 dx
1 x8
x3 x2
2 28x 216 ln x 8 C1
3 2
x 23 dx x 3 x 2 28 x 216 ln
x8 3
x 8 C1
It
x 2
3
1 x3
ln( x 8) x 2 28 x 216 ln x 8 C 2
3 3 3
It
x 23 ln( x 8) x 3 x 2
28 x
72 ln x 8 C3 .
3 9 3 3
55) Submitting to calculate integral:
I = x 6 e x2 dx
We apply integration by parts formula:
f x g x dx fg f gdx.
f x x 6 ;
f x x 6 1
g x dx e x 2 dx ;
x 2 dx
g x dx e
g x e x 2 dx.
Variable is changing:
x2t
d x 2 dt
x 2 dx dt
dx dt.
76
Indefinite integral
g x e x 2 dx e t dt e t e x 2
g x e x 2
I t x 6 e x 2 e x 2 . C
I t x 6 e x 2 e x 2 C.
I n ln n x 1 dx.
fg x dx fg f g x dx.
f x ln n x 1 ;
f x ln n x 1
n
f x n ln x 1 ln x 1n1
ln x 1 x 1
1
x 1 x 1
f x
n
ln x 1n1
x 1
g x dx dx ;
g x dx dx
g x x.
ln x 1 dx x ln x 1 x x 1 ln x 1
n n n n 1
dx
n 1
I n x ln x 1 n ln x 1 dx
n x
x 1
x ln n x 1 n
x 1 1 ln n1 x 1dx.
x 1
n 1 ln n 1 x 1 dx
I n x ln n x 1 n ln x 1 dx n .
x 1
77
Indefinite integral
ln n1 ( x 1) ln n ( x 1)
x 1 dx
n
C1
78
Indefinite integral
x x x x x
2 1
2 2 6 3
6 6 3
1 x 1 2 x x
1 1
2 6 3
6
1 x 1 2 x x
1 1 1 1
2 6 3 6 3
6
1 x x
12 1 1 2 1 1
x 12 12 12 12
x x x x
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3
x 2 x x x 2 x x
12 6 12 3 12 12 12 12
1 1 1
x 2 x x .
12 12 4
1 6
x 2
12
1 1
1
x 2 x dx
12 4
12
x
x
1 1 1
1 1 1
12 12 4
x x x
2 C.
1 1 1
1 1 1
12 12 4
60) Submitting to calculate:
79
Indefinite integral
80
Indefinite integral
dn
dx
ac
sin x a c
.
ac
sin x a c
sin x a c
1
It C.
2 ac 2 a c
61) Submitting to calculate:
cos ax cos cx dx.
cos cos
cos cos
2
1 1
cos ax cos cx dx cos x a c dx cos x a c dx.
2 2
1 sin x a c 1 sin x a c
It C.
2 ac 2 ac
81
Indefinite integral
x a c v ;
d x a c dv.
d x a c dx dv ;
a c dx dv.
dv
dx ;
ac
sin x a c dx sin v a c a c
dv cos v
cos x a c
sin x a c dx ac
C1
sin x a c dx.
Variable is changing:
x a c t; d x a c dt ;
x a c dx dt ;
a c dx dt ;
dt
dx ;
ac
cos x a c
sin x a c dx sin t a c a c cos t
dt 1
ac
C2 .
cos x a c
cos x a c
1
It C3 .
2 ac 2 ac
82
Indefinite integral
cos x dx dt ;
sin x dx dt ;
sin x dx dt t 41 t 3 1
cos 4 x t 4
4
1 t dt 3 C.
4 1 3 3t
1
It C.
3 cos x
3
cos x
sin x
tg x ;
cos x
3
sin x
I t
dx .; sin 3 x sin 2 x sin x 1 cos 2 x sin x.
cos x
sin x cos 2 x 1; sin 2 x 1 cos 2 x
2
sin 3 x 1 cos 2 x sin x.
tg 3 x
1 cos x sin x
2
cos 3 x
It
1 cos 2 x sin x dx.
cos 3 x
Function is changing: cos x = n ,
d cos x dn ;
cos x dx dn .
sin x dx dn ;
sin x dx dn ;
1 n2 n2 1 n2 1
It dn n 3 dn 3 3 dn
n3 n n
dn dn n 31 1
n
ln n ln n
n 3
3 1 2 n2
83
Indefinite integral
1
ln cos x C.
2 cos 2 x
1
I t ln cos x C.
2 cos 2 x
Method II
3
tg x dx.
To switch:
tg x t.
arc tg tg x arc tg t ;
x arc tg t ;
dx d arc tg t arc tg t dt.
1
dx dt .
1 t2
dt
tg x dx t 3
3
.
t 1
2
t3 t2 1 t t
t 3
t
1 t t t t2 1
2
2
t t 2
t
.
t 1
2
t 1
2
t 1
2
t 1 t 1
dt t t
t t 2 1 t t 2 1 dt t dt t 2 1 dt.
3
t2 t dt
It 2 .
2 t 1
t 1 q
2
d t 2 1 dq ;
t 2 1 dt dq
2 t dt dq ;
dq
t dt .
2
84
Indefinite integral
dq
t dt 1 dq 1 1
t 1 q
2
2 ln q ln t 2 1 .
2 q 2 2
t2 1
It ln t 2 1 C.
2 2
t tg x.
tg 2 x 1
It ln tg 2 x 1 C.
2 2
85
Indefinite integral
x
but , n
7
x
I t 7 ln sin C.
7
2dt dq ;
dq
dt .
2
x sin t .
arcsin x arcsin sin t t .
t arcsin x
arcsin x 1
It sin 2 arcsin x C.
2 4
Note:
2
f ax bx c , x dx .
If I
If: ax 2 bx c 0
x1 , x2 real, variable changes:
ax 2 bx c t x x1 , or t x x2
Case II
If: a 0 ,
Variable is changing:
ax 2 bx c x a t .
Case III
If: c 0 ,
Variable is changing:
ax 2 bx c t x c .
Changing the variable to integrate rational functions.
Method II
87
Indefinite integral
x 2 dx
.
2
1 x
Variable is changing:
1 x2 t x 1
Because: c 1 0 .
1 x 2 t x 1 relation (1)
Amounts to square relationship (1):
1 x2 t x 1
2 2
1 x2 t 2 x2 2 t x 1.
x2 t 2 x2 2 t x : x
x t2x 2 t .
2 t x (t 2 1)
2t
x 2 , differentiate :
t 1
2t 2t
dxd 2 2 d t.
t 1 t 1
t
d x 2 2 dt .
t 1
2
t t t 1 t t 1
2
2
t 2
1 2t 2
1 t2
.
t 1 t2 1
2
t 2
1
2
t 2
1
2
dx2
t 2
1 dt .
t 2
1
2
1 x 2
t x 1 t
2t
1
2 t2 t2 1 1 t2
.
t2 1 t2 1 t2 1
88
Indefinite integral
2 1 t2
1 x .
t2 1
2t 2
x2 2
t 1
4 t2
x2 .
t2 1
2
4 t2
2 t 2 1 dt
x2d x t 2
1 t
2 2
1
2
1 x2
1 t
. 2
t2 1
It 8
t 2 t 2 1 t 2 1 t2
t2 1
4
1 t2
dt 8 t2 1
3
dt .
t 1 1
2
I t 8 t 1 dt. 2 3
dt dt
It 8 8
t 2
1 2
t 2
1
3
It 8 I2 8 I3 .
dt
I2 ;
t 2
1
2
dt
I3
t
;
2 3
1
dt 1
I1 arctg t C1 ; I1 dt .
t 1
2
t 1
2
f t g t dt fg f t g t dt.; t
1
; f
t 1 2
1
f t 2
; f t
1 t 2 1 1 t 2 1
2t
.
t 1 t2 1
2
t 2
1
2
89
Indefinite integral
ft 2t
.
t 2
1 2
g t dt dt ; int egrates :
g t dt dt ; g t t .
I1
1
dt 2
t
t
2t dt .
t 12
t 1 t 1
2
2
t t2 t
t 2 1 1
t2 1 t2 1 t 2 1 2 dt .
I1 dt
2
t2 1
2
t dt dt
I1 2 2 2 .
t 12
t 1 t 1
2 2
dt t
2 2 arctg t 2 arctg t .
t2 1
2
t 1
t arctg t t dt
2 I 2 arctg t .; I 2 C 2 .; I 3
t 12
2 2 t 1
2
t 1
2
3
.
dt 1
I2
t 1
2
2
t 1
2 2
dt .
f t g t dt f g f g dt
f t
1
t 1
2
2
;
f t t 2 1
2
;
u n n u u n 1 ;
90
Indefinite integral
f t 2 t 2 1 t 2
1
2 1
2 2 t t2 1
3
.
4t
f t
t 2
1
3
g t dt dt .
g t dt dt .
g t t .
dt t t2
I2 4
t 1
2
2
t 1
2
2
t 2
1
3
dt .
I2 2
t
4
t 1 1 dt. 2
t 1 2
t 1 2 3
t dt dt
I2 4 4
t 12
2
t 1
2
2
t 1
2
3
.
t
4 I3 4 I2 I2
t 12
2
.
3 t
I3 I2
4 t 1 2
2
.
4
3 arc tg t t t
I3
2 t 1 4 t 1 2
.
4 2 2 2
3 3 t t
I 3 arc tg t
8 t 1 4 t 1 2
2 2
.
8
I t 8 I 2 8 I 3 .
arc tg t t
It 8
2 2 t 1
2
3 arc tg t 3 t t
8 C.
8 2 8 t 1 4 t 1
2 2 2
1 x2 t x 1
t x 1 x 2 1.
91
Indefinite integral
.
1 x2 1
t .
x
Method III
x 2 dx
.
2
1 x
1 x2 0 ;
x2 1 0 ;
x 1 x 1 0 ;
x 1 0 ;
x1 1 ;
x 1 0 ;
x 2 1 ; var iable is changing
1 x 2 t x x1 , or t x x 2 .
1 x 2 t x 1 is square :
1 x2 t x 1 ; 1 x
2
2 2
t2 x 1 2
x 1 x 1 t 2 x 1 2 / x 1
x 1 t2 x 1
x 1 t x t 2 ; t 2 1 x t 2 1
2
t 1
2
x
t2 1
t 2 1 t 2 1
dx d 2 2 dt .
t 1 t 1
t 2 1
2
2 t t 2 1 2 t t 2 1
t 1
t 2 1
2
92
Indefinite integral
2 t t2 1 t2 1 4t
t t
.
2 2 2 2
1 1
4t
dx
t 2 1 2 dt.
1 x2 t x 1
t2 1
x
t2 1
t2 1 t2 1 t2 1 2 t
2
1 x t 1 t .
2 2 2
t 1 t 1 t 1
2t
1 x2 .
2
t 1
2
2 t 1 2
t2 1 2
x
t2 1
t2 1 2
t 2
1 2
4t
dt
x 2 dx t 2
1 t
2 2
1
2
1 x2
2t
t 2 1
t2 1
t 2 1
2 4t
dt
t 2
1
4
2t
2
t 1 2 2
d t.
t 1 2 3
93
Indefinite integral
It 2
t2 1 d t
2
t 1
.
2 3
t 2 1 3 A t B C t E G t N .
t 2 1 3 t 2 1 t 2 1 2 t 2 1 3
This method leads to a complex calculation, by identification the
constants are located: A, B, C, E, G and N.
f x
x 1 1
2
1
.
1 x 1 2
1 x 1 2
x 2x 2
g x dx ;
g x dx
g x x.
arc tg x 1 d x x arctg x 1 x
x
dx.
2
2x 2
I t x arctg x 1
x dx
.
x 2x 2
2
x dx
x 2
2x 2
.
To switch:
94
Indefinite integral
x 2 2 x 2 t d x 2 2 x 2 dt .
x 2 2 x 2 dx dt ;
2 x 2 dx dt
2 x 1 dx dt .
x dx 1 2 x dx 1 2 x 2 2
x 2
2 2
2x 2 2 x 2x 2 2 x 2x 2
dx
1 2 x 2 dx dx 1 dt dx
2 2 2
2 x 2x 2 x 2x 2 2 t x 2x 2
x dx 1 dx
x 2 2 x 2 2 ln t x 2 2 x 2
x dx 1 dx
x 2 2 x 2 2 ln x 2 x 2 x 2 2 x 2
2
x 2 2 x 2 x 1 1.
2
dx dx
x 2 2 x 2 x 1 2 1
x 1 n ; d x 1 dn.
x 1 dx dn ; dx dn .
arctgn arctg x 1 .
dx dn
x 1 2
1
1 n2
ln x 2 2 x 2 arctg x 1
x dx 1
x 2
2x 2 2
I t x arctg x 1 ln x 2 2 x 2 arctg x 1 C.
1
2
95
Indefinite integral
d x 2 dt ;
x 2 dx dt ;
2 x dx dt ;
dt
x dx .
2
dt
dt
I t 6 2 3 .
1 t2 1 t2
to switch the var iable :
t sin n.
dt d sin n sin n dn.
dt cos n dn.
1 t2 1 sin 2 n cos 2 n cos n.
cos n dn
I t 3 3 dn 3n C.
cos n
t sin n.; arcsin t arcsin sin n n; n arcsin t.; I t 3 arcsin t C.
x 2 t.; I t 3 arcsin x 2 C.
t 1 dx dt ; dx
dt
.
t 1
dt
dx t 1 dt
e x 1 t t t 1
96
Indefinite integral
1 A
B
1
t t 1 t t 1
fraction made breaks down int o simple fractions :
1 A t 1 B t
t t 1 t t 1
matching the counter :
1 A t 1 B t ; t C 2
common deno min ator : t t 1 0
with solutions : t1 0 ; t 2 1,
putting in the relationsh ip : 2 t 0 ;
is obtained :
1 A 0 1 B 0
1 A A 1.
putting in the relation 2 : t 1 ;
is obtained :
1 A 0 B
B 1
1 1 1
so :
t t 1 t t 1
dt 1 dt t
dt ln t ln t 1 ln C
t t 1 t t 1 t 1
dt
t 1
t 1 n
d t 1 dn ;
t 1 dt dn.
dt dn.
dt dn
t 1 n
ln n ln t 1
97
Indefinite integral
t
I t ln C.
t 1
t e x 1
e x 1
I t ln C
e x 1 1
e x 1
I t ln C.
ex
t2 8 t q .
2
2
98
Indefinite integral
t 2 8 t 2 2t q q2.
2 t q 8 q 2
t
q 8
2
2q
1 q 8
2
t
2 q
1 q 8 1 q2 8
2
dt d dq.
2 q 2 q
q2 8
2q q q 2 8
q2 8
q q2 q2
1 q2 8
dt dq.
2 q2
q2 8 q2 8
t2 8 t q q
2q 2q
1 q2 8
dq
2 q2 q2 8 2q
I t 14 7 2 dq
q 8
2
q 2
q 8
2q
dq
14 14 ln q 14 ln t2 8 t
q
1
14 ln t2 8 t C.
t2 8 t
I t 14 ln
t2 8 t t2 8 t C
t t2 8
I t 14 ln 2 C
t 8t2
I t 14 ln t t 2 8 14 ln 8 C
99
Indefinite integral
I t 14 ln t t 2 8 C1
dar t ex.
I t 14 ln e x e 2 x 8 C1.
100
Indefinite integral
1 A a a B 0
1 2 a A
1
A
2a
Pt. x a in relation ( 1 ) will result :
1 A0 B a a
1 2 a B
1
B
2a
1 1 1
x a
2 2
2a x a 2a x a
dx 1 dx 1 dx
x 2 a 2 2a x a 2a x a
dx
xa
x a t ; d x a dt ;
x a dx dt ; dx dt.
dx dt
xa t
ln t ln x a C 2 .
dx
La fel : ln x a C1 .
xa
dx 1 1 1 xa
x 2 a 2 2a ln x a 2a ln x a 2a ln x a C.
dx dx 1 x 6
2 ln C4 .
x 6 2
x 6
2 2 6 x 6
72) Submitting to calculate:
1 ln x
10
dx
x dx 1 ln x x .
10
101
Indefinite integral
d e x 6 dt 2 ;
e x 6 dx t 2 dt ;
e dx 2 t dt.
x
102
Indefinite integral
2t 2t
dx dt 2 dt .
e x
t 6
2t
dx 2 dt .
t 6
2 t dt
dx t2 6 2 t 1 dt
ex 6 t 2
t 2 6 t dt 2 t 2 6
dt 1 t 6
2 2 C.
6
ln
t 6
2
t2 2 6
1 t 6
It ln C.
6 t 6
ex 6 t 2 ;
t ex 6 ;
1 ex 6 6
It ln C.
6 ex 6 6
to switch :
ln x t.
d ln x dt ;
ln x dx dt ;
1
dx dt .
x
dx 1 dx 1 dt
x 16 ln 2 x 16 ln 2 x x 16 t 2 dt t 2 16
103
Indefinite integral
dt 1 t 4
1 ln C.
t 4
2 2
24 t4
t ln x.
1 ln x 4
I t ln C.
8 ln x 4
104
Indefinite integral
x arc tg t.
dx d arc tg t arc tg t dt .
1
dx dt .
1 t2
tg x t.
1 tg 2 x 1 t2 dt
4 tg 2 x dx 4 t 2 t 2 1 .
dt 1 t
It 2 arctg C.
t 2 2
2 2
dx 1 x
x 2 a 2 a arctg a C.
x 1
x
a a a
arctg 2 .
a x
2
a x
2 2
a x2
1
a a2
1 x 1 a 1
arctg 2 2 .
a a a a x 2
a x2
1 tgx
I t arctg C.
2 2
105
Indefinite integral
dt
1 xdx 1 1 dt 1 dt
It 2
2 .
3 sin x 3 sin t 6 sin t 6 t
2tg
2
t
1 tg 2
2
t t t
2tg 1 tg 2 1 tg 2
2 .; I 1
sin t 2 ; cos t 2 dt .
t
2 t t 12 t
1 tg 1 tg 2 tg
2 2 2
Variable is changing:
t
tg n.
2
t
arc tg arc tg n.
2
t
arc tg n;
2
t 2 arc tg n.
dt d 2 arc tg n 2 arc tg n dn.
2 1 2 (1 n 2 )
12 1 n 2
dt dn.; I . dn
1 n2
t
n
1 dn 1
It ln n C.
6 n 6
t 1 x2
n tg ; I t ln tg C.
2 6 2
dt
d x 2 dt ; x 2 dx dt ;2 x dx dt ; x dx .
2
106
Indefinite integral
dt
2 dt
It 6 3 .
2 2
1 4t 1 4t
dt
It 3 .
1 2 t
2
It
3
2
arcsin 2 x 2 C.
cos 2 x dx dt .
cos 2 x cos x 2 2 cos x cos x 2 sin x cos x.
2 sin x cos xdx dt .
107
Indefinite integral
t cos 2 x .
a b a b a2 b2.
x x2 7 x x2 7 xx x2 7
x2 7
x2 x2 7 7
x x 7
2
x x2 7
dx dx
x x2 7
7
.
x x2 7
xx2 7
dx xdx x 2 7 dx .
1
It
7 7
1 x2
It x 2 7 dx .
7 2
I1 x 2 7 dx .
Variable is changing:
x 2 7 x 1 t.
Is square:
108
Indefinite integral
2
x 7 x t 2 .
2
x2 7 x2 2 t x t 2 ;
2 t x 7 t 2 ;
t2 7
x .
2t
t2 7 1 t2 7
dx d dt.
2 t 2 t
t 2 7 2t t t 2 7
t2 7
.
t 2 2
t t
1 t 2 7
dx d t.
2 t
x2 7 x t t
t 2
7
t2 7
.
2t 2t
.I 1 x 7 .dx
t 2 7 1 t 2 7 1 t 2 7
2
4 t3
2
[ 2 ]dt dt
2t 2 t
1 t 2 49
I1 [ 14 ln t 2 ] C
4 2 2t
x 2 7 x t; t x 2 7 x
I1
1
2
7
x 2 7 x ln x 2 7 x
49
C1
8 2 8 x 7 x
2
2
2
x 1
It I1
14 7
109
Indefinite integral
1 1
It [ x 2 7
7 x ln x 7 x 49
]
x2
C
2 2
2
7 8 2 8 x2 7 x 14
x dx
I t 125 .; var iable is changing :
x2 x4 x2 1
x 2 t ; d x 2 dt ; x 2 dx dt ;2 x dx dt ; x dx
dt
;
2
dt
125 dt
I t 125 2 .; I t .
t t t 1
2 2 t t t 1
2
1 n t 2 n 1 .
2
1 n2
t ;
2n 1
1 n2
dt d .
2 n 1
1 n2
dt dn .
2 n 1
1 n2
2n 2 n 1 2 1 n 2
2 n 1 2 n 1 2
2
2n 2 n 1 n 2
2
n2 n 1 .
2n 1 2
2n 1 2
110
Indefinite integral
2
dt n 2
n 1 dn .
2 n 1 2
1 n2
t .
2n 1
1 n2 n2 n 1
t2 t 1 t n n .
2n 1 2n 1
n2 n 1
t t 1
2
.
2n 1
125
2
2n 1 2
n 2 n 1 dn
It .
2 2
2 1 n n n 1
2n 1 2n 1
n2 n 1 2n 1 2
I t 125
2n 1 2
1 n2 n2 n 1 dn .
dn 125 n 1
I t 125 ln C.
2
n 1 2 n 1
t2 t 1 t n .
n t2 t 1 t .
125 t2 t 1 t 1
It ln C.
2 2
t t 1 t 1
t x2 .
125 x4 x2 1 x2 1
It ln C.
2 4
x x 1 x 12 2
111
Indefinite integral
112
Indefinite integral
6 A ; A 6 .
In relation 2 replaces the var iable x with 1.
x 1.
1 6 A 0 B 0 C 1 1 .
5
52C ; C .
2
In relation 2 there is : x 1.
1 6 A 0 B1 1 1 C 0.
7 2 B.
7 7 5
B ; Deci : A 6 ; B ; C .
2 2 2
x6 6 7 5
.
x x 1 x 1 x 2 x 1 2 x 1
x6 dx 7 dx 5 dx
It dx 6
x 2 x 1 2 x 1.
x x 1 x 1
7 5
I t 6 ln x ln x 1 ln x 1 C.
2 2
dx dt
x 1 t ln t ln x 1 C.
x 1 t
d x 1 dt
x 1 dx dt
dx dt .
dx
x 1.
to switch
x 1 n
d x 1 dn
x 1 dx dn
dx dn.
113
Indefinite integral
dx dn
x 1 n
ln n ln x 1 C.
a 3 b 3 a b a 2 ab b 2
x 3 1 x 1 x 2 x 1
a3 b3 a b
a 3 a 2 b a ab b
2 2
a 2b b 3
a 2 b ab 2
ab 2 b 3
a 2b b 3
/
1 A Bx C
2
x 1 x 1 x x 1
3
1 A x 2 x 1 Bx C x 1
x3 1 x3 1
1 A x 2 x 1 Bx C x 1 1
xC
x3 1 0 ;
x 1 x 2 x 1 0
x1 1 ; x 2,3 are complex
If they do and put x=1 in the relationship (1), will be obtained:
1 A 12 1 1 B C 0
1
1 3A ; A ;
3
pt . x 0 put in relation 1 .
114
Indefinite integral
1
1 2
3
0 0 1 B 0 C 0 1
1 1 2
1 C ; C 1 .
3 3 3
x dx
I2 2 .
x x 1
For x = -1 in equation (1), resulting : B = -1/3
1 1 1 x 2
2
x 1 3x 1 3 x x 1 3 x x 1
3 2
1 1 1 x 2
I t 4 3 dx 4 [
3x 1 3 x x 1 3x x 1
]dx
x 1 2 2
]dx ln x 1 2
1 1 x 2 4 4 xdx
I t 4 [
3 x 1 3 x x 1 3x x 1
2 2
3 3 x x 1
8 dx
2
3 x x 1
dx 2 2 1
I1 arctg x C1
x x 1 2
3 3 2
xdx
I2 2
x x 1
Variable is changing:
x2 x 1 n
d x 2 x 1 dn
x 2 x 1 dx dn
2 x 1 dx dn
1 2 x dx 1 2 x 1 1
I2
2 x x 1 2
2
2
x x 1
dx
1 2 x 1 dx 1 dx
2
x x 1 2 x x 1
2 2
.
115
Indefinite integral
2 x 1 dx
dn
But :
x x 12
n
ln n ln x 2 x 1 .
1 1 2 2 1
I 2 ln x 2 x 1 arctg x
2 2 3 3 2
1 1 2 1
I2 ln x 2 x 1 arctg x C2 .
2 3 3 2
4 4 8
It ln x 1 I 2 I 1
3 3 3
4 1
It
4
ln x 1 ln x 2 x 1 1
arctg
2
x
1
3 3 2 3 3 2
8 2 2 1
arctg x C.
3 3 3 2
t 3 dt
It 6
t 1
t t 1 t 2 t 1 1
3
t3
t 1 t 2 t 1 1 t 2 t 1 t 1 1
t 1 t 1 t 1 t 1
t3 1
t 2 t 1
t 1 t 1
116
Indefinite integral
t3 t 1
t3 t2 t2 t 1
t2
t2 t
t
t 1
rest 1
t3
I t 6
t t 1 dt 6
2 dt
t 1
6
t2
t 6 ln t 1 C.
3 2
t 6 x 6; I t 2 6
x6 3
3
6
x6
2
6 6
x6
6 ln 6
x 6 1 C.
117
Indefinite integral
x 1
cos 2 x
1 tg 2
2
tg
x
x 2
sin
2 x
1 tg 2
2
x
tg
x x x 1 1 2
cos cos sin
2 2 2 x x x
1 tg 2 1 tg 2 1 tg 2
2 2 2
x x
1 tg 1 tg
1 2
2.
x x x
1 tg 2 1 tg 2 1 tg 2
2 2 2
x
1 tg 2
I t 50 2 dx.
x
1 tg
2
Variable is changing:
x
tg t
2
x
arctg tg arctg t
2
x
arctg t ; x 2 arc tg t.
2
dx d 2 arc tg t 2 arc tg t dt .
2
dx dt .
1 t2
1 t 2 2 dt dt
I t 50 100 100 ln t 1 C.
1 t 1 t 2
1 t
118
Indefinite integral
x
t tg .
2
x
I t 100 ln tg 1 C.
2
Variable is changing:
cos 2 x t
d cos 2 x dt
cos 2 x dx dt
cos n n sin n
cos 2 x 2 x sin 2 x
cos 2 x 2 sin 2 x
2 sin 2 x dx dt
dt
sin 2 x dx
2
dt
It 2 1 dt
2t 2
2 t 2
2
119
Indefinite integral
1 dt
It
2 t2 2 2
dx 1 xa
ln C.
x2 a2 2a xa
1 1 t 2
It ln C ; t cos 2 x .
2 2 2 t 2
1 cos 2 x 2
It ln C.
4 2 cos 2 x 2
tg x
sin x
1 tg 2 x
1
cos x
1 tg 2 x
sin x cos x
tg x
1
tg x 1 .
1 tg x 2
1 tg x 2
1 tg 2 x
sin x cos x 2
tg x 1 2
tg x 1
2
.
1 tg x 2
2
1 tg 2 x
dx 1 tg 2 x
It dx .
tg x 1 2 tg x 1 2
1 tg 2 x
var iable is changing :
tg x t .
arctg tg x arctg t .
120
Indefinite integral
x arctg t
dx d arctg t arctg t dt .
1
dx dt .
1 t2
1 t2 dt dt
It
1 t 2
t 1
2
t 1 2
Variable is changing :
t 1 n
d t 1 dn
t 1 dt dn
dt dn .
dn n 21 1 1 1
It n 2
dn ; It C ,
n 2
2 1 n t 1 tg x 1
t tg x .
121
Indefinite integral
122
Indefinite integral
dx
x 2x 5
2
x 2x 5 0
2
1 1 5
x 1, 2 are complex .
1
dx dx
I .
x 2x 5
2
x 1 2 4
x 2 2x 5 x 2 2x 1 4 x 1 4
2
Variable is changing :
x 1 t
d x 1 dt
x 1 dx dt
dx dt
I
dt
2
dt 1 t 1
arctg arctg
x 1 C
t 4 t 2
2 2
2 2 2 2
1 x 1
I t arctg C
2 2
x3 x 2 x 1 1
2x2 2
x3 x 2 x 1 1 x3 x 2 x 1 2 x 2 1 .
x x3 2
x 1 1 x 3
x 2
x 1 2 x 2
1
x3 x 2 x 1 x3 x2 x 1
123
Indefinite integral
1 3
x x2 x 1
3
3
2 x2 1
1 3
2 x2 1 .
x x2 x 1 x x2 x 1 x x2 x 1
I t 1 dx 2 3
x 2 1 dx
.
x x2 x 1
It x 2 3
x 2 1 dx
.
x x2 x 1
x3 x2 x 1 0 .
1 -1 1 -1 1
1 0 1 0
x 2 ; x 2 0 x 1 0; x 2 1 0; ( x 1) x 2 1 0
x3 x2 x 1 x 1 x2 1
It x 2
x 1 dx
2
x 1 x2 1
dx
It x 2 .
x 1
I t x 2 ln x 1 C.
90) Submitting to calculate:
dx
x x 3 x 5
1 A B C
x x3 x5 x x3 x5
1 Ax3 x 5 Bx x 5 Cx x 3 , xC
relation (1).
x x3 x5 0
x1 0 ; x 2 3 ; x3 5 .
For : x 0 in relation (1) .
1 A 0305
1
1 15 A A .
15
124
Indefinite integral
in relation 1 x3
1 A 0 3B 3 5 C 0
1 3B 2
1
B.
6
For : x 5 in relation 1
1 A0 B 0 C 5 35
1
1 5C 2 ; C ;
10
1 1 1
A ; B ; C .
15 6 10
1 1 1 1
x x 3 x 5 15 x 6 x 3 10 x 5
dx
xa
Variable is changing:
xa t
d x a dt
x a dx dt
dx dt .
dx dt
x a t ln t ln x a C
ln x 5 C.
1 1 1
It ln x ln x 3
15 6 10
125
Indefinite integral
1
x x 1 x 2 x 4
A x 1 x 2 x 4 Bx x 2 x 4
x x 1 x 2 x 4
Cx x 1 x 4 D x x 1 x 2
.
x x 1 x 2 x 4
1 A x 1 x 2 x 4 Bx x 2 x 4
Cx x 1 x 4 Dx x 1 x 2 relation 1 .
x x 1 x 2 x 4 0
For : x1 0 ; x 2 1 ; x3 2 ; x 4 4 .
In relation 1 put x1 0 :
1 A 0 1 0 2 0 4
1
18 A ; A .
8
In relation 1 put x1 1
1 A 0 B 1 2 1 4 C 0 D 0
1 B 1 3 ; B
1
.
3
For : x 2 in relation 1
1 A 0 B 0 2 C 2 1 2 4
1 2 C 1 2 .
1
1 4C ; C .
4
For : x 4 in relation 1
1 A 0 B 0 C 0 4 D 4 1 4 2
1 4 D 3 2
1
1 24 D ; D .
24
1 1 1 1
A ; B ; C ; D .
8 3 4 24
126
Indefinite integral
1 1 1 1
A ; B ; C ; D .
8 3 4 24
1
x x 1 x 2 x 4
1 1 1 1
.
8 x 3 x 1 4 x 2 24 x 4
dx
x a . Variable is changing :
x a t ; d x a dt ; x a dx dt ;
dx dt .
dx dt
xa t
ln t ln x a .
1 1 1 1
I t ln x ln x 1 ln x 2 ln x 4 C.
8 3 4 24
x2 4 x 2 4x 5
x 2 4x 5 1
4x 9
rest 4 x 9
But :
x 2 4 1 x 2 4x 5 4x 9
x2 4
1 x 2 4x 5 4x 9 4x 9 .
1 2
x 4x 5
2
x 4x 5
2
x 4x 5
It
4 x 9 dx 4 x 9 \ dx
x 4x 5
2 1 2
x 4x 5
It x
4 x 9 dx .
x 2 4x 5
127
Indefinite integral
x 2 4x 5 0
2 45
x1, 2 , are complex .
1
I1
4 x 9 dx .
x 2 4x 5
Variable is changing:
x 2 4x 5 t
d x 2 4 x 5 dt
x 2
4 x 5 dx dt
2 x 4 dx dt.
4 x 9 dx 4 x dx dx
I
1 x 2
4x 5 x
4x 5
9 2
2
x 4x 5
2 x dx dx
2 9 2
x 4x 5
2
x 4x 5
.
I1 2
2 x 4 4 dx 9 dx
x 4x 5 2 x 2
4x 5
.
I1 2 2
2x 4
dx
8 2
dx
9 2
dx
x 4x 5 x 4x 5 x 4x 5
dt dx dx
2 2 2 ln t 2 .
t x 4x 5 x 4x 5
dx
I 1 2 ln x 2 4 x 5 2 .
x 4x 5
x 2 4x 5 x 2 2 2x 22 22 5
x 2 5 4 x 2 1.
2 2
dx dx
x 4x 5
2
x 2 2 1
.
Variable is changing:
x 2 n ; d x 2 dn .
x 2 dx dn ; dx dn .
128
Indefinite integral
arctg n arctg x 2
dx dn
x2 2
1
n 1
2
I 1 2 ln x 2 4 x 5 arctg x 2 C1 .
I t x I1 .
I t x 2 ln x 2 4 x 5 arctg x 2 C .
93) Submitting to calculate:
ex 1 ex 1
dx dx .
ex 1 ex 1
Variable is changing:
ex 1 ex 1 2
t ; is square: t
; ex 1 ex 1 t 2 .
ex 1 ex 1
t 2 1 t 2 1
ex 1 t 2 t 2 1 ; ex ; d e x d 2
.
1 t 2 1 t
t2 1 t2 1 2 t 1 t 2 2 t t 2 1
e x
dx dt .;
2
2
1 t 1 t 1 t 2 2
2 t 1 t2 t2 1 4t
.
1 t 2 2
1 t 2 2
1 t 2 1
e t
2
4t 4t
x
.; e x dx dt .; dx dt .
1 t 2
1 t2
2
1 t 2
1 t2
2
4t
dx
t 1 1 t2
2
dt .
ex 1 4t
ex 1
dx t2
t 1 1 t2
2
dt
t2 t 2 dt
4 dt 4
t 2
1 1 t2
t 2 1 t 2 1
.
a 2 b 2 a b a b .
129
Indefinite integral
t 2 1 t 1 t 1 .
t 2 dt
It 4
t 1 t 1 t 2 1
.
t2 A B CtD
2
t 1 t 1 t 1 t 1 t 1 t 1
2
.
t2
A t 1 t 2 1 B t 1 t 2 1 C t D t 2 1
.
t 4 1 t 4 1
Fraction made breaks down int o simple fractions :
a4 b4 a b a b a2 b2 .
t 1
4
t 1 t 1 t 1
2 2
t 2 A t 1 t 2 1 B t 1 t 2 1 C t D t 2 1 .
t C. Re lation 1 .
t 1 0 t 1 t 1 t 2 12 0 ;
4
t 1 0 ; t1 1 ; t 1 0 ; t 2 1 ;
t 2
12 0 ; are complex .
If in equation (1) is replaced by one will get:
For : t 1 ; 12 A 1 1 12 1 ;
1
1 4 A ; A .
4
In relation (1) is replaced variable t by a minus (a) will get:
1 2 A 0 B 1 1 1 2 1 C 1 D 0
1
1 2 B 0 ; B .
4
In relation (1) is replaced t with zero:
1 1
t 0 ; si A ; B :
4 4
130
Indefinite integral
02
1
4
0 1 02 1 1 0 1 02 1 C 0 D 02 1 .
4
1 1 1
0 D ; D .
4 4 2
1 1 1
A ; B ; D .
4 4 2
to learn the value of cons tan t C , so t var iable values , any
value different from (1,0,1), for exemple t 2 :
22
1
2 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 2C 1 2 2 1 .
4 4 2
15 5 3 10 3
4 6C ; 4 6C ;
4 4 2 4 2
5 3
4 6C ; 4 46C ; C 0 ;
2 2
1 1 1
But : A ; B ; D ; C0 .
4 4 2
1
0t
t2 1 1
2 2.
t 1 t 1 t 1 4 t 1 4 t 1 t 1
2
t 2 dt
It 4
t 1 t 1 t 2 1
.
1 dt 1 dt 1 dt
It 4 .
4 t 1 4 t 1 2 1 t2
I t ln t 1 ln t 1 2arctg t C .
dt
; t 1 n ; d t 1 dn ;
t 1
131
Indefinite integral
t 1 dt dn ; dt dn .
dt dt
t 1
n
ln n ln t 1 C1 ;
; t 1 v ; d t 1 dv ;
dt
la fel :
t 1
t 1 dt dv ; dt dv .
dt dv
t 1
v
ln v ln v 1 C 2 ;
ex 1
t ;
ex 1
ex 1 ex 1 e x 1
I t ln 1 ln 1 2 arctg C .
ex 1 ex 1 e x 1
94) Submitting to calculate:
I t sin 2 x dx .
Variable is changing :
x t ; is square:
x t2 ; dx 2 t dt .
I t [sin 2 (t )]2dt 2 t sin 2 t dt .
I t 2 t sin 2 t dt .
1 cos 2 t
sin 2 t .
2
It 2 t
1 cos 2 t dt
2
I t t dt t cos 2 t dt
t2
2
It t cos 2 t dt .
I1 t cos 2 t dt 1 .
132
Indefinite integral
It
x
2 2
x
1
sin 2 x cos 2 x C .
4
95) Submitting to calculate:
133
Indefinite integral
cos 2 x 1 sin 2 x .
sin x cos x dx
It .
1 sin x 2
1 sin 2 x
Variable is changing :
1 sin 2 x t 2 ; sin 2 x t 2 1 .
Differenti ate both sides :
d 1 sin 2 x d (t 2 1) ;
1 sin 2 x dx t 2 1 dt .
2 sin x cos x dx 2 t dt ; sin x cos x dx t dt .
sin x cos x dx t dt t dt
It
1 sin x 2
1 sin 2 x 2 t
2
t2 2
t 2 t
dt 1 t 2
ln C .
t 2
2
2 2 t 2
dx 1 xa
ln C.
x2 a2 2a xa
1 1 sin 2 x 2
It ln C .
2 2 1 sin 2 x 2
t 1 sin 2 x .
Variable is changing :
x2 4 x 1 t , is square :
134
Indefinite integral
x2 4 xt
2
2
.
x 4 x 2t xt
2 2 2
; 2 t x 4 t2 ;
4t 2
x . differentiate :
2t
4 t2 4 t2 1 t2 4
dx d dt . ; dx dt .
2t 2t 2 t
t2 4 2 t t t 2 4 t 2 4
2 .
t t2 t
1 t 4
2
4 t2
dx dt . x .
2 t2 2t
4 t2 t2 4
x2 4 x t t .
2t 2t
t2 4
x2 4 .
2t
x 2 1
4 t2
2
1
4 t 2 4 t 2 16 8 t 2 t 4 4 t 2
2
2 t 4 t2 4 t2
t 4 t 2 16
4
t 4 4 t 2 16
. x 1
2
.
4 t2 4 t2
1
t2 4
dt
dx t2
x 2
2
1 x2 4 t 4 4 t 2 16 t 2 4
4 t2 2t
t2 4 8 t3
4
t
dt .
t 4 t 16 4
2 2
2t
t dt
It 4
dt . Variable is changing :
t 4 t 2 16
4
135
Indefinite integral
t 2 n ; d t 2 dn ; t 2 dt dn ;
dn
2 t dt dn ; t dt .
2
dn
dn
It 4 2 2 2 2 .
n 4 n 16 n 4 n 16
dn
It 2 .
n 2 4 n 16
n 2 4 n 16 0 ;
n1, 2 2 4 16 ; are complex .
n 2 4 n 16 n 2 2 2 n 2 2 2 2 16
n 2 16 4 n 2 12 .
2 2
dn
It 2 . Variable is changing :
n2 2
12 2
n 2 v ; d n 2 dv ; n 2 dn dv .
dn dv .
dv 2 v
It 2 arctg C .
12
v2 12 2 12
v n2.
It
2
arctg
n2 C . n t2 .
12 12
It
1 t2 2
arctg
C .
t x2 4 x ;
3 2 3
It
1
arctg
x 2
4 x
2
2
C .
3 2 3
136