CPAR REVIEWER - also called “variation”

The principles of design and composition

B-balance *CHIAROSCURO(Italian word for light-dark)

E-emphasis is the strong contrast between
light and shadow in a painting or drawing.
M-movement
U-unity *TENEBRISM
C-contrast predominantly dark tones
H-harmony over light for dramatic effect

BALANCE
- a concept of visual equilibrium, and
relates to our physical sense of balance.
- It is a compromise of opposing forces in
one composition that results in visual
stability.
Symmetrical – equal weights on both
sides
Asymmetrical – placement of varying
weight
EMPHASIS
- The “center of interest”
- the focal point
- Most artists put it a bit off center and
balance it with some minor themes to
maintain interest
MOVEMENT
- the visual sense of flow through the
artwork
- the path where the viewer’s eye takes
through the artwork
UNITY
- different elements synched with one
another
- all the different elements of an art
synchronizes within the composition
that gives meaning; also the attractive
whole; visual orderliness
CONTRAST
- arrangements of two or more opposite
elements
HARMONY
- the visually satisfying effect of
combining similar, related elements;
the attractive whole.
- All parts of the visual image relate to
and complement each other.
- Harmony can be achieved through
RHYTHM and REPETITION.
- Repetition–repeated use of an element;
makes visual echo and accent
- Rhythm–continuity, recurrence, and
sequence in time and space
UNITY is (somehow) equivalent to HARMONY
but there’s a slight difference.
UNITY–different elements synched with one
another.
HARMONY–same elements (usually on repeat)
synched with one another.
THEMES AND SUBJECT MATTER
SUBJECT MATTER is the ‘niche’, the ‘branch of
knowledge’
- What the concept is all about a
- broader topic, for as long as it is
appropriate to the audience
THEME is the main idea, the central point,
- What an artist or anyone wants to
communicate with the audience
- Moral lesson of the story
Elements of Art and design
1. Line
- mark made between two points.
- It istwo-dimensionaland goes in any
direction,
- straight or curved
2. Perspective
- creates an illusion of space
- on a flat surface. It represents a three
dimensional
- object on a two-dimensional surface
making it
- realistic and natural.
3. Color
- result when light hits an object
- the perceived visual and physical
properties is seen by the human eye
- how the brain interprets the light waves
reflected
Primary colors- red, yellow, blue
Secondary – purple, orange, green
Tertiary – magenta, vermillion, amber,
chartreuse, teal, violet
Major color attributes
- HUE is the most basic attribute of a
color that makes it distinct from
another color.
- SATURATION, or intensity, is the
dominance of hue in the color or how a
hue appears under particular lighting
conditions.
- DESATURATED means color is dulled
down.
- ACHROMATIC colors are colors that
have lightness but no hue or saturation.
Near neutral. Uses just white, black, and
grays.
- Attributes- Characteristics Of Colors
- Schemes - Combinations Of Colors
Types of color schemes
Monochromatic - colors are derived from a
single base hue and extended using its shades,
tones and tints.
Complementary - colors that are opposite on
the color wheel; shows high contrast; typically
not suited for texts
Analogous - groups of three colors next each
other on the color wheel; often seen in nature,
and pleasing to the eye
Triadic - usually three colors evenly spaced out
or equal distance in the color wheel; produces
vibrant feel
Split complementary - variation of the
complementary scheme; forms a thin triangle;
has strong visual contrast with less tension;
good choice for beginners
Tetradic - rectangle; works best if you let one
color be dominant; has many variations
Square - uses four colors, evenly spaced out (2
blocks); works best if you let one color be
dominant
Cont. major color attributes
- Value is the lightness and darkness
of an object. The mid value is gray.
Gradient is change in value of a quantity
in a variable per unit distance in a
direction
- Value creates the illusion of light
with highlights and shadows.
Highlights and shadows create
the illusion of a light source.
No light source, no illusion
- Tints - light values
- Shades - dark values on an object
- Highlights - areas on an object where
light is
 - Colors are also used as a
REPRESENTATIONAL ELEMENT
in works of art, specifically in paintings.
- CMYK - is the color model used in
printing
- RGB is used on TV, web, for viewing
purposes only (transfers video signals)
- SPACE is the area between two
elements used to separate or group
anything.
Gives eye rest, importance to subject,
etc.
- SHAPE is an enclosed space, limited into
two dimensions: length and width
- Geometric-have the clear outlines
(circles, rectangles, squares, etc.)
- Organic have natural, less well-defined
edges
(think: an amoeba, or a cloud)
- TEXTURE – perceived surface of an
object, the look and feel of it, the
perceived visual and physical
properties; adds depth and visual
interest
Medium and techniques
Medium
- refers to the materials used by an artist.
- It’s the means by which he/she
communicates with his/her ideas.
2Dimensional media
- Has length and width
- 2 parts: the support or the surface and
the drawing or painting medium
Support and other materials
1. paper – the most popular surface used
for 2D artworks because of its
availability
2. canvas – made of a closely cloth onto
which painting is done usually in acrylics
and oils
3. wood – this support is known as
hardboard which is a board or panel
that is made from wood
4. wall – this support is traditionally may
be made of stone or concrete
Drawing mediums
1. Charcoal – organic drawing material
from burnt wood
- Vine charcoal – comes in thin sticks and
is easy to blend and erase
- Compressed charcoal – made up of
loose charcoal pressed into a stick. It
creates much darker black than vine
charcoal
2. Graphite – or pencils. This medium is
easy to use and not as messy as
charcoal
- F, H,2H-9H
- HB, B, 2B-9B
3. Brush – transfer paint mixture into
surface
Classification by hair type
a. Bristle – used for thickly prepared
paint
b. Sable – cause less damage than a
bristle
Classification by shape
a. Dome shaped – covers more areas
and primarily for skies
b. Pointed – making linear markings
c. Flat – broad strokes
DRAWING
- Moving an instrument over a smooth
surface to leave a mark called a line
- First step in producing 2D artworks
Kinds of drawing
1. Life drawing – based directly on the
observation of the artist of his subject;
still life drawings and figure drawings
2. Emotive drawing – emphasizes
expression of different emotions,
feelings, and mood
 3. Sketching – drawings done at the “spur
of the moment”. Thoughts and ideas
that occur instantly are put down by the
artist
4. Perspective drawing – 3D images on a
2D picture plane
Shading techniques
Techniques- manner which artist use
and manipulate materials to achieve
the desired formal effect and
communicate the desired concept or
meaning according to his or her
personal style
Painting techniques
Shading – use of light and shadow
(degrees of values) giving the work
characteristics of having depth and
texture
1. Hatching – thin lines that runs in
the same direction
2. Cross-hatching – accomplished by
criss-crossing lines
3. Tonal value – accomplished by
changing the value by little
4. Stippling – similar to tiny dashes
and hatching; very small lines
5. Pointillism – dot patterns
6. Scribbling – circular motions
Painting – application of color to a surface thru
tools such as brushes, a painting knife, a roller,
or even fingers
3 components of paint
1. Pigments – colored part of the paint
2. Binder – material that holds together
the pigment and allows it to stick to the
surface
3. Solvent – liquid that controls the
thickness and thinness of the paint
Different kinds of paint
1. Oil-based – first used in 1400s; mixture
of pigment and linseed oil; oil paints dry
slowly
2. Water-soluble paint – watercolor is the
most popular of all water-based media
- Gouache – mixture of transparent
water color with water soluble white
pigment
3. Tempera – water based; not
transparent nor opaque
4. Acrylic – fast drying; water-soluble and
become water resistant when dry
1. Dry brush – paint is applied by dry brush
and paint is undiluted by water; strong
current of color
2. Washing – use watered down paint to
apply translucent washes on surface
3. Pointillism
4. Impasto – use palette knife to scrape up
a bit of paint and apply to work surface
5. Flicking –fairly wet brush, flick paint for
an uneven splatter effect
6. Dabbing – use corner of sponge or piece
of paper towel you can dab accents of
color
Other 2D media
1. Pastel painting – no mixing of colors on
palette and no addition of water, oil,
and others
3 kinds of pastel
1. Soft – higher proportion of pigment
to binder; powdery in texture
2. Hard – aka chalks; good for creating
details
3. Oil – pigment is bound in oil.
Produces compositions that are
bold and colorful
Collage – pasting various materials on a single Other media art
surface. Eg. Newspapers, mags, photos
1. Musicians
Printmaking – repeated transferring of an 2. Dancers
original image from a prepared surface called 3. Theater artists
matrix (printing plate) onto another surface 4. Film maker
usually paper 5. Writer

Mixed media – works of visual art that

combines various traditionally distinct art media

Technology as media

1. Photography – both a science and art.

Writing with lights
2. Digital art
3. Multi-media art – combination of texts,
graphics, video, and sound

3D media
1. Sculpture – many works of
contemporary sculptors are usually
found in public places

Techniques in Sculpture
1. Subtraction- cut away or remove
pieces or parts of the material
2. Addition – putting together materials
or assembling the materials
3. Manipulation – also known as
modeling.
4. Substitution – this is known as
casting.

Kinds of sculpture
1. Relief
2. Free standing
3. Constructed
4. Kinetic

2. Installation art- involves any

arrangements of objects in an
exhibition space