Assignment​ ​Number​ ​and​ ​Title:​ ​CW1

Uber’s​ ​ethical​ ​issues

Student(s):​ ​Anh​ ​Doan

Course​ ​Leader:​ ​MGT​ ​301/2​ ​Fall​ ​2017
Course:​ ​Business​ ​Ethics
Date​ ​Due:​ ​03.10.2017
Date​ ​Submitted:​ ​03.10.2017
Word​ ​Length:

Comments:
[​This​ ​section​ ​will​ ​contain​ ​the​ ​course​ ​leader​’​s​ ​overall​ ​comments​ ​on​ ​your​ ​paper.​]
 I. Introduction
​ ​“Tap​ ​a​ ​button​ ​and​ ​get​ ​a​ ​ride"​ ​inspired​ ​by​ ​the​ ​difficulty​ ​of​ ​getting​ ​a​ ​taxi​ ​in​ ​a​ ​snowy​ ​night
in​ ​Paris​ ​unexpectedly​ ​became​ ​one​ ​of​ ​the​ ​most​ ​innovative​ ​business​ ​startup​ ​ideas​ ​in​ ​2009
following​ ​by​ ​the​ ​launch​ ​of​ ​Uber​ ​and​ ​the​ ​beginning​ ​of​ ​“sharing​ ​economy”​ ​era​ 1​ .​ ​Based​ ​in​ ​San
Francisco,​ ​founded​ ​by​ ​Travis​ ​Kalanick​ ​and​ ​Garrett​ ​Camp,​ ​Uber​ ​Technologies​ ​Inc.​ ​was​ ​first
operated​ ​in​ ​San​ ​Francisco,​ ​California​ ​and​ ​quickly​ ​expanded​ ​to​ ​632​ ​other​ ​cities​ ​all​ ​over​ ​the​ ​world
due​ ​to​ ​its​ ​unique​ ​business​ ​model2.
Uber​ ​is​ ​the​ ​mobile-based​ ​business​ ​acting​ ​as​ ​a​ ​“bridge”​ ​between​ ​car​ ​owners​ ​and
customers;​ ​they​ ​require​ ​both​ ​sides​ ​to​ ​install​ ​and​ ​communicate​ ​via​ ​the​ ​Uber​ ​application​ ​by
booking​ ​and​ ​locating​ ​themselves​ ​by​ ​the​ ​Map​ ​system​ ​that​ ​can​ ​direct​ ​the​ ​riders​ ​to​ ​the​ ​customers’
place​ ​with​ ​upfront​ ​and​ ​dynamic​ ​pricing​ ​strategy​ ​that​ ​differs​ ​depending​ ​on​ ​time​ ​and​ ​locations.
Shared​ ​economy​ ​created​ ​by​ ​Uber
Even​ ​though​ ​invented​ ​in​ ​2000,​ ​the​ ​term​ ​“shared​ ​economy”​ ​was​ ​rarely​ ​seen​ ​in​ ​practice
until​ ​Uber​ ​Technologies​ ​Inc​ ​launched​ ​its​ ​app​ ​in​ ​2009;​ ​“shared​ ​economy”​ ​allows​ ​businesses​ ​to
implement​ ​transactions​ ​based​ ​on​ ​asset-renting​ ​models,​ ​in​ ​which​ ​assets​ ​may​ ​refer​ ​to​ ​houses,​ ​cars,
and​ ​offices3.​ ​Since​ ​the​ ​global​ ​economy​ ​recession​ ​during​ ​2008-2009,​ ​“shared​ ​economy”​ ​has
developed​ ​rapidly​ ​as​ ​ ​renting​ ​is​ ​considered​ ​a​ ​way​ ​of​ ​saving​ ​money​ ​and​ ​sharing​ ​with​ ​strangers,
receiving​ ​money​ ​back​ ​can​ ​help​ ​owners​ ​establish​ ​their​ ​own​ ​businesses​ ​and​ ​self-employed​ ​rather
than​ ​working​ ​for​ ​any​ ​companies​ ​with​ ​restriction​ ​of​ ​freedom,​ ​benefits,​ ​and​ ​ ​risks​ ​of
unemployment4.​ ​As​ ​Uber​ ​is​ ​one​ ​of​ ​the​ ​pioneers​ ​in​ ​ ​the​ ​“shared​ ​economy”,​ ​people​ ​also​ ​call​ ​this
kind​ ​of​ ​economy​ ​“uberisation”​ ​or​ ​“uberification”.
II.​ ​Customer​ ​relations
a.​ ​The​ ​ethics​ ​of​ ​sharing
Since​ ​its​ ​launch,​ ​Uber​ ​has​ ​faced​ ​many​ ​scandals​ ​related​ ​to​ ​sexual​ ​harassment,​ ​violence,
and​ ​personal​ ​insult​ ​among​ ​drivers​ ​and​ ​customers,​ ​and​ ​among​ ​customers​ ​sharing​ ​the​ ​same​ ​ride.​ ​In
London,​ ​in​ ​2017,​ ​ ​several​ ​customers​ ​were​ ​sexually​ ​attacked​ ​by​ ​Uber’s​ ​drivers​ ​accusing​ ​them​ ​of

1
​ ​ ​Uber.com.​ ​(2017).​ ​The​ ​Uber​ ​story​.
2
​ ​ ​Uber.com.​ ​(2017).​ ​The​ ​Uber​ ​story
3
​ ​ ​The​ ​sharing​ ​economy.​ ​(2015).​ ​Global​ ​Investor​ ​,​ ​Expert​ ​know-how​ ​for​ ​Credit​ ​Suisse​ ​investment​ ​clients​ ​INVESTMENT
STRATEGY​ ​&​ ​RESEARCH​,​ ​[online]​ ​2(15),​ ​pp.6-12.
4
​ ​The​ ​sharing​ ​economy.​ ​(2015).​ ​Global​ ​Investor​ ​,​ ​Expert​ ​know-how​ ​for​ ​Credit​ ​Suisse​ ​investment​ ​clients​ ​INVESTMENT
STRATEGY​ ​&​ ​RESEARCH​,​ ​[online]​ ​2(15),​ ​pp.6-12
touching​ ​their​ ​bodies​ ​without​ ​permissions,​ ​none​ ​of​ ​which​ ​was​ ​reported​ ​to​ ​the​ ​police​ ​by​ ​the​ ​firm5
.​ ​In​ ​2013,​ ​a​ ​Uber​ ​taxi​ ​driver​ ​crashed​ ​and​ ​killed​ ​a​ ​6​ ​year​ ​old​ ​girl​ ​when​ ​she​ ​was​ ​with​ ​her​ ​family
walking​ ​on​ ​the​ ​street​ ​in​ ​San​ ​Francisco​ 6​ .​ ​More​ ​noticeably,​ ​in​ ​2014,​ ​an​ ​Indian​ ​woman​ ​was​ ​raped
by​ ​her​ ​Uber​ ​driver,​ ​which​ ​had​ ​committed​ ​four​ ​other​ ​rapes​ ​raising​ ​anger​ ​and​ ​disappointment​ ​of
customers​ ​towards​ ​the​ ​company​ ​as​ ​it​ ​failed​ ​to​ ​investigate​ ​drivers'​ ​legal​ ​background​ ​and​ ​only
took​ ​measurements​ ​after​ ​the​ ​case​ ​was​ ​discovered​ ​by​ ​the​ ​journalists​ 7​ .
b.​ ​Privacy​ ​violation
Uber​ ​is​ ​using​ ​the​ ​God​ ​Map​ ​system​ ​that​ ​can​ ​track​ ​and​ ​see​ ​the​ ​locations​ ​of​ ​current
customers​ ​and​ ​drivers.​ ​It​ ​should​ ​have​ ​not​ ​been​ ​a​ ​problem​ ​until​ ​in​ ​2014​ ​in​ ​Chicago​ ​and​ ​New​ ​York
City,​ ​the​ ​company​ ​uses​ ​their​ ​whereabout​ ​customers​ ​and​ ​drivers’​ ​current​ ​locations​ ​without​ ​asking
for​ ​permissions​ ​as​ ​a​ ​demonstration​ ​of​ ​the​ ​God​ ​Map​ ​system’s​ ​capability​ ​to​ ​their​ ​guests​ ​in​ ​the
launch​ ​parties8).​ ​One​ ​year​ ​later,​ ​Uber​ ​continued​ ​facing​ ​accusations​ ​from​ ​a​ ​journalist​ ​and​ ​a
customer​ ​of​ ​violating​ ​their​ ​privacy;​ ​as​ ​reported,​ ​the​ ​journalist​ ​was​ ​chased​ ​by​ ​a​ ​Uber​ ​top​ ​manager
by​ ​accessing​ ​her​ ​travel​ ​diaries​ ​on​ ​the​ ​app;​ ​and​ ​Entrepreneur​ ​Peter​ ​Sims​ ​received​ ​a​ ​message
informing​ ​that​ ​his​ ​location​ ​was​ ​discovered​ ​by​ ​tracking​ ​the​ ​app​ 9​ ​ ​.​ ​These​ ​cases​ ​have​ ​raised
concerns​ ​about​ ​safety​ ​of​ ​the​ ​customers​ ​and​ ​doubts​ ​about​ ​the​ ​ethics​ ​code​ ​the​ ​company​ ​is
following.​ ​In​ ​the​ ​updated​ ​version​ ​of​ ​the​ ​Uber​ ​application​ ​in​ ​2016,​ ​the​ ​post-ride​ ​location​ ​tracking
tool​ ​was​ ​added​ ​to​ ​prevent​ ​drivers​ ​from​ ​ending​ ​their​ ​rides​ ​earlier​ ​than​ ​expected​ ​or​ ​overcharging
the​ ​customers;​ ​however,​ ​the​ ​company​ ​was​ ​on​ ​fire​ ​due​ ​to​ ​several​ ​protests​ ​against​ ​its​ ​new​ ​tool
regarding​ ​personal​ ​information​ ​protection,​ ​which​ ​then​ ​forced​ ​the​ ​company​ ​to​ ​create​ ​another
button​ ​to​ ​allow​ ​customers​ ​to​ ​disable​ ​the​ ​tracking​ ​tool​ ​whenever​ ​they​ ​want​ 10
​ .
Despite​ ​public​ ​criticism​ ​and​ ​warnings​ ​from​ ​authorities​ ​such​ ​as​ ​the​ ​U.S.​ ​Federal​ ​Trade
Commission​ ​prohibition​ ​of​ ​Uber’s​ ​acts​ ​of​ ​collecting​ ​customers’​ ​personal​ ​data,​ ​there​ ​has​ ​been

5
​ ​Harley,​ ​N.​ ​(2017).​ ​Uber​ ​sex​ ​scandal​ ​as​ ​police​ ​accuse​ ​taxi​ ​firm​ ​of​ ​failing​ ​to​ ​report​ ​sex​ ​attacks​ ​committed​ ​by​ ​drivers​.​ ​[online]
The​ ​Telegraph.
6
​ ​CNET.​ ​(2017).​ ​Uber​ ​settles​ ​lawsuit​ ​over​ ​fatal​ ​SF​ ​crash​ ​that​ ​killed​ ​girl​.​ ​[online]​ ​Available​ ​at:
https://www.cnet.com/news/uber-settles-lawsuit-over-fatal-sf-crash-that-killed-girl/​ ​[Accessed​ ​3​ ​Oct.​ ​2017].
7
​ ​ ​Wong,​ ​J.​ ​(2017).​ ​Uber​ ​executive​ ​fired​ ​amid​ ​reports​ ​he​ ​obtained​ ​rape​ ​victim's​ ​medical​ ​records​.​ ​[online]​ ​the​ ​Guardian.
8
​ ​Marcus,​ ​L.​ ​P.​ ​(2017).​ ​The​ ​underside​ ​of​ ​uber.​​ ​Project​ ​Syndicate
9
​ ​AB​ ​886​ ​(chau)​ ​protects​ ​uber​ ​passenger​ ​privacy.​ ​(2015).​ ​U.S.Newswire
10
​ ​Wamsley,​ ​L.​ ​(2017).​ ​Uber​ ​ends​ ​its​ ​controversial​ ​post-ride​ ​tracking​ ​of​ ​users'​ ​location​.​ ​Washington:​ ​NPR
uncertain​ ​that​ ​Uber​ ​Inc.​ ​will​ ​not​ ​let​ ​these​ ​ ​incidents​ ​happen​ ​again​ ​due​ ​to​ ​the​ ​company’s
ambiguous​ ​solutions​ ​to​ ​its​ ​scandals11​ ​.
III.​ ​Working​ ​environment
Uber​ ​is​ ​described​ ​as​ ​a​ ​toxic​ ​culture​ ​for​ ​employees​ ​as​ ​the​ ​company​ ​is​ ​built​ ​on​ ​a
“win-at-all-costs”​ ​culture​ ​that​ ​gaining​ ​profits​ ​is​ ​more​ ​important​ ​than​ ​following​ ​regulations​ ​and
behaving​ ​ethically​ 12
​ ​ ​.​ ​In​ ​2017,​ ​Susan​ ​Fowler,​ ​a​ ​former​ ​Uber​ ​engineer,​ ​claimed​ ​that​ ​she​ ​was
sexually​ ​harassed,​ ​ ​discriminated,​ ​and​ ​always​ ​threaten​ ​to​ ​be​ ​fired​ ​by​ ​the​ ​top​ ​managers​ ​of​ ​the
company,​ ​which​ ​then​ ​was​ ​rapidly​ ​responded​ ​by​ ​Kalanick-​ ​the​ ​Uber’s​ ​CEO​ ​that​ ​he​ ​would​ ​order
an​ ​investigation​ ​and​ ​take​ ​a​ ​serious​ ​measurement​ ​right​ ​after;​ ​however,​ ​Kalanick​ ​was​ ​also​ ​under
controversy​ ​of​ ​women​ ​discrimination​ ​by​ ​calling​ ​“woman​ ​on​ ​demand"​ ​“Boob-er"13​ ​.​ ​This​ ​scandal
led​ ​to​ ​a​ ​large-scale​ ​campaign​ ​on​ ​Twitter​ ​with​ ​hashtag​ ​#deleteUber​ 14
​ .​ ​At​ ​the​ ​same​ ​time,
Kalanick’s​ ​leadership​ ​style​ ​ ​was​ ​also​ ​criticised​ ​as​ ​“scrappy​ ​entrepreneur”​ ​due​ ​to​ ​his​ ​unreasonable
rules​ ​in​ ​the​ ​company​ ​including​ ​the​ ​fine​ ​of​ ​200$​ ​for​ ​being​ ​late15.​ ​Under​ ​the​ ​pressure​ ​of​ ​the
chairman​ ​board,​ ​Kalanick​ ​resigned​ ​from​ ​his​ ​CEO​ ​position​ ​in​ ​June​ ​201716.
Another​ ​concern​ ​is​ ​drivers’​ ​income​ ​rate.​ ​In​ ​2015,​ ​drivers​ ​in​ ​London​ ​protested​ ​due​ ​to​ ​the
increase​ ​in​ ​Uber's​ ​commission​ ​rate​ ​from​ ​20%​ ​to​ ​25%​ ​and​ ​the​ ​drop​ ​in​ ​payment​ ​rate​ ​by​ ​15%17​ ​.​ ​In
other​ ​places​ ​such​ ​as​ ​Czech​ ​Republic,​ ​Uber​ ​also​ ​pays​ ​lower​ ​than​ ​the​ ​average​ ​of​ ​taxi​ ​drivers
causing​ ​them​ ​to​ ​work​ ​more​ ​than​ ​acceptable​ ​number​ ​of​ ​hours​ ​and​ ​risk​ ​their​ ​own​ ​safety.​ ​Since
Uber​ ​is​ ​a​ ​new​ ​business​ ​model,​ ​it​ ​is​ ​difficult​ ​to​ ​address​ ​the​ ​drivers​ ​“partners"​ ​or​ ​“employees",
which​ ​leaves​ ​their​ ​benefits,​ ​rights,​ ​or​ ​limits​ ​unclear​ ​to​ ​be​ ​protected​ ​by​ ​any​ ​laws​ ​or​ ​regulations.
IV.​ ​Regulation​ ​problems
Operating​ ​in​ ​about​ ​80​ ​countries​ ​in​ ​the​ ​world,​ ​Uber​ ​is​ ​struggling​ ​with​ ​following​ ​local
rules​ ​and​ ​regulations.​ ​In​ ​many​ ​countries,​ ​Uber​ ​drivers​ ​are​ ​running​ ​without​ ​having​ ​permissions
from​ ​local​ ​authorities​ ​since​ ​there​ ​has​ ​been​ ​no​ ​set​ ​of​ ​rules​ ​for​ ​such​ ​a​ ​new​ ​kind​ ​of​ ​business​ ​like
Uber;​ ​for​ ​example,​ ​in​ ​Mexico,​ ​taxi​ ​companies​ ​should​ ​pay​ ​taxes​ ​and​ ​require​ ​their​ ​drivers​ ​to​ ​test

11
​ ​Brady,​ ​D.​ ​(2017).​ ​Federal​ ​trade​ ​commission​ ​smacks​ ​uber​ ​for​ ​deceiving​ ​users​ ​about​ ​privacy.​​ ​The​ ​New​ ​York​ ​Observer
12
​ ​Byrne,​ ​L.​ ​2017,​ ​'Building​ ​a​ ​'win​ ​at​ ​all​ ​costs'​ ​culture​ ​sets​ ​the​ ​tone​ ​of​ ​your​ ​startup'
13
​ ​Levin,​ ​S.​ ​(2017).​ ​Uber​ ​launches​ ​'urgent​ ​investigation'​ ​into​ ​sexual​ ​harassment​ ​claims​.​ ​[online]​ ​the​ ​Guardian.
14
​ ​Levin,​ ​S.​ ​(2017).​ ​Uber​ ​launches​ ​'urgent​ ​investigation'​ ​into​ ​sexual​ ​harassment​ ​claims​.​ ​[online]​ ​the​ ​Guardian
15
​ ​BBC​ ​News.​ ​(2017).​ ​Uber:​ ​The​ ​scandals​ ​that​ ​drove​ ​Kalanick​ ​out​.
16
​ ​BBC​ ​News.​ ​(2017).​ ​Uber:​ ​The​ ​scandals​ ​that​ ​drove​ ​Kalanick​ ​out​.
17
​ ​New​ ​uber​ ​drivers​ ​pay​ ​down​ ​by​ ​pounds​ ​1​ ​per​ ​hour.​ ​(2015).​ ​M2​ ​Presswire
drugs​ ​and​ ​alcohols​ ​in​ ​blood​ ​while​ ​Uber​ ​does​ ​not​ ​have​ ​to​ ​since​ ​they​ ​argue​ ​that​ ​the​ ​Uber​ ​drivers
are​ ​the​ ​company's​ ​independent​ ​partners​ ​and​ ​it​ ​is​ ​not​ ​obligatory​ ​for​ ​Uber​ ​to​ ​force​ ​their​ ​partners​ ​to
take​ ​the​ ​test18​ ​.​ ​In​ ​Eugene,​ ​a​ ​city​ ​in​ ​the​ ​USA,​ ​Uber's​ ​activities​ ​are​ ​prohibited​ ​due​ ​to​ ​the​ ​difference
between​ ​the​ ​firm's​ ​standard​ ​background​ ​check​ ​standards​ ​and​ ​insurance​ ​coverage,​ ​and​ ​the​ ​local
one,​ ​in​ ​which​ ​the​ ​firm’s​ ​ones​ ​are​ ​lower19​ ​.​ ​Taking​ ​advantages​ ​of​ ​the​ ​technology​ ​company
background,​ ​Uber​ ​is​ ​avoiding​ ​the​ ​local​ ​regulations​ ​to​ ​protect​ ​citizens’​ ​safety​ ​and​ ​wellness
claiming​ ​that​ ​it​ ​is​ ​excluded​ ​from​ ​those​ ​as​ ​it​ ​is​ ​not​ ​a​ ​taxi​ ​company.
V.​ ​Local​ ​economy​ ​influence
As​ ​a​ ​direct​ ​competitor​ ​of​ ​the​ ​local​ ​taxi​ ​firms,​ ​Uber​ ​is​ ​considered​ ​to​ ​affect​ ​negatively​ ​on
local​ ​economy​ ​as​ ​it​ ​quickly​ ​eliminates​ ​traditional​ ​taxi​ ​business​ ​leading​ ​to​ ​the​ ​close​ ​of​ ​many​ ​local
taxi​ ​firms​ ​and​ ​other​ ​related​ ​companies,​ ​and​ ​unemployment​ ​as​ ​the​ ​following​ ​consequences.​ ​In
China,​ ​many​ ​anti-Uber​ ​protests​ ​took​ ​place​ ​in​ ​front​ ​of​ ​the​ ​government’s​ ​head​ ​offices​ 20
​ .​ ​However,
in​ ​Sydney,​ ​the​ ​Uber​ ​business​ ​seems​ ​to​ ​have​ ​little​ ​impact​ ​on​ ​local​ ​businesses​ ​according​ ​to​ ​several
taxi​ ​drivers21.
VI.​ ​Conclusion
Since​ ​2009,​ ​Uber​ ​has​ ​changed​ ​the​ ​taxi​ ​industry​ ​from​ ​traditional​ ​hailing​ ​cabs​ ​to​ ​the
sharing​ ​economy​ ​that​ ​allows​ ​car​ ​owners​ ​and​ ​customers​ ​to​ ​communicate​ ​and​ ​make​ ​the​ ​most
appropriate​ ​deal​ ​via​ ​the​ ​Uber​ ​mobile​ ​application​ ​.​ ​They​ ​have​ ​contributed​ ​to​ ​lower​ ​the
unemployment​ ​rate​ ​and​ ​opened​ ​a​ ​more​ ​convenient​ ​and​ ​reliable​ ​way​ ​for​ ​customers​ ​to​ ​use​ ​taxi
services.​ ​However,​ ​along​ ​with​ ​the​ ​advantages​ ​Uber​ ​has​ ​brought​ ​to​ ​the​ ​world,​ ​there​ ​have​ ​been
many​ ​incidents​ ​proving​ ​that​ ​the​ ​company’s​ ​ethic​ ​codes​ ​have​ ​not​ ​reached​ ​the​ ​acceptable
standards​ ​that​ ​cause​ ​harms​ ​to​ ​the​ ​benefits​ ​of​ ​its​ ​stakeholders​ ​including​ ​harassment,​ ​privacy
violation​ ​to​ ​customers,​ ​discrimination​ ​to​ ​employees,​ ​and​ ​destructions​ ​of​ ​local​ ​economy.​ ​Besides,
the​ ​company​ ​has​ ​no​ ​commitment​ ​to​ ​the​ ​environment​ ​protection​ ​and​ ​social​ ​responsibility.​ ​Even
though​ ​Uber​ ​has​ ​taken​ ​some​ ​serious​ ​measurements​ ​on​ ​the​ ​scandals​ ​mentioned​ ​above​ ​such​ ​as​ ​the
resignation​ ​of​ ​ ​Kalanick-​ ​the​ ​CEO,​ ​if​ ​the​ ​company​ ​continues​ ​to​ ​show​ ​its​ ​aggressive​ ​image​ ​that

18
​ ​Quintana,​ ​C.​ ​(2015).​ ​PRC:​ ​Uber​ ​skirting​ ​rules​ ​in​ ​new​ ​mexico.​​ ​The​ ​Santa​ ​Fe​ ​New​ ​Mexican
19
​ ​Aleshire,​ ​I.​ ​(2015).​ ​City's​ ​regulations​ ​drive​ ​uber​ ​out​ ​of​ ​town​ ​-​ ​for​ ​now.​​ ​The​ ​Register​ ​-​ ​Guard
20
​ ​Chen,​ ​G.​ ​(2015).​ ​When​ ​60,000​ ​taxis​ ​are​ ​not​ ​enough​ ​for​ ​shanghai.​​ ​South​ ​China​ ​Morning​ ​Post
21
​ ​Taxi​ ​drivers​ ​say​ ​uber​ ​has​ ​had​ ​little​ ​impact​ ​on​ ​business​ ​in​ ​newcastle;​ ​newcastle​ ​taxi​ ​drivers​ ​say​ ​the​ ​digital​ ​ride-sharing​ ​app​ ​uber
has​ ​had​ ​little​ ​impact​ ​on​ ​their​ ​business,​ ​despite​ ​initial​ ​concerns.​ ​(2015,).​ ​ABC​ ​Regional​ ​News
ignores​ ​customers’​ ​complaints​ ​and​ ​the​ ​government’s​ ​regulations,​ ​its​ ​business​ ​is​ ​not​ ​going​ ​to​ ​last
long​ ​facing​ ​boycott​ ​and​ ​prohibitions​ ​in​ ​many​ ​countries​ ​including​ ​Denmark,​ ​Bulgaria,​ ​Italy,
Canada,​ ​China​ ​and​ ​Taiwan​ 22
​ .

22
​ ​Rhodes,​ ​A.​ ​(2017).​ ​These​ ​are​ ​all​ ​the​ ​places​ ​in​ ​the​ ​world​ ​that​ ​have​ ​banned​ ​Uber​.​ ​[online]​ ​The​ ​Independent
References
1. AB​ ​886​ ​(chau)​ ​protects​ ​uber​ ​passenger​ ​privacy.​ ​(2015,​ ​Apr​ ​15).​ ​U.S.Newswire
Retrieved​ ​from
https://unmtaos.idm.oclc.org/login?URL=?url=https://search.proquest.com/docvie
w/1673164363?accountid=14689
2. Aleshire,​ ​I.​ ​(2015,​ ​Apr​ ​04).​ ​City's​ ​regulations​ ​drive​ ​uber​ ​out​ ​of​ ​town​ ​-​ ​for​ ​now.​ ​The
Register​ ​-​ ​Guard
​ ​Retrieved​ ​from
https://unmtaos.idm.oclc.org/login?URL=?url=https://search.proquest.com/docvie
w/1670361789?accountid=14689
3. BBC​ ​News.​ ​(2017).​ ​Uber:​ ​The​ ​scandals​ ​that​ ​drove​ ​Kalanick​ ​out.​ ​[online]
Available​ ​at:​ ​http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-40352868​ ​[Accessed​ ​3​ ​Oct.
2017].
4. Brady,​ ​D.​ ​(2017,​ ​Aug​ ​15).​ ​Federal​ ​trade​ ​commission​ ​smacks​ ​uber​ ​for​ ​deceiving​ ​users
about​ ​privacy.​ ​The​ ​New​ ​York​ ​Observer
​ ​Retrieved
from​https://unmtaos.idm.oclc.org/login?URL=?url=https://search.proquest.com/d
ocview/1929088106?accountid=14689
5. Byrne,​ ​L.​ ​2017,​ ​'Building​ ​a​ ​'win​ ​at​ ​all​ ​costs'​ ​culture​ ​sets​ ​the​ ​tone​ ​of​ ​your​ ​startup',
​ ​Retrieved​ ​from
https://unmtaos.idm.oclc.org/login?URL=?url=https://search.proquest.com/docvie
w/1901437317?accountid=14689​)
6. Chen,​ ​G.​ ​(2015).​ ​When​ ​60,000​ ​taxis​ ​are​ ​not​ ​enough​ ​for​ ​shanghai.​ ​South​ ​China​ ​Morning
Post
Retrieved​ ​from
https://unmtaos.idm.oclc.org/login?URL=?url=https://search.proquest.com/docvie
w/1699091259?accountid=14689
7. CNET.​ ​(2017).​ ​Uber​ ​settles​ ​lawsuit​ ​over​ ​fatal​ ​SF​ ​crash​ ​that​ ​killed​ ​girl.​ ​[online]
​ ​Available​ ​at:
https://www.cnet.com/news/uber-settles-lawsuit-over-fatal-sf-crash-that-killed-gir
l/​ ​[Accessed​ ​3​ ​Oct.​ ​2017].
8. Harley,​ ​N.​ ​(2017).​ ​Uber​ ​sex​ ​scandal​ ​as​ ​police​ ​accuse​ ​taxi​ ​firm​ ​of​ ​failing​ ​to​ ​report​ ​sex
attacks​ ​committed​ ​by​ ​drivers.​ ​[online]​ ​The​ ​Telegraph
​ ​Available​ ​at:
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/08/13/uber-sex-scandal-police-accuse-taxi
-firm-failing-report-sex/​ ​[Accessed​ ​3​ ​Oct.​ ​2017].
9. Levin,​ ​S.​ ​(2017).​ ​Uber​ ​launches​ ​'urgent​ ​investigation'​ ​into​ ​sexual​ ​harassment​ ​claims.
[online]​ ​the​ ​Guardian.
 Available​ ​at:
https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/feb/20/uber-urgent-investigation-s
exual-harassment-claims-susan-fowler​ ​[Accessed​ ​3​ ​Oct.​ ​2017].
10. Marcus,​ ​L.​ ​P.​ ​(2017).​ ​The​ ​underside​ ​of​ ​uber.​ ​Project​ ​Syndicate
Retrieved​ ​from
https://unmtaos.idm.oclc.org/login?URL=?url=https://search.proquest.com/docvie
w/1912740739?accountid=14689
11. New​ ​uber​ ​drivers​ ​pay​ ​down​ ​by​ ​pounds​ ​1​ ​per​ ​hour.​ ​(2015,​ ​Nov​ ​24).​ ​M2​ ​Presswire
Retrieved​ ​from
https://unmtaos.idm.oclc.org/login?URL=?url=https://search.proquest.com/docvie
w/1735751891?accountid=14689
12. Quintana,​ ​C.​ ​(2015,​ ​Dec​ ​07).​ ​PRC:​ ​Uber​ ​skirting​ ​rules​ ​in​ ​new​ ​mexico.​ ​The​ ​Santa​ ​Fe​ ​New
Mexican
Retrieved​ ​from
https://unmtaos.idm.oclc.org/login?URL=?url=https://search.proquest.com/docvie
w/1747281920?accountid=14689
13. Rhodes,​ ​A.​ ​(2017).​ ​These​ ​are​ ​all​ ​the​ ​places​ ​in​ ​the​ ​world​ ​that​ ​have​ ​banned​ ​Uber.​ ​[online]
The​ ​Independent.
Available​ ​at:
http://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/uber-ban-countries-where-
world-taxi-app-europe-taxi-us-states-china-asia-legal-a7707436.html​ ​[Accessed​ ​3
Oct.​ ​2017].
14. Taxi​ ​drivers​ ​say​ ​uber​ ​has​ ​had​ ​little​ ​impact​ ​on​ ​business​ ​in​ ​newcastle;​ ​newcastle​ ​taxi
drivers​ ​say​ ​the​ ​digital​ ​ride-sharing​ ​app​ ​uber​ ​has​ ​had​ ​little​ ​impact​ ​on​ ​their​ ​business,
despite​ ​initial​ ​concerns.​ ​(2015,​ ​Apr​ ​08).​ ​ABC​ ​Regional​ ​News
Retrieved​ ​from
https://unmtaos.idm.oclc.org/login?URL=?url=https://search.proquest.com/docvie
w/1670363216?accountid=14689
15. The​ ​sharing​ ​economy.​ ​(2015).​ ​Global​ ​Investor​ ​,​ ​Expert​ ​know-how​ ​for​ ​Credit​ ​Suisse
investment​ ​clients​ ​INVESTMENT​ ​STRATEGY​ ​&​ ​RESEARCH,​ ​[online]​ ​2(15),​ ​pp.6-12.
Available​ ​at:
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