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Jeasika Jeyakumar June 12, 2016 Structures

REINFORCEMENT (R/f)

◾ Introduction

Reinforced concrete is the most commonly used structural material in Basic Civil Engineering
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engineering construction. Although concrete is strong in resisting
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compressive stress, it is weak intention. Hence to withstand tensional
stresses, steel is need in concrete. The reinforcement in concrete may be Follow +1

simple bars or rods bend and tied to a given schedule with stirrups. The + 1,287
nominal diameters of bars used at site were Y10, Y12, Y16, Y20, Y25 and R6.

Steel is supplied in two basic types. Top Posts & Pages

1. Mild steel (250 N/mm2) Preparing Bar schedule

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2. Tor steel (460 N/mm2) Type of Equipment use

in construction
Basic things you should
◾ Bar code            
know about Bill Of
Quantity (BOQ)
Indication of Reinforcement in Drawings
Lapping length of
reinforcement steel bars
Engineering drawings is a language to communicate with details. Therefore Column and Beam
there is a standard to indicate reinforcement in drawing such as, system in construction
What is crank Length of
5Y10- 001- 150:-Which means 5 Number of Tor steel, 10mm Diameter, Bar reinforcement

mark 001, At 150mm CRS. At                                                      bottom face.

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Bar location can be vary as follows:
Basic Civil
Notation for Slab- Engineering
T1 -Top outer layer, T2 -Top second layer

Transit City Condos

B1 -Bottom outer layer, B2 -Bottom second layer

◾ Cutting and Bending of Bars

      There is a steel yard in the site for storing, cutting and bending of bars.
Reinforcement bars are cut into required lengths and bent into required
shapes shown on the bar schedule either manually or by means of
machinery.

       In manual operations, laborers used the bar bending bench on which
strong nails are fixed and GI pipes with suitable lengths to bend the bars.
That is used for smaller diameter bars. For bending of larger diameter bars,
bar bending machine is used. After bending all reinforcement bars were
bundled and clearly numbered according to the bar mark so that steel fixers
will not face any difficulty when fixing them.

Fig.1 :- Bar bending work

◾ Prepare bar schedule (important considerations)

 Reinforcement Bar Schedule

      Reinforcement Bar Schedule is prepared in a standard manner. The bar

bending schedule should be prepared and it should be submitted to the
steel bar steel yard to cut and to bend the bars for purposes, because bar
bending schedule is the simplest of details what is in the drawings which
can easy to under stand for bar benders. It contains all the details needed
for fabrication of steel.Those details are bar mark, bar type and size,
number of units, length of a bar, shape code, distance between stirrups
(column, plinth, beam) etc.

Advantages of the Bar Schedule:

 ◾ By preparing a bar schedule, and arranging them according to the
lengths, it will lead to an economical bar cutting, reduce the bar
cutting wastages.

◾ It is easy to manage the reinforcement stock required for identified

time duration.

◾ It will help to fabrication of R/F with structure.

Calculating weight of the steel

While prepared the bar schedule, we used the unit weight of reinforcement
bar.

Nominal Diameter of the bar (mm) Unit weight (kg/m)

R6 0.222

R10 0.610

T10 0.617

T12 0.888

T16 1.580

T20 2.469

T25 3.858

T32 6.313

Table- Unit weight of the bar

It is necessary to be careful about length when preparing bar schedules. In

case of bending, bar length will increased at the bending positions.

◾ Minimization of bar cutting wastage

In the site several steps were adopted for that purpose. Those are, Use of
12m long r/f bars rather than using shorter bars. For example 6m bars off
cuts of 12m bars were used to prepare stools, separators etc.
 ◾ Off cuts of larger diameter (25mm) bars-for spacer bars

◾ Off cuts of smaller diameter (10mm) bars-for stools

◾ Lapping

 Lapping is required when a bar isn’t long enough or a joint is required.

Bars may be deliberately left short for constructability and transportation
concerns. The preferred method of lapping where the two bars overlap
each other for some minimum distance. This distance is called Lap length.
These two bars are in physical contact and wired together. It does not
represent an actual bend in the bar.

Fig 2: Lapping and cranking detail

◾ Other material used In Reinforcement Works

Binding Wires

R/f bars are jointed with using wires which is called “binding wires”. Hackers
are used to bind these wires.

Cover Blocks

They were made up of 1:3 ratio of cement mortar. Cover blocks should
be immersed in water for 28 days to get the maximum strength.All the
beams were checked to ensure adequate cover blocks are provided to the
bottom and sides of the beam reinforcement. Main bars of the columns
were adjusted to ensure the covering requirements before concreting.
Stools of correct height were used to maintain the require gap between top
and bottom reinforcement nets and cover blocks were also provided to
bottom reinforcement.

Fig 3: Cover blocks

Cover to Reinforcement

◾ Concrete cover for steel bar is much necessary to protect the steel
against corrosion (rusting) and to provide resistance against fire.

◾ For R.C.C. Slab and staircase the cover is 20 mm.

◾ For RCC column the cover (To stirrups) 30mm.

◾ In case of underground structures the cover is 50 mm.

◾ In case of beams in superstructure (To stirrups) the cover is 25mm.

◾ In case of ground resting floor slab (Top surface) and retaining walls
the cover is 50m.

◾ Stirrups

       Stirrups will be required at areas of high shear, such as bearing points

and below large point loads.  Increasing concrete beam spans, to reduce the
need for additional piers, has resulted in the need for the use of steel
stirrups. Concrete beams vary in depth.  The deeper the beam, the more
shear capacity.  When the depth is not adequate, steel stirrups must be
added to increase the shear capacity of the beam.

       These stirrups are usually one piece of steel that is bent into a
rectangular shape. The stirrup typically wraps around the bottom and top
bars of the beams. A designer should specify the size, spacing and location
along the length of the beam where the stirrups are required.  In my site
specify the stirrup dimensions in our section drawings, so that the stirrup
can be manufactured prior to installation. The installer should be careful to
fabricate the stirrup from one piece of steel and adequately overlap each
end.

Fig 4: Bar Schedule for stirrups

◾ Stools
Stools are used to separate the top reinforcement mesh and bottom
reinforcement mesh. Dimension of the Stools could be change as
requirement. Those should be strength enough to bear the loads without
changing the gap of two layers. 12 mm or 16 mm bars are used to make the
stools.

Fig 5: Stools

Important  points to be checked.

◾ Size of the bar

◾ Length of the bar

◾ Location of the bar

◾ Position of the bar

◾ Number of bars

◾ Lap lengths

◾ Correct cover of reinforcements and cover blocks

◾ Spacing (in slab reinforcements and stirrups)

◾ Direction of the bars (in slabs)

◾ Dimensions of the element thickness of a slab, depth and width of a

beam, etc…)

Columns, Beams, Slab Reinforcement

◾ Column Reinforcement

      The column reinforcement bars should be stared from the Footing. The
upper column reinforcement bars are cranked at the laps and connected.
Special care should be taken in this to ensure the lap lengths. After erection
of main reinforcements, cover blocks were attached to column
reinforcements to maintain the required cover for column reinforcement.
Most of Columns centers were located at intersections of grid lines.

Stirrup spacing
       According to the Column reinforcement details drawing the
reinforcement detail for a typical internal Column, from to basement to
ground floor is as follows.

       Column stirrups were tightened up to beam bottom level and rest is

tightened once beam reinforcement is fabricated. So Bar benders was
instructed how to provide the stirrups. Mark the stirrup spacing from the
basement floor level in the Column main bars with a chalk as follow the
detail drawing.

E.g.:

Fig 6:  Section of column Reinforcement

Bar Schedule for Footing, Column up to DPC and Column.

E.g-

Footing

Size – 1000 x 1000 x 250

R/f Details – Y10 at 225 C/C (B) Both ways

 Table 1: Schedule for Footing, Column up to DPC and Column

◾ Beam Reinforcement

   Beam is a horizontal structural member resting on two or more supports.

It is used to transfer the load to the columns.Beam reinforcements are
arranged after the construction of beam and slab formwork.

The method adopted for the arrangement of beam reinforcements is as

follows:

    First the top most reinforcement bars are hung over the beam formwork
and then the stirrups are placed and bound at correct positions. Thereafter
the bottom reinforcement bars are placed and bound to the stirrups. After
that the rest of the reinforcement bars and tension bars are inserted into
the cage according to structural drawings. Then cover blocks are fixed to
bottom and side reinforcements before placing the concrete.

Consideration for give lap length

Fig 7: Reinforcement for beams

    Top reinforcement of the beam shall be lapped at the middle of the span
of between two supports. Bottom reinforcement of the beam shall be
lapped at the end of the span of the two supports. Considering the region
where the maximum bending movement is existing.

       Lapping is did the place which the tension is didn’t act. Normally 2/3 of
the length is choosing for lapping. When lapping top & bottom re-bar, it is
better to follow the following method.Otherwise, it might cause to reduce
the concrete covering thickness of the topmost& bottom most slab
reinforcement.

Fig 8: Reinforcement  for beams

Anchorage (bond) in concrete

Because the actual bond stress varies along the length of a bar anchored in
a zone of tension. The main requirement for safety against bond failure is to
provide a sufficient extension of the length of the bar beyond the point
where the steel is required to develop its yield stress and this length must
be at least equal to its development length. However, if the actual available
length is inadequate for full development, special anchorages must be
provided, such as bends, hooks.

E.g- (Anchorage length 45 d (for top bars),12 d (for bottom bars)) where “d”,
“Ø”  is diameter of the Bar.

Anchorage length Calculation

E.g.:-  20 mm diameter bar

Fig 9: Anchorage length

Bending length = 112.5- (Cover (25 mm)+ Stirrup (10 Ø))

= 72.5mm
Anchorage length (x) = 45 x diameter of the bar(20 Ø)

= 827.5 mm

Bar schedule for Beam

Table 2: Bar Schedule for Beam

◾ Slab Reinforcement

Slab reinforcement is the most important part of the structure. It is

important to have an idea on slab reinforcement detailing. Following basic
thing could be studied in drawing on slab reinforcement detailing.

Distribution bar reinforcement

Small diameter bars, usually at right angles to the main reinforcement,

intended to spread a concentrated load on a slab and to prevent
cracking.Standard method used for indicated the slab top & bottom
reinforcement.

First step of the fixing of slab reinforcement was placed the bottom most
R/F (B1) of the slab. Before placing the re-bar, correct spacing given in the
detailing drawing were marked by using piece of choke on the slab
formwork. After placed the (B1) R/F then placed the (B2) R/F and bound both
R/F layers together by using binding wire. Then cover blocks for bottom
most R/F were fixed. Finally, Top R/F (T2), Topmost R/F (T1)& distribution
bars were placed according to the drawing and fixed together by using
binding wire. Then Stools were fixed to separate the both top & bottom R/F
net as fulfilled the thickness.

Fig 10:  Reinforcement of a slab

Bar crank

Bar cranking is the process of bending up the bottom steel bars in upward
direction. It is mainly to prevent upward bending moment near the joint.
Also useful for attaching stirrup bar effectively. Cranking is also used in two
way slabs.

◾ Bar schedule for Slab

 Table 3 : Bar schedule for Slab

◾ Bar schedule for some other structures

 Bar schedule for Plinth 

 Table 4: Bar schedule for Plinth

Bar schedule for Stiffener column, Sill beam and Lintel beam

 Table 5: Bar schedule for Stiffener column, Sill beam and Lintel beam

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