19 Columns and Struts 18.1. INTRODUCTION Column or strut is defined as a member of @ structure, which is subjected to axial ‘compressive loed. If the member of the structure is vertical and both ofits ends are fixed ‘gly while gubjocted to axial comprossive load, the member is known as column, for example 2 vertical pillar hetween the roaf and floor. Ifthe member of the stracture is not vertical and ne or beth ofits ends are hinged or pin joined, the bar is known as strut. Examples of struts fre : connecting rods, piston rods ete. 19.2. FAILURE OF A COLUMN Tho failure of extumn takes place due to the anyone ofthe allowing sence up in @ Direct compressive stresses, Gi) Buckling stresses, and (Gid) Combined of direct compressive and buckling stresses, 192.1, Failure of a Short Column. & short column of uniform cross-sectional area A, ‘subjected to an axial compressive load P, is shown in Fig. 19.1. The compressive stress induced cegiven by a P pi ena If the compressive load on the short columa Is gradually ineroased, a tage will reach when the column will be on the point of failure by crushing. she stress induced in the column correspending to this load is known as erush= ing stress and the load is called crushing load. Let, = Crushing losd, 9, = Crushing stress, and | A= Area of cross-section Then ° je Fg. 103 A All short columns fail due to crushing 19.22. Failure of a Long Column. Along column of uniform cross-sectional area And, ot length, subjected to an axial compressive load P, iz shown in Fig. 19.2. A coluron is known as ong column ifthe length of the column in comparison to its lateral dimensions, is very large. ‘such columns do not fal by erushing alone, but also by bending (also known buckling) 8 shown, 08 7 CcowuMms AND STRUTS 208 in Fig. 19.2. The load at which the column just buckles, is known as buckling load or eritisal just or erippling load. The buckling load is ess than the erush- ingloed for a long column, Actually the value of buckling load for Tong columns {slow whereas for short columns the value of buckling load is relatively high, Refer to Pig. 19.2. Let I= Length ofa long column P= Load (compressive) at which the column has just buckled A= Cross-sectional area of the column, = Maximum bending of the column at the centre P 0) = Stress due to direct load = a, Stress do o bending a he enue of te eam = PE where Z = Section modulus about the axis of bending, P “The extreme stresses on the mid-section are given by Fe. 102 ‘Maximum stress = a9 + 0, and Minimum stress = 0) ~ oy ‘The column will fal when maximum stress (i.e dy + 6,) is more than the crushing stresso,, Bat n ease offong columns, the direct compressivo stresses are nogligible as compared to buckling stresses, Hence very long columns are subjected to buckling stresses only. 193, ASSUMPTIONS MADE IN THE EULER'S COLUMN THEORY ‘The following assumptions are made in the Buler’s column theory 1. "The column is initially perfectly straight and the load is applied axialy. 2, The cross-section of the column is uniform throughout its length. 3. The column material is perfoetly elastic, homogeneous and isotropic and obeys Hook's law. 4.‘The length of the column is vory large as compared to its lateral dimensions. 5. The direet stress is very small as compared to the bending stress, 6. The column will fail by buckling alone. 7. The seleweight of column is negligible 19.4, END CONDITIONS FOR LONG COLUMNS {a cose of long columns, the stress due to direct load is very small in comparison with the stress due to buckling, Hence the failure of long eolumns take place entirely due to buck ling (or bending). The following four types of end conditions of the columns ate important 1. Both the ends of the column are hinged (or pinned). 2, One end is fixed and the other and is free 3. Both the ends ofthe column are fixed. 4 One end is fixed and the other is pinned. Fora hingod end, the deflection is zero. For fixed ond the deftection and slope are 220 For a free ond the defleetion is not zero,10 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS. 194.1. Sign Conventions. The following sign con- ventions for the bending ofthe columns will be usod : 1, A moment which will bend the column with its convexity towards its initial central line as shown in Fig. 19.8 (a) Is taken as positive. In Fig. 19.3 (@), AB represents the initial centre line ofa column, Whether the column bends taking the shape AB’ or AB", the moment producing this type of eurvature is positive. 2, A moment which will tend to bend the olumn with its concavity towards its initial centre line as shown. in Fig. 19.3 (6) taken as negative (0) Posie Fig. 193 Neos 195, EXPRESSION FOR CRIPPLING LOAD WHEN BOTH THE ENDS OF THE ‘COLUMN ARE HINGED ‘The load at which the column just buckles (or bends) is called crippling Joad. Consider acolumn AB oflength/ and uniform erose-ectional area, hinged at both ofits ends A and B. Let P be the erippling load at which ths column, has ust buelded. Due tothe crippling load, the column will deflect intoa curved form ACB as shown in Fig. 19.4 Consider any section at distance + from the end A. Let,y = Deflection (lateral displacoment) st the eection. ‘The moment duo to the crippling load at the section = — Py (ve sign is taken due to sign convention igen in Art. 19.4.1) But moment =EI Equating the two moments, we have ay ay BI Spa-P ey o BSE +P.y=0 by PB at Bp 77 The solution” ofthe above dfforentis! equation is PE [Pp C om (x Jes sin (45) 0 Where C; and C, are the constants of integration. The values of are obtained a eee tegration. The values of C, and C, are obtained as “ye Pea fe ae” The wltion the ogtn ey = C+ Cine) -o0 (ff) sans) “he equation ay canto witen es 2 40 vtawate Poe COLUMNS AND STRUTS att Gv, x=0 and y = 0 (See Fig, 19.4) ‘Substituting theso values in equation (i), we get 02 G, . 080° +C, sin 0 BC,x140,%0 aC, O,=0. i) (i) ALB, x= Land y= 0 (Gee Fig. 194. ‘Substituting these values in equation (i), e get 9-0,.c0('4E) +c sn fe] (s €080= Land sin 0= 0) 7 soveysin( fpr) [2 cy+0 tom equaton a 7 aim (iE) rom equation (if, itis clear that either C, = 0 . wa(0{E) ‘As C, = 0, then if C, is also equal to 20r0, thon from oquation (i) we will get y= 0. This means that the bending of the calumn will be zoro or the column will not bend at all. Which is oo (2) so(i(E)-0 (fz) i if ex i or asa 19.6, EXPRESSION FOR CRIPPLING LOAD WHEN ONE END OF THE COLUMN I FIXED AND THE OTHER END IS FREE Consider a colunnAB, of length / and uniform cross-sectional area, fixed at theendA and {roe at tho end. The free end will way sideways when load Is applied at free end and curvature in the length { will be similar to that of upper half ofthe eolumn whose both ends are hinged. et P is the crippling load at which the column has just buckled, Due to the crippling load ?, the column will deflect as shown in Fig. 19 in which AB is the original position ofthe column and ABY, is the deflected position due to crippling load P. Consider any section at distance x from the fixed end A.we STRENGTH OF MaTERILS cous ato sTAUrS is Tay = Deletion or lateral dsplacemen) at dhe section Deflection at the re end B ‘then moment a the ection due tothe eipling ood = P(a— 9) (eve signi tan dust sgn convention given in Art. 18.43) bated dty Jat moments also af But a af _Bquling the tvo maments, wo got d’y =Pia-yinP.0-P.y Eh Paya? a-Py es ay ra ete ee But rth sping led P the vat of canna bo oqo 2, 1B r 0 96-00 (=fg7] «6.2 [xf] = i) Subatitating he valu fC, =~ and C= in oquatin (we ge whore C, and are constant of ntaration. The valuas of C, and C, are obtained fom -a.cos(2 [P| 0 «iy boundary conditions, The boundary conditions are sd ver) *° (Por fxod end, the defection aswel as elope is zero Bat atthe he ond of th elma, xx and =a Henco at ond A (which i xed) the dalection y= 0 and also slope =o j ere aes eee >) Hemost dse=dandy=0 | oncaeid) ** ‘Substituting these values in equation (i), we get. nf O=C,.co90-rCysinO+e P| ie , % or on-a.cor(t- fF) or acne (0. fE rd But cant be equal to 210 Gene Aiey (fz bn Setiiay ent. [E or cos © or At A,x=Oand 7 a [Poe oe “Ver "2 2 2 F) F | FE). \ Taking the hast practice! value, | fE-z ow (E-% *The equation (A) ean be written aa j ar 8 ae ,, I PET ay | z SF tb atxy =a? xa where at = or fz 118.2) a? + : Fl al ‘The complete solution of this equation is y= C, ca (ax + Cin a.) + 3% 19.7. EXPRESSION FOR CRIPPLING LOAD WHEN BOTH THE ENDS OF THE He ¢ COLUMN ARE FIXED e ([P f cs oe( (Et sete) ai mea ategas Peieteacson tae eae as oeon STRENGTH OF MATERIA (COLUMNS At STRUTS ane Due to the crippling load P, the column will deflect as shown in Fig. 19.6. Due to fixed ends, there will be fixed end moments (say M,) at the ends A ‘and B. The fixed end moments will be aceting in such direstion so that slope ft the fixed ends becomes zero. Consider a section at a distance x from the end A. Let the deflection of the cotumnn at the section is y. As both the ends of the eoluinn are fixed fand the column carries a crippling load, there will be some fixed end mo- ments at A ond B. Let My = Fixed end moments st A and B. ‘Then moment at the section = M, ~ Py ay But moment atthe section is also = BI Bquating the two moments, we get ay P ‘The solution* of the above differential equation is (c.f) 6 inlet), Me 96.00 (= fE}+6,.00 (fs) Me © tihare ©, and C, are consiant of integration and their values ate obtained frm boundary ‘onions, Boulary conditions ar: ls cata, «dance «Bassai =O and also % = 0 a8 B is also a fixed ond. Go ate, @ “Tie equation (combo ition oo ay Ma a BI ‘he completa selina his equation fe o((Fe}-6 c.f) eas fen fe] oe sobcy= BP where a= Substituting the value x = 0 and y = 0 in equation (), we get » eos Me 02 0,x140,x04 2 (eo 0=) tio) i : ~ F) Fy cpcu(e[2). se odie): Lm veel) cutting te aes «an & = hain onion bcos vancynorcyeie [EZ ——( sndndanteet= er VET pasa tied tier aes urate 0, But for a given P evppling load P the value o | cannot be sal ozo pling lead P, UE cannot be onal & Me 7 Now substituting the values of C, =— “Ft and C= 0in equation (D, we get Me fe Ma ya AP coo [aE] +0048 Ait ‘At the end B of the colusnn, x ‘Substituting these values in equation (i), we get on M(t fF) Me Pol Er)? My ) o Bol fh) zi)" ? ( Me P or cos Op gg 7 1 = 0080; 608206 A 605 Beate STRENGTH OF MATERIALS gee ze y ir Lapa Be or ass) 19.8, EXPRESSION FOR CRIPPLING LOAD WHEN ONE END OF THE COLUMN IS FIXED AND THE OTHER END IS HINGED (OR PINNED) Consider a column AB of length Land uniform cross-sections area fixed at the end A and hinged at the end B as shown in Fig. 19.7. Let Pis the crippling load at which the column has buckled. Due to the crippling load P, the column will deflect as shown in Fig. 19:7. ‘There will be fixed end moment (Mg) at the fixed end A. ‘This will try to bring back the slope of deflected column zoro at A, Hence it will be acting anticlock wise at A The fixed end momont M, at A is to be bal- fanced. This will be balanced by a horizontal reaction (H) at the top end B fs shown in Fig. 197. Consider a section at a distance x from the end A. Let y = Deflection ofthe column at the section, MM, ~ Fixed end moment at A, and HE = Horizontal resction at B. ‘The moment at the section = Moment due to crippling load at B 4 Moment éue to horizontal reaction at B =-P.y+H d-2) But the moment at the section is also @. =a} equating the two moments, we get ay pO YP ysHu-s) ai or Hd-2 @y Po or SSR gee Cividing by BD 1A) H ggg? 2 b=? sa po P (OWNS AND STRUTS: at? ‘The solution* of the above differential equation ia {, P) [P) # where C, and C, are constants of integration and their values aro obtained from boundary conditions. Boundary eonditions are (@ At the xed end 4, x= 0, 7 (@ Atthe hinged end B, x =1andy = 0. Subotituting tho value x = 0 and y = 0 in equation (), wo got ay and aloo 2 =0 H Ht Ox 140x900 F d-oa0, et H Q=-5 cay Differentiating the equation (i) wir. x, we get (sin =0, 0801) in equation (0), we get sin (f%)-$o-» ete equation (A) cabo written as fy H eo esate aoa E w on fh ‘The ot stn inet Hun Elxa® ef <*) eae 3) = ar tz (Er woyanlonfE J can[oxfB] Len y= Gone (@.2)+ Cysin(e.0+at6 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS ‘At the ond B, x= Candy Hronce the above equation bacomes as Te siuton ote stove suai. | «Brain Sauarng both ids, we get eee F a4ste202s a Pena But approximately 20.26 = 2x* 2x7 BI pe # ca9.4) 19.9, EFFECTIVE LENGTH (OR EQUIVALENT LENGTH) OF A COLUMN ‘The effective length of a given coluan with given end conditions is the length of an ‘equivalent eolumn of the same material and eraas-section with hinged ends, and having the vvaluo of the erippling load equal to that of the givon ealumn, Effective length is also called ‘equivateat length, Let 1, Rifective length of a column, Actual length of the column, and P= Crippling lead for the column, ‘Then the crippling load for any type of end condition is given by x61 pes «195 ‘The crippling load (Pin torma of actual length and fective length and also the elation letvaeneetive length and act longth aro given ia Pablo 10.1, a coum ano STRUTS a9 ‘TABLE 19.1 [ SiNo. | Bnd conditions Crippling load in terms of | Relation between of clu ‘fst longt “eta ete ‘iets tengih—|_andactuelongth ear 1. | ath endo hinged | pt | yet EL Ope end is xed oa etl andotberiefeee | acter EL a 2, | Both ends xo — it z | | see sel net 4 | onmand ted and) Ss = me [other ir hinged | eee "There are tw values of moment of inertia i, I,, and J, "The valuo of (moment of inestia) in the shove expressions should be taken as the least ‘value of the two moments of inertia as the column will tnd to bend in the direction of least ‘momont of inertia, 199.1. Crippling Stress in ‘Terms of Effective Length and Radius of Gyration, ‘The moment of inertia (2) cam be expressed in terms of radius of gyration (A) as T= Ak? whore A= Area of erose-section, ‘As Ils the least valuo of moment of inertia, then ‘= Least radius of gyration of the column section, [Now erippling load P in terms of effective length is given by (rear) (19.8) ‘And the stress corresponding to erippling load is given by ippling load _ P = REX + (Substituting the value of P) (3) wE 19.7) 7