Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Acronyms vii
Executive Summary ix
1. Introduction 1
1.1 India and rural roads 1
1.2 Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) 2
1.3 Maintenance of rural roads 4
1.4 International Labour Organization (ILO) technical assistance
project for PMGSY 5
1.5 Structure of the report 6
2. Impact Assessment Study-Scope & Methodology 9
2.1 Objectives of the study 10
2.2 Scope and methodology 10
2.3 Survey Parameters and Approach 12
2.4 Coverage under the Study 14
2.5 Limitation of the Study 18
3. Profile and Characteristics of the Sample 19
3.1 Profile of Sample States 19
3.2 Profile of Habitations 22
3.3 Profile of Households 23
4. Connectivity status before and after the road 27
4.1 Type of road access in sample and control habitations
before the road 27
4.2 Changes in all season motorized access before and
after the road 28
4.3 Changes in connectivity Status to important facilities 30
4.4 Maintained vs not maintained road 35
4.5 Summary of Key Findings and Conclusions 37
5. Impact of Rural Roads on Agriculture 39
5.1 Shifts in Cropping Patterns 39
5.2 Increases in Usage of Fertilizers and Improved Seeds 40
5.3 Improved Accessibility to Agriculture Markets 41
5.4 Improved Realized Prices for Agricultural Produces 44
5.5 Changes in access to facilities/services 45
5.6 Improved ownership of assets related to agriculture 46
5.7 Summary of Key Findings and Conclusions 47
6. Employment Generation and Rural Roads 49
6.1 Increase in number of days employed 49
6.2 Traveling outside the village for Employment 51
6.3 New Employment opportunities 53
6.4 Summary of Key Findings and Conclusions 54
7. Impact on Income and Poverty Alleviation 55
7.1 Increase in income of households 55
7.2 Impact on Improvements in Quality of Life 60
7.3 Summary of Key Findings and Conclusions 62
8. Impact on Health Factors 63
8.1 Improved access to health facilities 63
8.2 Improvements in health facilities 66
8.3 Improved pre and post natal care 68
8.4 Increase in number of institutional deliveries 70
8.5 Improved child immunization and health care 71
8.6 Improved medical care during sickness and accidents etc. 71
8.7 Summary of Key Findings and Conclusions 72
9. Impact on Education 73
9.1 Improved status of education facilities 73
9.2 Improved all seasons connectivity of education facilities 75
9.3 Savings in travel time to education facilities 76
9.4 Improvements in enrollment of children for education 77
9.5 Summary of Key Findings and Conclusions 80
10. Impact on Other Aspects 81
10.1 Improved living conditions and Security 81
10.2 Improved connectivity to various administrative centers 82
10.3 Improvements in Public Distribution System (PDS) 82
10.4 Summary of Key Findings and Conclusions 83
ANNEX 1: Habitation Schedule 85
ANNEX 2: Household Level Schedule 99
Acronyms
The potential of rural roads in transforming rural India has been well
established by many impact assessment studies in the past. Road investments
have made significant impact on reducing poverty, improving incomes and
access to health and education facilities. In India the thrust on rural roads
development was intensified by launching of the Pradhan Mantri Gram
Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) in December, 2000. This scheme’s distinctive quality
management system and provision of composite construction contract
including maintenance have resulted in better quality roads across the
country. State Governments, however have not been very judicious in
effectively utilizing their budgets to target road maintenance and have been
more inclined in building new roads ignoring the maintenance needs or
existing rural roads. It is believed that unless a strategic approach for rural
road maintenance starting from adequate funding provisions to building
capacities to making the local authorities more accountable is adopted, it
will not be far when the benefits of these capital investments will be lost.
Better planning and small investments in maintenance can multiply the
rural roads’ impacts and give much higher returns on the investments made
on rural roads.
This study was commissioned by the International Labour Organization
(ILO) under the technical assistance project for PMGSY with an objective to
assess the impact of rural roads maintenance and to ascertain whether the
benefits provided by the construction of the roads developed or not; and if
the benefits do develop, whether these are sustained or not. This impact
assessment study was carried out in one district each of Bihar, Jharkhand,
Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh States covering two groups of sample units,
rural roads which are maintained and in good operational conditions and
rural roads which are not maintained and not in good condition. Households
were interviewed; group discussions were conducted and based on the
findings this report presents the impact of rural roads maintenance.
Key Findings
The concept of rural road connectivity is based on construction of all-
weather roads. The continuity and uninterrupted connectivity has
Executive Summary ix
opened up flow of goods and services to the villages and regular and
faster access to facilities outside the villages for the villagers. The real
impact of rural roads is only possible when the round the year
connectivity is sustained. The study has found that in many habitations
where the roads have not been maintained, the road access is disrupted
for a substantial period thereby causing huge discomfort to the residence
therein who actually got used to the improved access after construction
of the roads.
In many cases it was seen that road construction attracted very
complementary investments made by people considering that these
roads will be permanent and will remain operational forever. Poor or
no maintenance has disrupted the road connectivity threatening the
sustainability and returns of such investments causing loss and anxiety
to the investors.
When the roads were built many farmers shifted to crops which were
considered feasible and more profitable with the new connectivity.
Though no significant loss has been inflicted on them so far but most of
them were very apprehensive and concerned about poor maintenance
of the roads.
Most of the roads built in the rural areas resulted in significant savings
in travel time and cost to reach the market. In habitations where roads
were not maintained, these gains seem to have been lost to a large
extent. Whereas habitations covered under the study have identical
socio-economic conditions, the comparison of data from sample and
control habitations reflects that more farmers are sourcing better
agricultural inputs and services where the roads are maintained. The
same was noticed in other allied activities like livestock and poultry
etc.
The study also brought out that post construction of rural roads, the
employment scenario also improved significantly. More people were
traveling outside the habitations for better employment opportunities
but in the habitations where the road quality deteriorated the number
of people traveling outside the habitations for seeking employment has
gone down.
With the improved roads and better public transport facilities the travel
time to the place of work reduced for many workers traveling outside
the habitations on a daily basis. The respondents in control habitations
where the roads were not maintained reported that these gains are lost
now increasing their hardships.
Executive Summary xi
xii Impact Assessment Study of Improved Rural Road Maintenance System
1 Introduction
Introduction 1
1.2 Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)
The Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) is a hundred percent
Centrally Sponsored Scheme, which primarily aims to provide all-weather
road connectivity to all eligible unconnected habitations in the rural areas
with a population of 500 persons and above in plain areas and 250 persons
and above in special category
States (i.e. Arunachal Pradesh, Village Agyara in Ramgarh Block
Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya,
of Alwar district, a sample village
Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim,
Tripura, Himachal Pradesh, covered in this study, was provided
Jammu & Kashmir and connectivity under PMGSY during
Uttarakhand), desert areas 2006-07. This 3 KMs long road has
(identified in the Desert
brought in prosperity, employment,
Development Programme), the
Tribal areas (Schedule V) and education, health and happiness for
selected tribal and backward all the inhabitants of our village says
districts (identified by Ministry Shri. Ramesh Kumar. He said that our
of Home Affairs and Planning
village will always remain indebted
Commission). For most
intensive Integrated Action Plan to Prime Minister Vajpayee for this
(IAP) blocks as identified by scheme.
Ministry of Home Affairs the
unconnected habitations with population 100 and above would be eligible
to be covered under PMGSY. The population figures for ascertaining
eligibility of habitations on the based on as recorded in Census 2001.
PMGSY also provides for upgradation of existing roads in those districts
where all eligible habitations of the designated population size described
above have been provided all-weather road connectivity. The priority in
upgradation works should be given to Through Routes of the rural Core
Network1, which carry more traffic.
The Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD) has set up the National Rural
Roads Development Agency (NRRDA) to provide operational and
management support to the programme.
The works are executed by the Executing Agencies identified by the State
Governments, these agencies could be the Public Works Department/Rural
Engineering Service/Rural Works Department/Zilla Parishad/Panchayati
Raj Engineering Department etc. who have been in existence for a large
1
A Core Network is that minimal Network of roads (routes) that is essential to provide Basic access to essential
social and economic services to all eligible unconnected habitations in the selected areas through at least a single
all-weather road connectivity.
Introduction 3
While commencing with the preparation of Detailed Project Report (DPR),
the PIU will hold a consultation with the local community through the
Gram Panchayat in order determine the most suitable alignment, sort out
issues of land availability (including forest land), moderate any adverse
social and environmental impact and elicit necessary participation in the
programme.
The proposals finally clubbed into Annual Project Proposals for each State
are considered by an Empowered Committee, chaired by Secretary,
Department of Rural Development, Government of India. Cleared proposals
are accorded technical on each DPR before tendering the works. Tenders
are invited by the Executing Agency through competitive bidding based on
a Standard Bidding Document (SBD) prescribed by the NRRDA.
Introduction 5
2. Policy and institutional framework: The ILO to develop a policy
framework on maintenance of Rural Roads, to assist the States in
framing their own policy. Where no policy exists, the ILO is assisting
in drafting state policy and for States with existing policy the ILO is
assisting in modification/supplement of this policy.
3. Financial Tracking Framework: Developing financial tracking systems
to make sure that the available funds including Finance Commission
grant funds are appropriately utilized.
4. Maintenance Management Systems: Develop standard templates,
guidelines for carrying out road condition surveys, road inventories
and traffic counts on the rural road network at block and district level.
Provide support to the SRRDAs to enable them formulate their annual
road maintenance plan in accordance with their maintenance policy
and Guidelines for maintenance management.
5. Execution of maintenance works: Pilot Performance Based
Maintenance Systems (in HP and Uttarakhand) and Community
Contracting (in HP, UP and Bihar) for maintenance of rural roads.
6. Skill Enhancement in Delivery of Maintenance Programmes: Design
and Implementation of Training Programme for the development of
field engineers, small Contractors and the community groups.
7. Impact Assessment Study: Carryout study of socio-economic
parameters within the influence area of the PMGSY and Non-PMGSY
rural roads in one identified district in four states (Rajasthan, Bihar, UP
and Jharkhand) for impact assessment of the improved road
maintenance system these districts.
This report is a part of the aforesaid deliverable of the TA project for the
ILO.
Introduction 7
8 Impact Assessment Study of Improved Rural Road Maintenance System
2 Impact Assessment Study-
Scope & Methodology
Many impact assessment studies have been conducted in the past to assess
the socio economic impact of PMGSY and all of them have clearly shown
that the rural communities have benefited significantly from the improved
connectivity provided to them under this scheme. Ministry of Rural
Development, Government of India commissioned a quick assessment of
the socio economic impact of PMGSY in 2004, thereafter a much larger
study was sponsored by the Economic and Monitoring Wing of the Ministry
during 2010-11 in order to assess the impact in the lives of rural population
and the changes brought about by the PMGSY roads in the lives of the rural
poor. The study assessed the impact on agricultural growth, income and
employment generation, health care & education, gender empowerment
and poverty reduction. This assessment provided a national picture
covering 17 States, 50 districts, 748 habitations and 18655 households
therein. The study methodology designed to maximize the use of both
qualitative and quantitative information clearly brought out significant
impact and improvements on all the major indicators of the aspects
mentioned above.
Many other studies have been conducted with similar objectives at the State
level also and as expected they also clearly validate the underlying
assumption that rural roads bring prosperity and improve the living
conditions of the population in the connected habitations. Similar studies
have also been conducted recently, funded by multilateral organizations
aimed at assessing the impact and effects of PMGSY.
The ILO in consultation with the NRRDA and Ministry of Rural
Development, Government of India endorsed a proposal to have an
Independent Study on the Impact Assessment of the Improved Road
Maintenance System to assess the impact of rural roads constructed under
PMGSY. It is believed that the benefits from rural road construction which
principally relate to the opportunities created from the improved access
take some time to develop. The study was designed on the hypothesis that
maintenance of rural roads has a major impact on whether the benefits
provided by the construction of road develop or not; and if the benefits do
Desk Review
A comprehensive desk review of the key information sources available was
conducted. This included the progress information on investments made
on maintenance efforts under the scheme for inclusion in the study and
outlining the scoping criteria mentioned above. Documentary sources were
reviewed for impact assessment techniques and rural road maintenance
issues.
In-Depth Interviews
In depth interviews were conducted on phone and in-person with the key
stakeholders identified.
1. State Level ILO representatives
2. District Implementing Agencies
Study Tools
The tools canvassed and the informants are:
S. Nos.
Study Tools Respondent(s)
No. Canvassed
1. Sample Habitation 10 per District FGDs were conducted in the Habitation
Schedule comprising members of PRIs, School
Teachers, ANW/Health Workers, Men &
Women SHG members, farmers, shop
keepers in the habitation, other opinion
leaders and residents of the habitation from
all sections of the society
2. Control Habitation 10 per District FGDs were conducted in the Habitation
Schedule comprising members of PRIs, School
Teachers, ANW/Health Workers, Men &
Women SHG members, farmers, shop
keepers in the habitation, other opinion
leaders and residents of the habitation from
all sections of the society
3. Household 500 per District 25 households per habitation (Sample &
Schedule Control) covering landless, small, medium
& big farmers, BPL, SC/ST etc
Analysis of data
Data analysis has been done using standard Personal Computer spreadsheet
and database software. Data was entered into a database using software
developed by us, and tabulated using proprietary database and spreadsheet
functions.
S. Households
Category Scheme Type Status Nos.
No. covered
1 Sample Habitation PMGSY Maintained 20 500
2 Sample Habitation Other Scheme Maintained 20 500
3 Control Habitation PMGSY Not Maintained 20 500
4 Control Habitation Other Scheme Not Maintained 20 500
15
16
Year of Expenditure on Name of agency
Status of
State Name of Road Scheme Construction/ Maintenance maintaining the
DLP
Completion (Rs. in Lakh) road, Post DLP
Jharkhand Raghunathpur to Ganeshpur R.E.O. via Other Scheme 2008-09 0.00 DLP Over -
Nawadih, Jaipur, fuldih and chapadih
Road
Jharkhand Piska NH33 to Ichadag via Banda Tepe Other Scheme 2010-11 0.00 DLP Over -
Main Road
Jharkhand Ulatu to Chardih via Selda Road Other Scheme 2008-09 108.51 DLP Over -
Jharkhand Mahadevi Birla Sentorium to Lali via Other Scheme 2008-09 0.00 DLP Over -
Binhorbera Horhap Road
Jharkhand NH 75 to Sursa via nagada Other Scheme 0.00
Rajasthan Bhala to Agyara PMGSY 2007-08 4.98 DLP Over PWD Rajasthan
(CE Roads)
Rajasthan Delhi Road to Sareta PMGSY 2007-08 2.48 DLP Over PWD Rajasthan
(CE Roads)
Rajasthan Masjid to Islam ka ghar PMGSY 2008-09 0.96 DLP Over PWD Rajasthan
(CE Roads)
Rajasthan Morud Kala to Khurd PMGSY 2007-08 3.24 DLP Over PWD Rajasthan
(CE Roads)
Rajasthan Saimli Dilawar to Bandheri PMGSY 2008-09 2.64 DLP Over PWD Rajasthan
(CE Roads)
Rajasthan Lilli to Makreta Other Scheme 2007-08 0.00 DLP Over PWD Rajasthan
(CE Roads)
Rajasthan Intarana to Jhopri Other Scheme 2006-07 0.00 DLP Over PWD Rajasthan
(CE Roads)
17
For some of these roads, the figures could not be collected during the time
available. The expenditure incurred was also found to be incomparable and
not in any proportion to size or life of the road.
The study team covered 40 sample and 40 control habitations spread over
Bihar, Jharkhand, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh States. Habitation profile
information was collected from the key informants on a structured format.
PRI representative, School teachers, Anganwadis workers and other opinion
leaders in the village were contacted and their responses were obtained.
The sample habitations and control habitations were selected in consultation
with the State ILO representative, State and district level implementing
agencies of PMGSY and other rural roads. Data was also collected on
households’ characteristics of the entire sample households covered under
the study.
Almost 40% the villages and habitations were without any all-weather road
access in the State. The State is covering only habitations above 1,000
population under PMGSY and smaller size habitations are being provided
connectivity through different State sponsored schemes like ‘Mukhya
Mantri Gram Sampark Yojana (MMGSY)’.
Development and maintenance of rural roads is being implemented by
Rural Works Department of the Government of Bihar.
Jharkhand
Carved out of the larger Bihar State, with relatively more tribal dominated
population and forest cover, the new State of Jharkhand still faces many
acute problems in rural roads infrastructure development.
Rajasthan
The largest State in the Country, Rajasthan is a very sparsely populated
desert area. Largely an agricultural economy, the State also has many rural
industries and Mining areas. Its long international borders also makes an
effective road infrastructure all the more important for the country.
Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh (UP) is the most populous State in India and is also the most
densely State. The leading occupation of the State is agriculture and
therefore rural roads play a very significant role in rural economy.
As can be seen above, the sample and control habitations across the States
are homogenous in terms of population size.
The demographic profile of these habitations was also studied in terms of
their caste compositions.
20
15
65
less than 35% SC/ST 35-50% SC/ST more than 50% SC/ST
Majority of the habitations in both the groups have less than 35% of Schedule
Caste/Schedule Tribe (SC/ST) households. 30% of the sample habitations
and 20% of the control habitations were having more than 50% SC/ST
households.
Similarly the figure below represents the comparative picture of sample
and control habitations in terms of percentage households living Below
Poverty Line (BPL).
23 20
43
55
25
35
less than 35% BPL 35-50% BPL more than 50% BPL less than 35% BPL 35-50% BPL more than 50% BPL
43% sample habitations and 55% control habitations had less than 35%
households living below poverty line. In Rajasthan, 80% of sample
habitations and all the control habitations had less than 35% BPL households.
Control APL, 48
Control APL, 86
Control APL, 48
Control APL, 52
Sample APL, 18
Sample APL, 33
Sample APL, 88
Sample APL, 30
Sample APL, 42
Control BPL, 72
Control BPL, 52
Control BPL, 14
Control BPL, 52
Control BPL, 48
Sample BPL, 58
Sample BPL, 12
Sample BPL, 70
Sample BPL, 82
Sample BPL, 67
Sample Control
ST, ST,
23.50 13.40
Others,
62.20 Others,
70.30
Sample Control
51.9% sample households and 52.8% control households had family size
upto 5 members. 48.1% sample households and 47.2% control households
had more than 5 members. Male female ratio was 879 female per 1000 male
in sample habitations and 857 female per 1000 male in control habitations.
Sample Control
Size of households (Female Size of households (Female
State
(no. of members) per 1000 (no. of members) per 1000
≤5 6 to 10 Male) ≤5 6 to 10 Male)
Bihar 48.00 52.00 795 54.80 45.20 822
Jharkhand 48.40 51.60 919 53.20 46.80 903
Rajasthan 68.80 31.20 893 56.40 43.60 849
Uttar Pradesh 42.40 57.60 908 46.80 53.20 855
All 51.90 48.10 879 52.80 47.20 857
% of Sample Habitations
Type of Road access before the rural road
% of Control Habitations
Type of Road access before the rural road
It can be safely concluded that the rural roads have improved the type of
road access to these habitations in almost all the cases. This improvement
reassures better and faster access to and from these habitations. In the
following parts of this report we will assess and establish the impact of this
improvement and the differences that prevail between the roads that were
maintained with those which were not maintained.
% of Sample Habitations
State All Season motorized access All Season motorized access after
before the road the road
Available Not If not available, Available Not If not available,
Available average no. of Available average no. of
days closed days closed
Bihar 20 80 56 100 0 0
Jharkhand 60 40 60 100 0 0
Rajasthan 0 100 48 100 0 0
Uttar Pradesh 40 60 58 100 0 0
All 30 70 54 100 0 0
% of Control Habitations
State All Season motorized access All Season motorized access after
before the road the road
Available Not If not available, Available Not If not available,
Available average no. of Available average no. of
days closed days closed
Bihar 10 90 81 90 10 40
Jharkhand 10 90 62 100 0 0
Rajasthan 0 100 54 60 40 34
Uttar Pradesh 20 80 64 100 0 0
All 10 90 56 88 12 37
Villagers interviewed reported that they have again started facing serious
access problems during the rainy season when it is very difficult to navigate
through water logged areas and potholes.
Facility within the habitation Sample Road Other pucca road Kuccha road
Facility within the habitation Sample Road Other All Weather Road Earthwork Road
33
Improved connectivity by these roads has a larger and more significant
impact on access to health facilities. Only 22% sample habitations and 10%
control habitations had a Health Sub Center. All the other habitations are
using these roads to reach the nearest Health Sub Center traveling on an
average of 4-6 Kms. Similarly availability of nearest health facilities for
more serious medical needs like Primary Health Centers, Community
Health Centers, Government Hospitals and Private Hospitals/Nursing
Homes within the habitations was very limited and in more than 90% of
such habitations, the roads are used to travel an average of 8-15 Kms to
reach these facilities. More than 90% sample habitations are traveling
distances upto 7-11 Kms to reach the nearest veterinary hospital/center.
Security and law enforcement also have a role in development of an area
along with the sense of security they bring to a society. Some of the rural
areas have acute insurgent activities like Left Wing Extremism which
hamper the process of development. Roads and connectivity to police
stations etc. have a very important role in these areas. Rural connectivity
provided by these roads has been very helpful as almost 95% of these
habitations did not have even a police post. All these habitations are now
connected through these roads.
Roads improve connections to the markets and influence the agricultural
activities in a very significant manner. The information collected during the
survey clearly reflects the importance of these roads as almost all of them
are being used by the villagers to reach the agriculture markets/Mandi.
The average distance travelled to reach these markets is 13-26 Kms. The
impact of roads on the agricultural economy of these areas is clearly
established further in this report.
A qualitative view of the effects of these roads on many other important
facilities and services was also attempted to find out during the discussions
at the habitation level. In this process the connectivity to these facilities,
dependency on these roads and the distance was also collected. Almost half
of the habitations had a Public Distribution System (PDS) shop within the
habitation except for the habitations in Rajasthan where only 30% of them
had a PDS shop. As like for other facilities, in all other habitations the
residents are accessing the PDS facilities using these roads.
Villagers travel to the towns and cities for various needs including
employment opportunities. The roads have been very useful in connecting
these habitations to the nearest towns and cities. Almost all of them are
using these roads to reach the nearest towns and cities.
Banks and Post Offices have being very important for rural population and
the recent initiatives of the Government to link everyone with a bank
account will increase the role of banks etc. in the lives of our population.
79
72
66 63
57 61
% of farming 54 51
households
traveling outside
the habitation to
source fertilizers
and pesticides
Bihar Jharkhand Rajasthan Uttar Pradesh
Sample Habitations Control Habitations
Easier and faster travel is a very important factor in determining the choice
to travel out for any purpose. Though the sample and control habitations
were homogenous in demographic and socio economic profiles, it clearly
showed that higher percentage of farmers in sample habitations where the
roads are well maintained, travel outside the habitation to source fertilizers,
pesticides etc.
7.19 6.55
6.19
5.06
3.22
% of farming
households 0
reported improved
agricultural Increased visit Increased Increased
extension services of extension availability of training/
service workers improved seeds exposure visits
As can be seen in the figure above, there has been an improvement, very
marginal, in the improvement in agricultural extension services received by
the farmers. The overall impact on the control habitations is lower than of
the sample habitations, though in case of receiving improved seeds; control
habitations in Rajasthan have shown much higher gain than others.
Tractor Power Tiller Thrasher Irrigation Other Assets Tractor Power Tiller Thrasher Irrigation Other Assets
Pump Pump
Before After Before After
The data also reflects how the improved access has helped the households
with increased number of livestock. Almost 50% of the households have
added more cows/buffaloes, 36% households have added more goats/
sheep/pigs. Also 23% households have increased number of poultry birds
after the construction of the road.
0
Bihar Jharkhand Rajasthan Uttar Pradesh All
Sample Control Total
The shift in place of employment was universal across the sample and
control habitation and the States. This shift is not clearly attributable to the
road construction and can vary based on family needs, local conditions and
opportunities etc. To put this in perspective, it was important to relate this
with other important elements which can impact the choice of a person to
travel outside daily for work. The respondents were also asked whether the
construction of road has made any impact on the travel time and distance
travel to the place of employment, the data collected was analyzed and it
was found that only 3% households in sample habitations reported that
there has been reduction in the distance travelled to the place of employment
of at least one of their earning members after construction of the road. 2%
households in Bihar, Jharkhand and Uttar Pradesh and 6% households in
Rajasthan have reported reduction in the distance travelled to the place of
employment of at least one of their earning members.
26% households in sample habitations have reported reduction in travel
time to the place of employment of at least one of their earning members
after the road was constructed for their habitation. As compared to that,
only 19% households in control habitations reported reduction in travel
time to their place of work outside the habitation.
Better road connectivity creates new opportunities for direct and indirect
employment adding to the income of the households. The primary aim
behind providing all season connectivity in rural areas has been to link these
areas to the markets and other facilities so as to counter their deprivation
and help them improve their incomes and alleviate themselves from the
burden of poverty. In order to assess the extent to which these goals have
been transformed into reality, assessment of the information on the incomes
collected from the respondents has been analyzed in this chapter.
Roads, if maintained contribute to better profits, all farming households, crop wise
and State wise (% of farming households)
Households growing Households growing Households growing
State Cereals Pulses Fruits & Vegetables etc.
Sample Control Sample Control Sample Control
Bihar 75 84 70 71 94 96
Jharkhand 66 70 63 65 92 92
Rajasthan 79 82 73 80 93 100
Uttar Pradesh 64 66 59 62 96 95
All 71 75 66 69 94 96
% Households reported increase in income post road construction, all occupations by State
State Sample Control
Bihar 98 97
Jharkhand 97 92
Rajasthan 90 75
Uttar Pradesh 92 83
All 94 87
Similarly in the control habitations, 94% households having their principal occupation as construction labour have
reported an increase of more than 15% in their average annual income.
57
% households in control habitations reported increase in income, by Principal occupation and State
58
100 98 100 98 98 100
93 94 94 95
87 86 86 84
77
73 71
64
100 100 100 100 100 59
50 88 83 87
80 80 80 79 76
67 71 69 71 72
50
Bihar 250 46 36 18 0 8 39 45 7 97 1
Jharkhand 250 21 65 13 1 6 41 49 3 96 0
Rajasthan 250 29 58 12 0 3 56 36 6 98 0
Uttar Pradesh 250 36 51 12 0 23 64 10 2 66 1
ALL 1000 33 53 14 0 10 50 35 5 89 1
Bihar 250 52 30 17 0 7 46 39 8 90 1
Jharkhand 250 42 43 13 2 18 46 29 7 77 1
Rajasthan 250 24 26 47 4 6 30 57 7 70 1
Uttar Pradesh 250 27 54 17 2 12 43 44 1 75 1
ALL 1000 36 38 24 2 11 41 42 6 78 1
Reduction in travel time to reach the nearest health facility in case of maternity
emergencies
50 48
43 43
40
28
30
23
20
8
10 5 5
0
Sample Control Sample Control Sample Control Sample Control
NIL Upto 30 minutes 30-60 minutes More than 60 minutes
Reduction in travel time to reach the nearest health facility in case of serious physical
injuries
60 53
50 43
40
40
30
30
18 18
20
10
0 0
0
Sample Control Sample Control Sample Control Sample Control
NIL Upto 30 minutes 30-60 minutes More than 60 minutes
All the sample habitations are saving their travel time to reach the nearest
health facility in case of other medical emergencies. 53% have reported the
reduction in travel time upto 30 minutes, 30% habitations reported reduction
in travel time by 30-60 minutes and 18% habitations reported reduction in
travel time by more than 60 minutes to reach the nearest health facility in
case of other medical emergencies.
All control habitations are also saving their travel time to reach the nearest
health facility in case of other medical emergencies. 38% have reported the
reduction in travel time upto 30 minutes, 45% habitations reported reduction
in travel time by 30-60 minutes and 18% habitations reported reduction in
travel time by more than 60 minutes to reach the nearest health facility in
case of other medical emergencies.
60
53
50 45
40 38
30
30
20 18 18
10
0 0
0
Sample Control Sample Control Sample Control Sample Control
NIL Upto 30 minutes 30-60 minutes More than 60 minutes
Creation of
infrastructure after Availability of health services-current status
road construction
Habitations Public Constitution
Preparation Private
Health Health Govt. of village
ANMs ASHA of village medical
Sub-Centre Centre doctors health
health plan practitioner
(PHC) committee
Sample 12.50 10.00 35.00 35.00 35.00 40.00 25.00 25.00
Control 15.00 15.00 22.50 34.00 29.00 30.00 22.50 22.50
% of Habitations
As compared to the situation before the road was built, whether at
Sample Control
present there has been any change in the following.
Increase in the number of deliveries made in hospitals/ health centers 100 100
Improvement in the availability of drug and medical supplies 78 75
Improvement in the general awareness on health and hygiene 88 85
related issues
Change in the overall health factors of the people living in the 90 90
habitations
Improvement in immunization rate of children 95 95
Sample Control
No. of respondent households where at least 1 woman was expecting
116 170
a child/pregnant/gave birth to a child during the last year
% of them received pre-natal care 83 79
It was seen that majority of the pregnant women during the last one year in
the sample and control habitations have received pre-natal care from ANM/
Government Doctors in the village. Respondents in control habitations
reported that due to poor connectivity some of them had to travel outside
the village as the Government health workers/doctors were not available
in their villages. Three cases, two in Bihar and one in Jharkhand also
reported that they just relied on local midwives (‘traditional Dai’) for pre-
natal advice before during pregnancy.
Maternal health situation has improved overall in the country during the
last few years. Though improved access to health care facilities can be very
important determinants of maternal health care seeking behavior, other
aspects such as cultural issues, infrastructure and socio-economic status of
the families also play a major role in this. A comparison with the data
reported on antenatal care of registered pregnant women under the Nation
Rural Health Mission (NRHM) reflects that the connected habitations have
improved indicators of women receiving antenatal care. As per NRHM
data reported for the 4 sample districts, only 61% women received antenatal
care during 2013-14 whereas during 2014-15 this marginally improved to
64%. As compared to this the habitations having rural roads, covered under
the study have reported a better coverage of women receiving antenatal
care. Habitations connected with well maintained road have reported 83%
pregnant women receiving antenatal care and in habitations where roads
are not maintained the same was 79%.
Sample Control
No. of respondent households where at least 1 woman was expecting
116 170
a child/pregnant/gave birth to a child during the last year
% of them gave birth and received post-natal care 42 33
Out of them % of women received post-natal care from
• ANM/Govt. Doctor in the village 70 61
• Private Doctor/Nurse in the village 7 4
• ANM/Govt. Doctor outside the village 8 14
• Private Doctor/Nurse outside the village 15 21
• Others in the village 0 0
3
Key HMIS indicators reported at http://www.nrhm-hmis.nic.in
Impact on Education 73
Similarly there has been an increase in the number of schools in these
habitations, not directly attributable to construction of roads but certainly
better road connectivity to a habitation can influence a decision to set up a
new school. 27% of the sample habitations have reported increase in number
of schools after the construction of the roads. The change in number of
schools in control habitations was not as significant as only 15% habitations
reported the same.
4
‘Elementary Education in India’ brought out by NUEPA and MHRD,Govt. of India
58% sample habitations and 65% of the control habitations have a Secondary
School within the habitations and rests of the habitations are connected to
the nearest Secondary School by an all-weather road now.
In majority of the habitations, for higher secondary education and colleges,
the students have to travel outside the habitation and except one habitation
Impact on Education 75
in Jharkhand they have an all-weather road connectivity to reach these
institutions.
Almost 60-70% travel time is reduced in all the States for the students
traveling outside the habitation to reach the nearest higher secondary
school. Improved roads also have made public transport facilities available
in some cases. A travel cost analysis could not be done as many students
were traveling by own bicycle and other mediums. The net savings in travel
time in case of control habitations has gone down since the road quality has
deteriorated over the period and now they spend just 36% less time than
before the road was built.
Impact on Education 77
surveyed households. Since almost all habitations were having at least one
primary school within the habitation, improved road connectivity and
better maintenance of the roads could not be having any substantial impact
on enrollment of children at primary level. Similarly in very few habitations,
the children had to travel outside the habitation for upper primary
education. However the road connectivity and better maintained roads has
impacted the enrollment levels of children going outside the habitation to
higher secondary schools and above levels.
In the sample habitations where roads were better maintained, the current
enrollment levels have shown significant improvements post road
construction. It was found that 62.5% of the households having male
children of eligible age had them enrolled in a higher secondary school
outside the habitation before the road which increased to 84.5% after the
road was constructed. 46.75% households having female children, had
enrolled them in a higher secondary school before the road, which has
increased to 65.25% after the road was constructed.
Impact on Education 79
9.5 Summary of Key Findings and Conclusions
Improved road connectivity has resulted in very significant improvements
in the status of education facilities in the villages and also access to
higher education facilities available in the nearby cities.
Increase in number of schools after the construction of roads is better in
habitations where roads are maintained.
The Pupil Teacher Ratio (PTR) was found significantly better in the
schools in those habitations where roads are better maintained.
Reduction in travel time to schools after the roads were constructed was
also found much better in sample habitations.
I IDENTIFICATION
1. District 2. Block
1. 6.
2. 7.
3. 8.
4. 9.
5. 10.
III HABITATION PROFILE
1. Total Population of the Habitation
2. Total Number of Households in the Habitation
3. SC/ST Households in the Habitation
4. BPL Households in the Habitation
85
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86
Distance (in If outside the habitation - access by
Within the
km) [ Tick the appropriate response ]
Status of connectivity to important facilities habitation
If within the
(present status) ( 1 –Yes, 2- Other pucca
habitation Sample road Kuccha road
No) road
write ‘0’
a Nearest Anganwadi Centre
b Nearest Primary School
c Nearest Secondary School
d Nearest Higher Secondary School
e Nearest Degree College/University
f Nearest vocational training centre/institute
g Nearest Health Sub- Centre
h Nearest Public Health Centre (PHC)
i Nearest Community Health Centre (CHC)
j Nearest Govt. Hospital
k Nearest Pvt. Hospital/Nursing Home
l Nearest Veterinary hospital/centre
m Local Police Station
n Local Police Post
o Nearest Agricultural Market/Mandi (Regular)
p Nearest Agricultural Market/Mandi (Seasonal)
q Nearest PDS shop
r Nearest town/urban center
Before After
this road this road
was was
operative operative
2. Availability of motorized access to the habitation during all seasons? (Use Code: 1- Yes, 2-No)
If ‘No’ for what period was/is the motorized access closed to the habitation every year. (Average no. of days)
3. Availability of a public transport commuting service (Use Code: 1- Yes, 2-No)
If Yes, no. of vehicles plying in & out of the habitation weekly (appx. Nos.)
Buses
Auto Rickshaws
Jeep/Car
87
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Other vehicles
88
4. Availability of a public transport load carriage service (Use Code: 1- Yes, 2-No)
If Yes, no. of vehicles plying in & out of the habitation weekly (appx. Nos.)
Light Truck
Medium Truck
Heavy Truck
Pick-up truck/van
Tractor - Trolley
Other vehicles
a) Kharif
(July to
October)
b) Rabi
(October to
March)
(March to
June)
Total
89
Non-irrigated Area (Decreased due to: 7- New irrigation scheme, 8- Climatic changes, 9- Lower demand/ prices, 10- Commercialization of land, 11- other reasons)
2. Were most of the farmers going to the same agricultural market/mandi before and after the construction of the road?
90
(Use Code: 1- Yes, 2-No)
3. Provide the following details of the agricultural market/mandi accessed by most of the farmers of this habitation.
Before After
the road the road was
was operative
operative
(a) Connectivity through an all weather/pucca road from the habitation (Use Code: 1- Yes, 2-No)
(d) Type of Market (Use Code:1-Private markets, 2- Govt. marketing corporation, 3- Farmers cooperative society )
(g) Availability of fertilizers/pesticides /improved seeds etc. (Use Code: 1- Yes, 2-No)
(h) Product Profile (Use Code: 1- Only grains, 2- Only vegetables, 3- Both, 4-Other)
4. Has there been any perceptible change in the agriculture production of the farmers in the village after the road was constructed?
(Use Code: 1- Yes, 2-No)
If ‘Yes’, whether it has [ Tick the appropriate response ] (multiple response possible)
(a) Increased due to improved availability of improved seeds etc.
(f) Increased due to better awareness and access to market information for the farmers
(g) Decreased due to commercialization of the agriculture land for other purposes
(h) Decreased due to out migration of agriculture labour for jobs outside
5. Has the better connectivity due to the road resulted in farmers fetching better prices for their crops? (Use Code: 1- Yes, 2-No)
If ‘Yes’, has it been because [ Tick the appropriate response ] (multiple response possible)
(a) More farmers now take their produce directly to the market/Mandi & not sell to the middlemen
(b) Availability of transport has increased to take the produce to the market/mandi
(c) Farmers now have better awareness and access to market information/prices
6. Has there been an increase in the agricultural day wages due to increased employment opportunities as a result of the road now?
(Use Code: 1- Yes, 2-No)
8. Has there been an improvement in population and productivity of livestock owned by the inhabitant families of the habitation due to improved
road access to markets now? (Use Code: 1- Yes, 2-No)
9. Has there been an improvement in access to agro-based industries due to the construction of the road? (Use Code: 1- Yes, 2-No)
10. Has there been an improvement in access to farmers’ cooperatives/banks after the construction of the road? (Use Code: 1- Yes, 2-No)
1. Has there been an improvement in the overall employment generation for the inhabitants after the construction of the road?
(Use Code: 1- Yes, 2-No)
If ‘Yes’, whether it has been due to [ Tick the appropriate response ] (multiple response possible)
(a) Improved all season access to nearby industries & cities for jobs
91
(b) Increase in number of persons selling fruits, vegetables, fuel wood & NTFP etc
92
(d) Increase in number of persons engaged in livestock/poultry business
(e) Improved access to G.P/Block offices for seeking employment under govt. programmes
(f) Increase in number of non-farm activities – small industries, shops etc in the habitations
2. Has there been an overall increase in the income levels of people in the habitation as a result of the road? (Use Code: 1- Yes, 2-No)
If ‘Yes’, whether it has been in case of [ Tick the appropriate response ] (multiple response possible)
(a) The farmers due to increase in crop yield and fetching better prices
(c) The persons engaged in livestock/poultry business etc. due to better access to markets
(d) The persons engaged in business/trading/ running shops due to better connectivity
3. Has there been any new enterprise/industry setup in the village, feasibility of which was possible only after the connectivity provided under
this road? (Use Code: 1- Yes, 2-No)
If ‘Yes’, no. of such enterprises setup & no. of persons engaged/employed in these enterprises/industries
4. Has there been an increase in the no. of women traveling outside the habitation for work /employment after the connectivity provided under
this road? (Use Code: 1- Yes, 2-No)
5. Has there been an improvement in market access to women SHGs to market their products after the connectivity provided under this road?
(Use Code: 1- Yes, 2-No)
6. Has this road resulted in any changes in the migration of labour/workers in the habitation?
(Use Code: 1- More out-migration of labour for seeking employment , 2-More in-migration of labour coming to the habitation for work, 3- Both, 4-No
changes)
Before After
2. the road the road was
Connectivity to health facilities from the habitation
was operative
operative
(a) Availability of all weather pucca road connectivity to the nearest public health center (Use Code: 1- Yes, 2-No)
(b) Availability of all weather pucca road connectivity to the nearest Govt. hospital (Use Code: 1- Yes, 2-No)
(c ) Availability of all weather pucca road connectivity to the nearest Pvt. Hospital/nursing home (Use Code: 1- Yes, 2-No)
(d) Travel time to reach the nearest health facility in case of maternity emergencies (minutes)
(e) Travel time to reach the nearest health facility in case of serious physical injuries/accidents (minutes)
(f) Travel time to reach the nearest health facility in case of other medical emergencies (minutes)
93
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3. Has there been an increase in the number of deliveries made in hospitals/health centers (institutional deliveries) after the construction of this
road? (Use Code: 1- Yes, 2-No)
4. Has there been an increase in the frequencies of the visits of health workers/ ANMs in the village after the construction of this road?
(Use Code: 1- Yes, 2-No)
5. Has there been an improvement in the availability of drug & medical supplies after the construction of this road? (Use Code: 1- Yes, 2-No)
6. Has there been an overall improvement in the general awareness on health and hygiene related issues after the construction of this road?
(Use Code: 1- Yes, 2-No)
7. Has there been change in the overall health care factors of the people living in the habitations due to the better connectivity available under
this road now? (Use Code: 1- Yes, 2-No)
If ‘Yes’, whether there has been any change in terms of [ Tick the appropriate response, take responses from health workers/ staff of PHC/hospital etc.]
(multiple response possible)
(a) Improvement in immunization rate of children from the habitation
Before After
1. Status of education facilities within the habitation the road the road was
was operative
operative
(c) Sufficient number of teaching staff in the schools (Use Code: 1- Yes, 2-No, 3- N/A if no school)
(d) Regular provision of mid-day meals for the students (Use Code: 1- Yes, 2-No, 3- N/A if no school)
Before After
2. Connectivity status to education centers from the habitation before and after the construction of the road the road the road was
was operative
operative
(b) Availability of all weather pucca road connectivity to the nearest Primary School (Use Code: 1- Yes, 2-No)
(c) Availability of all weather pucca road connectivity to the nearest Secondary School (Use Code: 1- Yes, 2-No)
(d) Availability of all weather pucca road connectivity to the nearest Higher Secondary School (Use Code: 1- Yes, 2-No)
(e) Availability of all weather pucca road connectivity to the nearest Degree College/University (Use Code: 1- Yes, 2-No)
(f) Availability of all weather pucca road connectivity to the nearest Vocational training institute (Use Code: 1- Yes, 2-No)
(j) Travel time to reach the nearest Higher Secondary School (minutes)
95
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(l) Travel time to reach the nearest Vocational training institute (minutes)
3. Estimated no. of students enrolled from the habitation during the current year.
Boys Girls
4. Has there been an increase in the number of children going to schools from the habitation due to better road connectivity provided by this
road? (Use Code: 1- Yes, 2-No)
5. Has there been an increase in the number of girls going to schools from the habitation due to better road connectivity provided by this road ?
(Use Code: 1- Yes, 2-No)
6. Has there been an increase in the number of children going outside the village for higher education due to better connectivity provided by this
road? (Use Code: 1- Yes, 2-No)
7. Is the overall literacy levels enhanced due to better access and improved communications because of this road?
(Use Code: 1- Yes, 2-No)
8. Has there been an improvement in the attendance of students from the habitation in the near by schools during all seasons due to improved all
weather connectivity provided by this road? (Use Code: 1- Yes, 2-No)
9. Has there been a reduction in the number of student dropouts from this habitation in the nearby schools due to the improved connectivity
provided by this road? (Use Code: 1- Yes, 2-No)
10. Are the families in the habitation willing to send more of their girls for higher schools due to improved connectivity provided by the
road? (Use Code: 1- Yes, 2-No)
If ‘Yes’, no of pucca houses constructed in the habitation during the last 12 months.
2. Has the new connectivity provided under this road also resulted in more families inclined to construct sanitary latrines? (Use Code: 1- Yes, 2-
No)
If ‘Yes’, no of sanitary latrines constructed in the habitation during the last 12 months.
3. Has there been an increase in the no. of families/persons travelling outside the habitation for recreational, pilgrimage & cultural visit after
the construction of this road? (Use Code: 1- Yes, 2-No)
4. Has the construction of this road resulted in increase in number of NGOs/VOs visiting the habitation for various purposes?
(Use Code: 1- Yes, 2-No)
5. Is the habitation now visited more frequently by the representatives of various companies/organizations to sell their products & services
after the construction of this road? (Use Code: 1- Yes, 2-No)
7. Has the construction of this road resulted in an exponential increase in the prices of land in and around the habitation?
(Use Code: 1- Yes, 2-No)
Before After
8. Connectivity status to various administrative centers from the habitation before and after the construction of this road the road the road was
was operative
operative
(a) Availability of all weather pucca road connectivity to the G.P (Use Code: 1- Yes, 2-No)
(b) Availability of all weather pucca road connectivity to the Block (Use Code: 1- Yes, 2-No)
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF IMPROVED ROAD MAINTENANCE SYSTEM UNDER PMGSY
(c) Availability of all weather pucca road connectivity to the District H.Qs (Use Code: 1- Yes, 2-No)
(d) Availability of all weather pucca road connectivity to the Local Police Station (Use Code: 1- Yes, 2-No)
13 ILO & CMI Social Research Centre
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(e) Travel time to reach the G.P office (minutes)
(d) Availability of all weather pucca road connectivity to the Local Police Station (Use Code: 1- Yes, 2-No)
98
(g) Travel time to reach the District H.Qs (minutes)
Before After
9. Status of Public Distribution System (PDS) in the habitation the road the road was
was operative
operative
(b) No. of PDS shops outside this habitation, accessed by the residents of this habitation (Nos.)
(c) No. of households holding ration cards from this habitation (Nos.)
(d) Estimated qty of Wheat/Rice distributed during the last year from all the PDS shops to card holders of this habitation (Qntls)
(e) Estimated qty of Sugar distributed during the last year from all the PDS shops to card holders of this habitation (Qntls)
(f) Estimated qty of Kerosene oil distributed during the last year from all the PDS shops to card holders of this habitation (Ltr)
Before After
10. Status and progress of Rural Electrification Programme in the habitation the road the road was
was operative
operative
(d) No. of Street light posts in IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF IMPROVED ROAD MAINTENANCE SYSTEM UNDER PMGSY
the habitation (Nos.)
Date :
Household No.
I IDENTIFICATION
(a) State
(b) District
(c) Block/Taluk / Mandal
(d) Gram Panchayat
(e) Village
(f) Habitation Code
1. Household Roster (Provide the following details of all the members of the household)
(Use Codes)
ID Marital Principal
Name Age Gender Education
Code Status Occupation
i
ii
iii
iv
v
vi
vii
viii
ix
x
Gender (Code: 1- Female, 2- Male)
Education (Code: 1 – Illiterate, 2 – Literate, 3 - Primary, 4 – Middle school, 5 – Matriculate, 6 – Plus 2, 7 – Technically qualified, 8 – Graduate and above)
Marital Status (Code: 1 – Married, 2 – Widow, 3 – Separated/Divorced, 4 – Un married)
Current Principal Occupation (Code: 1 – Agricultural Wage Earners, 2 – Non-agricultural Unskilled Wage Earners, 3 – Farmer, 4 – Live stock,
Poultry etc., 5 – Mining and quarrying, 6 – Construction labour, 7 – Trading/shop keeping, 8 – Driver/service in transport sector, 9 – Traditional artisans,
10 – Govt. Service,11 – Pvt. Service, 12- Housewife, 13 – Students, 14- None, 15 - Others( Specify_____________________________)
If ‘Yes’ are they growing more cash crops now (Code: 1 - Yes, 2 - No)
iii Has the yield improved of the same crops (Code: 1 - Yes, 2 - No)
Previous Current
4. Household’s ownership of assets? (Nos. write ‘0’ if NIL)
Status Status
i Tractor
ii Power Tiller
iii Thrasher
iv Water lifting pump set
v Other farm machinery
vi Cows/Buffaloes
vii Goats/Sheep/Pigs
viii Horse/Mule/Camel
ix Poultry birds
Previous Current
5 Access to facilities/services
Status Status
Sourcing of fertilizers/pesticides (Code: 1 – Local shop within the habitation,
i 2 - Supplied at doorstep, 3- Near by market outside the habitation 4 – Distant market
outside the habitation, 5- Not used at all)
If ‘Yes’, whether it has also resulted in [ Tick the appropriate response ] (multiple response possible)
i Better market information and crop prices to the household
102
1. Please provide the following details of all the earning members of the household (excluding the members largely engaged in
activities on own farm)
Principal Occupation (Code: 1 – Agricultural Wage Earners, 2 – Non-agricultural Unskilled Wage Earners, 3 – Live stock, Poultry etc., 4 – Mining and quarrying, 5 – Construction labour,
6 – Trading/shop keeping, 7 – Driver/service in transport sector, 8 – Traditional artisans, 9 – Govt. Service, 10 – Pvt. Service, 11- Not occupied, 12 – Others (Specify______________________)
Place of employment (Code: 1- Within the habitation, 2 – Outside the habitation, 3 - Both)
Distance: (in Kms), (Write ‘0’ if only within the habitation)
Main Mode of travel (Code: 1-Public transport bus, 2-Jeep/Car, 3- Auto rickshaw/three wheeler, 4- Scooter/Motorcycle, 5-Bicycle, 6- Animal cart, 7-On foot, 8-Other specify________________)
2. Please provide the following details of the other income generating activities for the earning members of the household (excluding the
activities on own farm)
103
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF IMPROVED ROAD MAINTENANCE SYSTEM UNDER PMGSY
V ACCESS TO EDUCATION
1. Has this road helped in improved access to education facilities than before?
(Code: 1 - Yes, 2 – No, 3-N/A)
If ‘Yes’, whether it has also resulted in
i Improved enrolment of children going to Primary School
VI ACCESS TO HEALTH
1. Provide following details of the last health incident with a family Before the After the
member Road Road
(a) Was a member ever sick in bed for more than a week or seriously
injured? (Code: 1 - Yes, 2 – No) (If ‘No’, skip to 2)
(i) (b) If Yes, What was the Major cause of illness? (Code: 1- Injury, 2-Mental
illness, 3-TB, 4-Infection, 5-Organ Failure, 6-Diarrhoea,
7-Disability, 8-Other )
(a) Where was he/she treated/consulted for this illness/injury?
(Code: 1- Doctor/Health Worker/Nurse in the Village, 2-Doctor/Nurse outside the
Village, 3-Faith Healer/Religious Practitioner in the village, 4-Quack/Chemist in
(ii)
the village, 5-Others in the village, 6 -Nowhere) (If ‘Nowhere’, skip to (iv) below)
(b) If treated outside the village, what was the distance?
(In Kms.)
(a) Was the access to the hospital/health center available during all
Seasons? (Code: 1 - Yes, 2 – No)
(iii)
(b) What was the appx. travel time to reach the hospital/health center?
(minutes)
What was the major reason for not treating/consulting a Doctor? (Use
(iv) Codes: 1 – Was not considered necessary, 2 –Hospital/Health Center was very far,
3 – Family could not afford the cost, 4 –Other reasons)
2. Provide following details related to health of the youngest child in the Before the After the
family Road Road
(a) Was this Child’s age 5 years or younger at that time?
(Code: 1 - Yes, 2 – No) (If ‘No’, skip to 3)
(i)
(b) If Yes, was he/she ever immunized? (Code: 1 - Yes, 2 – No)
(If ‘No’, skip to (iv) below)
(a) Where was he/she provided this immunization?
(Code: 1- Govt. Doctor/Health Worker/Nurse in the Village, 2-Govt.
Doctor/Nurse outside the Village, 3- School/Anganwadi in the village,
(ii) 4-Quack/Chemist in the village, 5-Others in the village. (If ‘provided in the
village’, skip to 3)
(b) If provided outside the village, what was the distance to the
hospital/health center (In Kms.)
(a) Was the access to the hospital/health center available during all
Seasons? (Code: 1 - Yes, 2 – No)
(iii)
(b) What was the appx. travel time to reach the hospital/health
center? (minutes)
What was the major reason for not providing immunization to the
Child? (Use Codes: 1 –Family was not aware, 2- Was not considered
(iv)
necessary, 3 –Hospital/Health Center was very far,
4 – Family could not afford the cost, 5 –Other reasons)
(a) Did she go for a post –natal checkup? (Code: 1 - Yes, 2 – No)
(v) (b) If yes, where did she go for the post- natal checkup?
(Code: 1- ANM/Govt. Doctor in the Village, 2-Pvt. Doctor/Nurse in the
Village, 3- ANM/Govt. Doctor outside the Village, 4- Pvt. Doctor/Nurse
outside the Village, 5-Others in the village.
(i) (Score: 0 - Nil holdings, 1 - Less than 1 ha of un-irrigated land or less than 0.5
ha of irrigated land, 2 – 1 ha.- 2 ha. of un-irrigated land or 0.5 - 1 ha of
irrigated land, 3- 2 ha.- 5 ha. of un-irrigated land or 1.0-.2.5 ha. of irrigated
land, 4- More than 5 ha. of un-irrigated land or 2.5 ha of irrigated land)
Type of House
(ii)
( Score: 0 – Houseless, 1 - Kutcha, 2 - Semi Pucca, 3- Pucca, 4- Urban type)
Food Security
( Score: 0 - Less than one square meal per day for major part of the year, 1 –
(iv) Normally, one square meal per day, but less than one square meal
occasionally, 2 – One square meal per day throughout the year, 3- Two
square meals per day, with occasional shortage,4- Enough food throughout
the year)
Sanitation
(v) ( Score: 0 - Open defecation, 1 - Group latrines with irregular water supply, 2
- Group latrines with regular water supply, 3- Clean group latrine with
regular water supply and regular sweeper, 4- Private latrine)
Ownership of consumer durables viz. TV, Electric Fan, Kitchen
appliances like pressure cooker, Radio etc.
(Score: 0 - Nil, 1 - Any one item, 2 - Two items only, 3- Any three or all items
(vi) , 4- All items and/ or ownership of any one out of : computer, telephone,
refrigerator, colour TV, electric kitchen appliances, expensive furniture, light
motor vehicle, light commercial vehicle, tractor, power tiller, combined
thresher/ harvester)
Literacy status of highest literate adult
(vii) (Score: 0 – Illiterate, 1 - Upto primary (class V),2 - Completed
secondary(/passed 10th ), 3- Graduate/Professional diploma, 4- Post
Graduate/Professional graduate)
Status of Household Labour force
(viii)
( Score: 0 - Bonded labour, 1 - Women & Child labour, 2 - Only adult female
and no child labour, 3- Adult males only, 4- Others)
Means of livelihood
(ix)
(Score: 0 - Casual labour, 1 - Subsistence cultivation, 2 - Artisan, 3- Salary,
4- Others)
Type of Indebtedness
(xi) (Score: 0 – for daily consumption purposes from informal sources, 1 - For
production purposes from informal sources, 2 - For other purposes
from informal sources, 3- Borrowing only from institutional agencies, 4- No
indebtedness and possess assets)
Cycle
Motorcycle/Scooter
Car/Jeep/Van
Frequency of visit by the male members of the household to the nearest
2.
market/city for household purchases per month.
Frequency of visit by the female members of the household to the nearest
3.
market/city for household purchases per month.
Frequency of visit by the male members of the household outside the village for
4.
visiting relatives/families per year.
Frequency of visit by the female members of the household outside the village
5.
for visiting relatives/families per year.
Frequency of visit by the male members of the household outside the village for
6.
recreational/pilgrimage purposes per year.
Frequency of visit by the female members of the household outside the village
7.
for recreational/pilgrimage purposes per year.
Date