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Synchronous Machines Fundamentals
• In a synchronous generator:
a DC current is applied to the rotor winding producing a rotor
magnetic field.
The rotor is then turned by external means producing a rotating
magnetic field, which induces a 3-phase voltage within the stator
winding distributed with centers 120° apart in space.
• Stationary Field generator < 5 kVA
stationary field – rotating armature
slip ring connection to armature
• Rotating Field generator (alternator) > 5 kVA
stationary armature – rotating field
slip ring connection to field
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Stator Construction
• AKA armature
• Ring-shaped laminated iron
(silicon steel) core with slots.
• The stator laminations are held together
by a stator frame.
• Slots that are intended to accommodate
thick armature conductors (coils or
windings).
• It is usually made of preformed stator
coils in a double-layer winding. 3
Rotor Construction
• The rotor of a synchronous machine is a large electromagnet.
• The magnetic poles can be either
salient (sticking out of rotor surface) or projecting pole structure
for hydraulic units (low speed)
or non-salient construction, cylindrical or round rotor structure for
thermal units (high speed)
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Round-rotor generators (or turbo-alternators)
• Driven by steam or gas turbines, which rotate at high speed; P = 2
(conventional thermal units) or P = 4 (nuclear units).
• cylindrical rotor made up of solid steel forging whose
• diameter << length (centrifugal force!)
• even if the generator efficiency is around 99 %, the heat produced by
Joule losses has to be evacuated!
Large generators are cooled by hydrogen (heat evacuation 7x better than air) or
water (12x better) flowing in the hollow stator conductors.
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Salient-pole generators
• Driven by hydraulic turbines (or diesel engines), which rotate at low
speed, P is much higher since it is more convenient to have field
windings concentrated and placed on the poles
• air gap is not constant: min. in front of a pole, max. in between 2 poles
• diameter >> length (to have space for the many poles)
• rotor is laminated (poles easier to construct)
• generators usually cooled by the flow of air around
the rotor
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Damper windings (or amortisseur)
• round-rotormachines: copper/brass bars placed in the
same slots at the field winding, and interconnected to
form a damper cage (similar to the squirrel cage of an
induction motor)
• salient-pole
machines: copper/brass rods embedded in
the poles and connected at their ends to rings or
segments.
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Synchronous Machine Modeling
• Electrical (inductor) equations:
𝑑
𝑣 = 𝑅 𝑖 + 𝜆
𝑑𝑡 See Kundur’s
𝑑 book Ch. 3, p. 56
= [𝑅][𝑖] + 𝐿 𝜃𝑟 𝑖
𝑑𝑡
1 𝑇 𝑑 𝐿 𝜃𝑟
𝑇𝑒 = 𝑖 𝑖
2 𝑑𝑡
𝑘𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃𝑟 𝑘𝑞 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝑟 𝑘0 2
𝑘𝑞 =
2𝜋 2𝜋 3
𝑘𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃𝑟 − 𝑘𝑞 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝑟 − 𝑘0
𝐶𝑃 = 3 3
1
2𝜋 2𝜋 𝑘0 =
𝑘𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃𝑟 + 𝑘𝑞 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝑟 + 𝑘0 3
3 3
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Park’s transformation interpretation
• The Park transformation consists
of replacing the (a, b, c) stator
windings by three equivalent
windings (d, q, 0).
• Park transformation allows
reducing machine equations to
static phasors if the machine
rotor is also rotating at the
synchronous speed.
10
Synchronous Machine Modeling
Generator Convention
• Stator equations
• Rotor equations:
𝑣𝐹 𝑅𝐹 𝑖𝐹 𝜓𝐹
0 𝑅𝐷 𝑖𝐷 𝑑 𝜓𝐷
= 𝑅𝑄1 𝑖𝑄1 + 𝑑𝑡 𝜓𝑄1
0
0 𝑅𝑄2 𝑖𝑄2 𝜓𝑄2
(zero entries have been left empty) 11
Synchronous Machine Modeling
Generator Convention
• Magnetic flux equations:
12
Synchronous Machine Modeling
Observations
• All
components are independent of the rotor
position 𝜃𝑟
• There is no magnetic coupling between d and q
axes.
• zeromutual inductances between coils with
orthogonal axes.
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Synchronous Machine Modeling
• Mechanical equations:
2 𝑑 2
𝐽 𝜔𝑟 + 𝐷𝜔𝑟 = 𝑇𝑚 − 𝑇𝑒
𝑃 𝑑𝑡 𝑃
𝑑
𝜃𝑟 = 𝜔𝑟
𝑑𝑡
𝑃
𝑇𝑒 = 𝑖𝑞𝑠 𝜓𝑑𝑠 − 𝑖𝑑𝑠 𝜓𝑞𝑠
2
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References
• B. S. Guru and H. R. Hizirouglu, "Electric machinery and transformers", 3rd
Edition, 2001.
• G. G. Karady and K. E. Holbert, “Electrical Energy Conversion and Transport”,
2nd Edition, 2013.
• Stephen Umans, "Fitzgerald & Kingsley's Electric Machinery" 7th Edition, 2013.
• Kundur, P. “Power System Stability and Control”, McGraw-Hill, 1994.
• K. R. Padiyar, Power System Dynamics: Stability and Control. Anshan, 2004.
• Paul M. Anderson; A. A. Fouad, "Power System Control and Stability," Wiley-
IEEE Press, 2003.
• C. Cañizares, “Generator” in Power System Components and Modeling Lecture,
Escuela Politécnica Nacional, 2015.
• T. Van Cutsem, “The synchronous machine (detailed model)” in Electric Power
System Analysis Lecture, Universite de Liege, 2017.
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