Integrated Mathematics Data Sampling Handout

Objective 2: Distinguish among sampling methods; random number generator, random number table,
simple random, stratified, systematic and cluster.

Random number generator: this generates one or more random number or random letter sets from a range of
numbers or letters. The random numbers or letters will be the random sample set.

Random number table: the random number generator is used to create a list of random numbers, based on
your specifications. The numbers you generate appear in the random number table.

Simple random sampling: a method of sampling in which every member of the population has an equal
chance of being selected. A simple random sample is often mentioned in elementary statistics classes, but it’s
actually one of the least used techniques. In theory, it’s easy to understand. However, in practice it’s tough to
perform.
Another disadvantage is that there is a limited application for very large populations as a large amount of time is
needed to select and then meet the sample chosen. Also, if a unit in the sample is unavailable it cannot be
replaced by another unit with the same basic characteristics; the interviewer must call back.

Stratified sampling: With stratified sampling, the researcher divides the population into separate groups, called
strata. Then, a probability sample is drawn from each group. Stratified sampling has several advantages over
simple random sampling. For example, using stratified sampling, it may be possible to reduce the sample size
required to achieve a given precision. Or it may be possible to increase the precision with the same sample size.
However, it is more difficult to organize.

Systematic sampling: This is a type of probability sampling method in which sample members from a larger
population are selected according to a random starting point and a fixed periodic interval. This interval, called
the sampling interval, is calculated by dividing the population size by the desired sample size. The advantages
include: it is convenient and produces a random sample. The disadvantage includes: problems occur, such as, if
research was being done on money spent on heating and we chose to consider every fourth house in a street
without considering the difference between terraced and detached houses. Mid-terrace houses have two outside
walls whereas detached houses have four and this factor could affect the amount of heating required.

Cluster: With cluster sampling, the researcher divides the population into separate groups, called clusters.
Then, a simple random sample of clusters is selected from the population. The researcher conducts his analysis
on data from the sampled clusters. Compared to simple random sampling and stratified sampling, cluster
sampling has advantages and disadvantages. For example, given equal sample sizes, cluster sampling usually
provides less precision than either simple random sampling or stratified sampling. On the other hand, if travel
costs between clusters are high, cluster sampling may be more cost-effective than the other methods.