Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
It is my proud privilege to acknowledge with deep sense of gratitude and devotion, the keen
interest rendered to us by revered employees of ASIANET NEWS NETWORK.
I am also very thankful to our training and all the concerned and non-concerned instructors and
members as well as the university who gave us a chance to learn a lot in the form of summer
training. Without their support, it would have been difficult job to successfully complete the
training.
I want to thank the Department of Electronics and Communication of the SRM Institute of
Science and Technology for giving me permission to commence this thesis in the first instance,
to do the necessary research work. I have furthermore to thank the honorable Guide, whose
help, stimulating suggestions and encouragement helped me in all the time of research for and
writing of this thesis. Especially, I would like to give my special thanks to him whose patient
help enabled me to complete this work.
ABSTRACT
The objective of the thesis is to study the various sections of ASIANET NEWS NETWORK
broadcasting and appropriate execution and working of the news studios and Captive Earth
Station. The ‘core’ service covers major developments in diverse fields in a compact form. The
broadcast of a program from source to listener involves use of studios, microphones, announcer
console, switching console, telephone lines / STL and Transmitter. A broadcast studio is an
acoustically treated room. It is necessary that the place where a program for broadcast purposes
is being produced should be free of extraneous noise.
Networking can be defined simply as an interconnection of two or more computers. The
Captive earth system consists of a satellite system. The advantage of satellite technology is
based on the potential for reaching wide expanses and serving discontinuous user bases without
the cost of traditional terrestrial services. The training section ends up with the outside
broadcasting section. Outside Broadcasts (abbreviated as OBs) form a substantial portion of
program s radiated from a Radio Station. Major events that occur at different parts of a country,
such as sports events, important functions of political, cultural and national important and other
such programs.
The study carried out for this thesis lead to significant new knowledge, which has resulted
in elaborated concepts for the sections of Asianet News broadcasting.
CONTENTS
Chapter 1
Digital Modulation
Introduction…………………………………………………………………...…... (01)
Amplitude shift keying………………………………………...………………...... (01)
Frequency shift keying…………………...…………………………………...…... (02)
Quadrature phase shift keying……………………………………………......…… (04)
Chapter 2
Network Maintenance
Networking………………………………………………………...………...….… (05)
Purpose of networking…………………………………………….….…….….…... (05)
Types of Networking……………………………………………….………....….... (06)
Client server Model………………………………………………………...……… (06)
Chapter 3
Introduction
Digital communication system falls into 3 categories in their design. They are Bandwidth
efficient, Cost efficient and power efficient. These three criteria are applicable in different
environments. Radio spectrum is no more a luxury. And for broadcasters the digital system
should be able to deliver within the BW available whereas mobile communication system like
Cell Phone or a pager etc. must be both power and cost efficient.
Modulation of digital signal comes at the end of the transmission chain. The packetized,
encoded data is to be transmitted over the medium to the end user. The medium of transmission
could be satellite, terrestrial or cable. Besides bandwidth one of the other criteria for the design
of digital system is the ruggedness of the system, immunity from multi-path and environmental
degradation. COFDM is a type of transmission to meet these challenges. Here we shall discuss
the basic digital modulation techniques of ASK, FSK, PSK, QPSK & QUAM
The simplest forms of band pass data modulation is ASK. Here the symbols are represented
by discrete amplitudes of fixed frequency. Digital data is nothing but bits of 0 and 1 .To
represent 0 and 1 the carrier is turned on or off. Hence this is also called as On-Off keying
(OOK). Alternately we can use 2 amplitudes to represent 0 & 1.
1
If more than 2 symbols are used then M levels of ASK process is involved where different
amplitudes levels are used to represent different symbols.
Cos(mt) c-m c+n
Cos(ct)
The figure indicates the ASK process. The base band signal stream Cos mt is multiplied by
carrier Cos ct. In other words the digital bit stream changes the different levels of the carrier.
Here the frequency is switched from one frequency to another to represent 2 symbols. The
modulator switches between two carriers of different frequencies to represent 2 symbols. This
is shown in the diagram.
Cos(1t)
Data
Switch
Cos(2 t)
Alternatively, a VCO (Voltage controlled oscillator) can be used as source for frequency shift
keying. If the frequency shift can be minimized to 90 degrees phase shift, the same is known
as Minimum shift keying.
The spectrum of FSK is dependent on the frequency of each symbol state. The spectrum looks
like as shown below.
Composite FSK
ASK1
ASK2
f1 f2
3)Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
Here the phase of the carrier is changed by 180o absolutely to indicate another symbol. The
receiver watches for the changes in phase of incoming signal to recover the symbol.
Phase Change
0 1 0
Phase Change
While recovering the data from the Carrier there may be ambiguity due to phase changes by
noise. To minimize this effect differential data encoding is used. “Exclusive OR” gate is used
for this purpose.
The coming bit is compared with previous one. 1 is sent if there is a change and a zero (0) for
no change. Decoding is simple as shown in the given figure.
Arbitrary
Starting
1011010
01101100 01101100
Delay
= Ts
Logic 1 = Change
Logic 0 = No change
Logic 1 = Change
Logic 0 = No change
Delay TS
Logic X = Don't Care
5)QPSK Modulator (Quadrature phase shift keying)
This is the most commonly used modulation scheme in digital satellite communications.
Sometimes this is known as 4 QUAM (Quadrature amplitude modulation) as there are 4 states
of symbols - one in each quadrant.
In this carrier is modulated with 4 phase states 0o, 90o, 180o, 270o or 45o, 135o, 225o, 315o. This
is called QPSK. Due to orthogonality the information can be sent twice the speed of BPSK.
Data is split into 2 streams and filtered before modulated orthogonal. The coding employed is
known as gray coding as the symbol change is only 1 bit in successive symbols. In QPSK we
can send 2 bits /symbol as shown in the constellation diagram. Bandwidth efficiency = 2
bits/sec./Hz
01 00
10 10
Serial Serial
data to Cos ct X
Parallel
Sin ct
QPSK Demodulator
The detection of QPSK signal is shown in the block diagram given below. It is a coherent
detector requiring carrier recovery and symbol timing recovery. A process known as “4th power
process” is used for accurate carrier recovery. Incoming signal is mixed with a carrier in two
channels with 90o shift. This is filtered and removed. Further symbol timing is recovered.
Then the bit stream from each channel is serial converted.
Comparator
Carrier
Symbol Parallel
recovery
Input timing to Output
Serial
o
90
Comparator
NETWORK MAINTENANCE
NETWORKING:
Networking can be defined simply as an interconnection of two or more computers. This can
be attained by connecting with optical fiber cables or UTP Cables. Recently the wireless
networking has become popular because of its mobility.
PURPOSE OF NETWORKING:
Sharing of files
The file from one computer can be shared to another computer.
Sharing of resources
In a office scenario network printers are the most cost effective sharing of resource.
Hard disk space can also be shared.
Sharing of program s
Instead of providing each and every clerk with a word program we may provide a
server-based office suite which will be cost effective.
Users communicate with each other
Networking can be used for communication between two computers in text form. If
sound cards are installed voice can also be interchanged like intercoms with chat
program s.
Video conferencing
This is also a part of communication in which the picture and voice can also be
transmitted to the other computer. This has attained great popularity along with internet
as the expatriate population has increased. The only viable communication channel is
video conferencing with instant messengers.
Entertainment, distributed games
Audio & video streaming
This has attained great popularity along with internet as the expatriate population has
increased. This will satisfy the thirst for hearing their own language program s.
Doom and other games
This is very much popular among youngsters. The games involved are multi-player
games.
Commerce
Ticket booking, Purchase of articles and banking.
During earlier times one had to travel to the booking centre for booking a ticket for
flight or a train and now it can be booked through Internet.
Control of equipment
Domestic like washing machine, Microwave etc.
In the present scenario where the employees are working for the long time and mostly
they are bachelors and it will be helpful if they have machines which can be controlled
through internet.
INTRODUCTION
After four decades of development, satellites have gained recognition as the key to
solving many land-based transmission limitations. Today's geosynchronous, low earth orbit
(LEO), and medium earth orbit (MEO) satellites enable numerous services within the telecom
market. Lowering costs and innovative new services will only accelerate the growth of satellite
communications markets.
Types of orbits:
Low earth orbit (450km-1000km)
Medium earth orbit (1500 km)
Geo stationary orbit (36000 km)
Out of these the Geo stationary orbit is utilized for the satellite establishment.
Geo-stationary orbit
These laws lead to the general theory of orbital motion for an object constrained by a force
directed towards a central point. However, we are concerned with one particular orbit – the
geo-stationary orbit. This orbit is circular having a period equal to that of the earth’s rotation
about its own axis and lying in the equatorial plane. The importance of the geostationary orbit
lies in the fact that because its period is the same as that of the earth’s rotation, a satellite in
this orbit will appear fixed in the sky and hence the receiving antenna may be aligned in a fixed
direction. All other orbits would require a steered receiving aerial to track the satellite.
The geostationary orbit, being in the equatorial plane, has zero inclination. Although it is
possible to have a geosynchronous orbit, that is, one which has the same orbital period as the
earth’s spin period, at some inclination, this will not be geostationary. As viewed from a fixed
location on earth, such a satellite would appear to move in a figure of eight pattern.
ORBITAL ALTERNATIVES
NETWORKS:
RADIO NETWORK
Key Distribution Infrastructure.
SCPC Audio & / or Data Network
Audio MPEG-1, LII Encoding
Audio program distribution for Recording OR Local transmission
CES NETWORK:
BROADCAST Network
Captive Earth Stations (CES) uplinks radio programs.
RN Terminals at AIR stations receive down linked Radio program s
Uses INSAT series of satellite
Distribution all over India possible
RN Network consists many UPLINK Earth Stations
Caters to the Regional Audio program distribution
OUTSIDE BROADCASTING:
INTRODUCTION
Outside Broadcasts (abbreviated as OBs) form a substantial portion of program s radiated from
a Radio Station. Major events that occur at different parts of a country, such as sports events,
important functions of political, cultural and national important and other such program s that
originate from outside the broadcast studio are covered as OB’s.
Different Types of OBs
OB Amplifier
An OB amplifier is a portable mixing unit. Normally four low level microphone inputs and one
high level input from a PTR or UPTR, can be mixed and controlled by this unit. The individual
channel output levels as well as the level of the program after mixing can be controlled by
rotary step attenuators.
A tone generator providing three spot frequencies (75 Hz, 750 Hz or 1 kHz, 7.5 kHz)
is incorporated in this unit so that the frequency response of the telephone line on which the
program is fed can be quickly checked at CR end and equalization done, if found necessary.
The auxiliary output can be used for random operation or for feeding a public-address
system. Thus, two OB amplifiers can be cascaded, and nine program sources can be controlled.
A portable mixer has recently been developed by M/s Meltron which can be used with Nagra
or Meltron UPTRs. This mixer enables use of three microphones and has a high-level input.
The main feature of this mixer is that it is of light weight and takes power supply from UPTR
itself.
Microphones
The choice of the correct type of microphone and its proper handling and placement is very
important for the success of an OB. The microphones used in OBs must be robust, insensitive
to wind noise and popping effects, and having a good front to back ratio to avoid feedback.
Hence, when choosing a microphone, for OB operations the directional characteristics of the
microphones should be considered carefully. Suitability of different microphones for OB
recording is discussed below.
Radio/Wireless Microphones
In sports coverages, there may be situations such as in a big stadium where different athletic
events take place simultaneously where it is not possible to lay cables. Radio microphones are
best suited for these locations. In a radio microphone, the microphone is connected to a
miniature FM transmitter (held in hand) and the audio is picked up from the demodulator output
of a FM receiver.
Such radio microphones are used in locations where long cable distances are involved
or where it is not possible to lay the cable.
Tape Recorders
Spot interview and glimpses of the various events taking place in a particular city, are covered
by spot recordings done with Ultra-Portable Tape Recorders (UPTRs) and cassette tape
recorders. They are light weight battery operated recorders and are provided with only
headphone monitoring facility in order to avoid the drain on the batteries. Generally, two sets
of either dry cells or chargeable cells are taken for the OB recordings, so that at least 30 minutes
of recorded program is made feasible.
OB Van
AIR has acquired a few OB Vans recently. The vans are of the size of a matador vehicle and
incorporate equipment of latest technology. Each van has been provided with a 6-channel audio
mixer 3 UPTRs and a Public-Address Amplifier.
The interior is acoustically treated and air-conditioned. A portable diesel generator can
be housed in the body. It is possible to record talks and interview inside the van. All
microphones inputs are terminated on a panel and cable drums provided for laying of the cables
for recording the outside program s and placement of effects mikes in the field. Provision is
available to meet most of the requirements of production, recording, editing and dubbing etc.
The van can also meet the requirements of a live coverage.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
In this sector of training I studied about the overall procedure and objective of the Broadcasting
process in elaborate form. Asianet News Network had provided us all the equipment and
apparatus for understanding us the each and every section up to its depth. I visited the various
sections like server and networking room, lines room, control booth, captive earth station etc.
After studying these sections I understood their execution and importance for the transmission
and reception of the data in Asianet News Network.
The training started was with the server and networking room where I visited and studied about
the overall networking procedure and the interconnection between the servers to access the
private data as well as public data. The data like news, audio songs etc. are available to every
server at any instance in any section. Every server is independent to fetch and add the data to
them. The servers are connected to each other via bus topology and Ring topology. The next
section was Lines room including all the lines containing data decoding and arriving at same
room and can be accessed. This data can be further forwarded to the other studios and control
room with help of Encoder. These data can also send through the telephone lines in the form
of Analog data., and further can be receive in the digital form. In control booth section the
overall control of the signals taken in the consideration., with the help of new technologies and
various amplifiers. In the Captive Earth Station, I learned the reception and transmission of
data in the form of signals via two types of channels cxc and cxs channel a digital and analog
form.
Satellite communication is general and very important in today’s life., because today human
growth and development in the communication field is only because of the credit satellite
communication. I studied the whole Asianet News Network broadcasting process with full of
attention and enthusiasm.