Evaporation 2 PDF

Geankoplis (Ch.
8)
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Contents
1. Introduction
2. Types of Evaporation Equipment and
Operation Methods
3. Overall Heat Transfer Coefficients in
Evaporators
4. Calculation Methods for Single-Effect
Evaporators
Contents
5. Calculation Methods for Multiple-Effect
Evaporators
6. Condensers for Evaporators
7. Evaporation of Biological Materials
8. Evaporation Using Vapor Recompression
Calculation Methods for Multiple-
Effect Evaporators
A. Introduction
B. Temperature Drops and Capacity of Multiple-
Effect Evaporators
C. Calculations for Multiple-Effect Evaporators
D. Step-by-step Calculation Methods for Triple-
Effect Evaporators
Single-effect evaporators are
wasteful in terms of steam costs;
Multiple-effect evaporators
recover the latent heat of the
vapor leaving and reuse it
5. Calculation Methods for Multiple-Effect Evaporators
Example: A Three-Effect Evaporator


Each effect acts as a single evaporator
• 1st effect
– Raw steam boiling at 𝑇1 and 𝑃1 is used as the
heating medium
– Vapor removed from 1st effect is used as the
heating medium in the 2nd effect
– Raw dilute feed is added and partly concentrated,
then flows to the 2nd evaporator

• 2nd effect
– Vapor from the 1st effect condenses and vaporizes
water at 𝑇2 and 𝑃2
– To transfer heat from condensing vapor to boiling
liquid, the boiling temperature (𝑇2 ) must be less
than the condensing temperature, i.e. 𝑃2 < 𝑃1
– Partly concentrated feed from 1st evaporator is
further concentrated, then flows to the 3rd
evaporator

• 3rd effect
– Vapor from the 2nd effect condenses in heating the
3rd effect, i.e. 𝑃3 < 𝑃2
*If the 1st effect operates at 𝑃 = 1 atm abs, 2nd and
3rd effects will be under vacuum
– Partly concentrated feed from 2nd evaporator
flows to 3rd evaporator for final concentration

• At steady-state, pressures, temperatures,

internal flow rates and rate of evaporation in
each effect are (automatically) constant
• To change concentration in final effect, feed
rate to first effect must be changed
– Overall material balance for the whole system and
for each evaporator must be satisfied
– ex. If final solution is too concentrated, feed rate
must be increased (vice versa); final solution will
reach new steady state at desired concentration
Temperature Drops and Capacity of
Multiple-Effect Evaporators
Temperature Drops in MEE
• The amount of heat transferred per hour in
the 1st effect of a triple-effect evaporator with
forward feed (Fig. 8.2-3) will be
Temperature Drops in MEE
Capacity of MEE
• A rough estimate can be obtained by adding
the 𝑞 for each evaporator
• Where
∆𝑇 = ∆𝑇 = ∆𝑇1 + ∆𝑇2 + ∆𝑇3 = 𝑇3 − 𝑇𝑠
Capacity of MEE
• If a single-effect evaporator is used with the
same area 𝐴, the same overall heat transfer
coefficient 𝑈, and the same total temperature
drop ∆𝑇, then
Calculations for Multiple-Effect
Evaporators
• Usual values to be obtained:
– Area of the heating surface in each effect
– Kg of steam per hour to be supplied
– Amount of vapor leaving each effect (esp. the last)
• Usual given/known values:
– Steam pressure to the first effect
– Final pressure in the vapor space of the last effect
– Feed conditions and flow to the first effect
– Final concentration in the liquid leaving the last effect
– Physical properties of liquid and vapors (enthalpies, heat
capacities)
– Overall heat transfer coefficients in each effect
– Areas of each effect (usually assumed equal)
T.A.E.
Step-by-step Calculation Methods for
Triple-Effect Evaporators
Step-by-step Calculation Methods

Step-by-step Calculation Methods

Contents
Evaporators
Condensers for Evaporators
• In multiple-effect evaporators, the vapors from
the last effect are usually leaving under vacuum
(<𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 )
• These vapors must be condensed and discharged
as a liquid at 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 , which is done by using cooling
water to condense the vapors
• Surface condenser – vapor and cooling liquid are
separated by a metal wall
• Direct-contact condenser – vapor and cooling
liquid are mixed directly
Surface Condenser
• Shell-and-tube condensers with the vapor on the shell side
and cooling water in multipass flow on the tube side
• More expensive and use more cooling water, thus, used
only when direct-contact condenser is not suitable
• Noncondensable gases (air, CO2 , N2 , etc.) are usually
present in the vapor, entering as dissolved gases in the
liquid feed or due to decomposition in the solutions, and
may be vented from any well-cooled point in the condenser
• If the vapor being condensed is below 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 , the condensed
liquid leaving the condenser can be removed by pumping,
while noncondensable gases by vacuum pump
Surface Condenser
https://www.koerting.de/files/data/content/produkte/abbildungen-en/kondensatoren/surface_condenser-EN.jpg
Direct-Contact Condenser
• One of the most common type is the countercurrent
barometric condenser (Fig. 8.6-2)
• Vapor enters the condenser and is condensed by rising
upward against a shower of cooling water droplets.
• The condenser is located on top of a long discharge
tailpipe, high enough above the discharge point that the
water column established in the pipe more than
compensates for the difference in pressure between the
low absolute pressure in the condenser and the
atmosphere
• Water discharges by gravity through a seal pot at the
bottom
• Usual height = 10.4 m (34 ft)
Direct-Contact Condenser
Barometric Condenser
• Inexpensive and economical water
consumption
• Can maintain a vacuum corresponding to a
saturated vapor temperature within ~2.8 K
(5°F) of the water temperature leaving the
condenser
• Ex. if discharge water is at 316.5 K (110°F), the
pressure corresponding to 316.5+2.8=319.3 K
is 10.1 kPa (1.47 psia)
Barometric Condenser
• The noncondensable gases can be removed from the

condenser by a vacuum pump (mechanical or steam-jet
ejector)
• In the ejector, high pressure steam enters a nozzle at
high speed and entrains the noncondensable gases
from the space under vacuum
Jet Barometric Condenser

• Another type of direct-
contact condenser
• High velocity jets of water act
as both a vapor condenser
and an entrainer of the
noncondensables out of the
tail pipe
• Usually require more water
that the common barometric
condensers and are more
difficult to throttle at low
vapor rates
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Contents
Evaporators
Introduction and Properties of
Biological Materials
• The evaporation of
biological materials
frequently differs from the
evaporation of inorganic
materials (ex. NaCl, NaOH)
and organic materials (ex. http://www.globalspec.com/learnmore/specialized_indus
ethanol, acetic acid) trial_products/pharmaceutical_biotechnology/biotechnol

ogy/biological_materials
• Biological materials (ex. pharmaceuticals, milk, citrus juices,

vegetable extracts) are usually heat sensitive and often
contain fine particles of suspended matter in solution
• Due to bacteria growth, equipment must be easy to clean
Introduction and Properties of
Biological Materials
• Many biological materials in solution exhibit
only a small boiling-point rise when
concentrated, due to suspended solids
• The amount of degradation of biological
materials on evaporation is a function of
temperature (evaporation is done under
vacuum to keep T low, reducing Tb.p. of
solution) and length of time (equipment with
low holdup time keeps contact time low)
Typical types of equipment used and
some biological materials processed
1. Long-tube vertical evaporator for condensed
milk
2. Falling-film evaporator for fruit juices
3. Agitated-film (wiped-film) evaporator for
rubber latex, gelatin, antibiotics, fruit juices
4. Heat-pump cycle evaporator for fruit juices,
milk, pharmaceuticals
Fruit Juices
Sugar Solutions
Paper-pulp Waste Liquors
Contents
Evaporators
Introduction
Mechanical Vapor-Recompression
Evaporator
Evaporator
Evaporator
Thermal Vapor-Recompression
Evaporator
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156-4ef2-488a-9c1f-3883d992a462.jpg
• http://www.askaprepper.com/wp-
content/uploads/2015/03/4-Antibiotics-
890x395_c.jpg

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Geankoplis (Ch.

Example: A Three-Effect Evaporator

Example: A Three-Effect Evaporator

Example: A Three-Effect Evaporator

Example: A Three-Effect Evaporator

Example: A Three-Effect Evaporator

• At steady-state, pressures, temperatures,

Step-by-step Calculation Methods

Step-by-step Calculation Methods

• The noncondensable gases can be removed from the

Jet Barometric Condenser

ethanol, acetic acid) trial_products/pharmaceutical_biotechnology/biotechnol

• Biological materials (ex. pharmaceuticals, milk, citrus juices,

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