Uttam Kumar Mahato

(Roll no: 1523022)

 Chapter- 1

Introduction

1.1 General

In the past few years world has experienced many number of cataclysmic earthquakes, resulting
an uncountable loss of human life due to collapse of buildings and severe structural
damages. Earthquakes cause highly seismic hazards. Structures like lifeline structures
residential buildings, historical structures and industrial structures are very important and
should be designed properly and with updated study on earthquake resistance design to
protect from earthquakes. Seismic responsive structural design control is now accepted
worldwide and widely applying in Civil Engineering. Recently researcher and developers
have developed newly adoptable techniques to provide safety against earthquake. This
devices like passive control system, active control system, and semi active control system
provides greater importance to improving the wind and seismic responses of buildings
and bridges. This kind of passive control systems do not require external power. Active
control systems generally remains connected with external power supply and operates
through sensors which are connected within the structures. Semi active control systems
are an combination of both passive and active control systems where it is needed to
supply power externally then they run based on sensors attached to the structure. But no
need to supply external power for passive control system. Both of them could be used for
earthquake motion and wind motion. Now it becomes serious issue to develop the
structural control concept into a reliable technology and such devices should be installed
in highly vulnerable structures. Vibration control generally belong to aerospace related
problems such as tracking and pointing, and in flexible space structures. Now the
technology widely accepted into civil engineering and infrastructure related issues. It
involves protection of building structures, bridges from loads comes on structures due to
earthquakes and winds. Thee number of tall buildings increasing day by day and the cost
of building also become major concern .This has led to Urban Sprawl and their numbers
 cannot be counted. Most of these structures have low natural damping. So it should be
primary interest to increase the damping capacity of structures and necessity of
mechanical devices like dampers become a great interest in tall buildings, super tall
building. Now there should have a mandatory practices to design the damper connected
structures. There are some other methods to regulate the structural vibration produced by
earthquake motion and wind motion are like modifying rigidities, modifying masses or
shapes and by providing counter active or passive forces. Till now some method of
structural vibration control has been adopted successfully and many new methods have
potential to for extending applications and improving efficiencies.

A new structural system of framed buildings has been made by two

Canadian researchers (Pall and Marsh 1982) for the seismic design. The system is consisting of
an less expensive mechanism which contains a friction brake lining at the intersection of frame
cross-braces. The general arrangement of friction device has been shown in figure later. Each
brace is fitted with connection like it would slip before the material yield, during a severe
earthquake. When this device slips, the links become activated and energy is dissipated through
friction in both braces in each half cycle even after buckling of braces due to compression.
The energy dissipated by friction in a FDBF can be derived as product of slip load
times the total slip in dampers. But for the high slip load the energy dissipation become
negligible as the slip load do not cross. In this situation the structure generally behaves like
ordinary braced frame structure. Again the problem comes when the slip load is very less
although large slip would occur but the energy dissipated become very less. In this case the
structure behaves exactly as un-braced frame. Between these extremes, there is an intermediate
slip load distribution which results in optimum energy dissipation. This intermediate distribution
is defined as the optimum slip load distribution. So it is very necessary to choose optimum slip
load to maximize the energy dissipation
1.2 Passive energy dissipation:

It is generally observed all the energy induced from outside in structures disappear due to
rubbing, cracking, internal stressing, plastic deformation and so on. The energy dissipation
capacity is inversely proportional to the amplitudes of vibration. Structures with low
damping ratio generally experience large amplitudes of vibration even for small earthquake.
The amplitudes of vibration can be reduced by methods of increasing the energy dissipation
capacity. Now a days different methods of damping has been proposed and many has been
put in use. A greater efforts have been put in developing the devices and auxiliary damping
technique to an workable technology. A number of these devices have already been
installed in structures over the world (Soong and Constantinou 1994; Soong and Dargush
1997). The device like friction damper totally based on conversion of kinetic energy to
heat, or by transferring of energy to the structural systems in which they are installed. Many
other devices are made with different principles like yielding of metals, phase transformation
in metals, deformation of viscoelastic solids and fluids. Supplemental oscillators, is another
technique which act as dynamic vibration absorber.

1.3 Types of passive control devices

1.3.1) Metallic yield dampers

One of the effective method available to dissipate energies from structures induced due to
earthquake is through inelastic deformation of metals. The idea of using the metallic yield
dampers as a dissipating energy element given by work of Kelly et al. (1972) and Skinner et al.
(1975). Several devices are also available like torsional beams, flexural beams, and V-strip
energy dissipators. Spreading the yielding uniformly throughout the material is major concern
which is solved by using mild steel plates with triangular or hourglass . A typical X-shaped plate
damper or added damping and stiffness (ADAS) device is shown in Fig.
Figure 1.1 X-Shaped ADAS
1.3.2) Friction dampers

Friction, the mechanism itself gives a great idea about energy dissipation from structures. The
technique in automotive braking system has been using for many years to dissipate the energy. It
is important to minimize stick-slip phenomena to avoid introducing high frequency excitation. It
is also necessary to maintain a consistent coefficient of friction by employing compatible
mataerial over the intended life of the device. The Pall device iamper which works on friction
principle, which can be installed in a structure in an X-braced frame as illustrated in the figure.

Figure1.2 Pall Friction Damper

1.3.3) Viscoelastic dampers

The metallic and frictional devices are discovered primarily for seismic application. But,
viscoelastic dampers are designed for both wind vibration as well as seismic vibration. Their
application started in 1969 in civil engineering structures when approximately 10,000 visco
elastic dampers were installed in each of the twin towers of the World Trade Center in New York
to reduce wind-induced vibrations. It is shown in further study which is carried out by researcher
that they can also be effectively used in reducing structural response due to large range of
intensity levels of earthquake. The Viscoelastic materials are recently used in structures typically
made by copolymers or glassy material. A typical viscoelastic damper, developed by the 3M
Company Inc., is shown in Fig. It consists of viscoelastic layers bonded with steel plates.

Figure 1.2 Viscoelastic Damper

1.3.4) Viscous fluid dampers
Energy dissipation and numerous device configurations can be done with Fluid and several
methods have been proposed. Fluid viscous damper generally widely used in Aerospace and
military applications but recently many study show the potential of this arrangement in
structures. It has been observed a linear viscous response over a broad frequency range and
compactness in comparison to stroke and output force are the major attributes of these devices
which are of primary concern in structural applications. The configuration of the orifices quite
enough to obtain the viscous nature of the device, and generating damper forces that are out of
phase with displacement. Viscous fluid damper generally consists of a piston in the damper
housing filled with a compound of silicone or oil (Makris and Constantinou 1990; Constantinou
and Symans1992). A typical damper of this type is shown in Fig.

Figure 1.3.Taylor Device Fluid Damper

1.5) Practical Implementations of friction damper:
Pall friction damper have shown a potential seismic control device and can be used to control the
vibration. They can be used in newly constructed building concrete building as well as steel
building and can be used to retrofit of existing building. Some of them are briefly discussed
below.

Concordia university library building

Concordia University’s new library complex consists of ten storey and six-storey building which
are interconnected with an atrium. The approximate floor area of the building is 50,000 sq.m. In
that structure friction damper has been connected at every junction of steel cross bracing in the
concrete frame. The braces reduces the demand of shear wall and the friction devices eliminate
the convention ductility dependency concept both together make the structure earthquake
resistance. The advantage of frictional damper is it reduces the requirement of space as shear
wall need to be constructed continuously one over another friction dampers do not need to be
located continuously. Bracing does not go continuously up to the foundation as it does not carry
any gravity load. This saves the space at ground floor and give flexibility for car parking at
ground floor. The flow of lateral force at ground floor is from the bracing transferred to the
rigid floor diaphragm and then merge to the perimeter retaining walls of the basement. Total 143
friction dampers of 600-700 KN slip load were fixed to structure to extract energy from the
structure. The architect have exposed most of the frictional damper for aesthetic purpose. The
friction dampers in steel cross bracing has saved the cost of building up to 1.5%. of total building
cost. It is expected that in region with higher seismic vulnerability can give more saving.
Canadian space agency headquarters, St Hubert

The school complex built in 1967 , consists of three precast concrete buildings of 40000 Sq. m.
covered area (Pall,1991a).This building suffered some structural damage during the 1988
Saguenay (Quebec) earthquake .The existing structure lack in lateral resistance and ductility
requirements of the current building code. The conventional method of retrofitting with concrete
shear wall or rigid steel bracing were time consuming and expensive. The innovative technique
of introducing with frictional damper in steel bracing was the most effective practical and
economical design solution for the seismic upgrading of the three buildings. The introduction of
the supplemental damping provided by the frictional damper reduced the seismic force therefore
strengthening of the structural members and foundation was not necessary. The retrofit was
completed in record time during the school’s summer vacation of 1990.

1.6 PROBLEM STATEMENT OF STUDY:

i. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of friction damper on the designed
building on certain soil condition.
ii. This study also consist of how the structure gives response when it is subjected to
earthquake motion. As IS 1893-2002 is based on equivalent static load method, it does
not show the overall behaviour of structure under motion.
iii. This investigation also focuses on estimating the changes in performance level of
structure by deploying various modes of structural response control methods.

1.7 OBJECTIVES OF STUDY:

The objective of this investigation is to apply the above mentioned problem statement to a G+10
open RC SMRF hospital building and analytically evaluate results. The key objectives of this
study are as follows:

i. To design a G+10 RC SMRF building, for certain site conditions as per IS 1893:2002,
using ETABS 2015.
ii. To model supplemental damping mechanism for the considered building models.
 iii. To generate synthetic accelerogram for performing non-linear time history analysis.
iv. To analyze the model with and without friction damper, by non-linear time history
analysis.
v. To compare the response of the models for various site types.
vi. To compare storey displacement and drift, roof acceleration and displacement, base shear
and storey shear.

CHAPTER-2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1) Review of Literature

One of the major concerns of developing countries like India is to effectively reduce the risk of
a disaster. Having a good disaster mitigation strategy is not sufficient for disaster risk reduction
, prevention and preparedness is more important. Regulations and codal provisions for ERD of
structures currently in practice in India (IS 1893:2000) are not capable enough to reduce the
impact and may at times add to the extent of a disaster. This necessitates adopting measures to
make structures after against hazards and thereby reducing the risk of occurrence of a disaster
which can be achieved by reducing the vulnerability of the structure against the hazard.

2.2 STRUCTURE UNDER CONSIDERATION:

The office building is one of the important structure during disaster for any reason. As the
concerned structure is multi storey office building, the safety against earthquake should be
primary interest. The post earthquake scenario could be handled by DISATER MANAGEMENT
TEAM and there is need to provide safety for them and other occupants should be primary
concern. Thus it is utmost important to enhance the performance level to be operational during
and after the occurrence of earthquake. The performance level criterion for a building has been
adopted here from FEMA 445: NEXT GENERATION PERFORMANCE BASED SEISMIC
DSIGN GUIDELINES which is an improvement over its preceding document FEMA 356.

2.3 STUDY OF SOIL STRUCTURE INTERACTION:

The utmost vulnerable study to make ERS is soil-structure interaction as the earthquake study
totally depend upon ground motion. The force induced in structure due to ground motion is
nothing but its inertia force. The structure resting above ground whose property changes along
the surface as well as below the surface of the ground in terms of geological and geotechnical
parameters, it is necessary to incorporate the effect of soil structure-interaction. The effect of
soil flexibility is that it can neither dampen the seismic waves or amplify it. These effects have
been incorporated in Indian standard IS 1893:2002 in form of three categories of soil viz. rocky
or hard soil, medium soil and soft soil to evaluate spectral acceleration coefficient at the given
site. The classification of soil type is based on SPT value of the soil and not its seismic behavior
for propagating seismic waves. The later classification of soil is required for better understanding
of structural response at a given site. This classification is regulated in some countries like the
USA and some needs to be done for Indian regulations for ERD of structures.

FILIATRAULT et al. (1987) A computer model of structure with friction damper (FDBF) was
made to eliminate assumptions taken in previous structure by Pall and Marsh. The study was
done to compare two FDBF (friction damped braced frame).The study shows that the later
model with friction damper give expected behaviour than the original structure. The
approximate model was very easy to make and even cheaper. The friction device was tested
under cyclic load. It shows good performance and the device was stable even after 50 cycles. It
was clearly shown the hysteresis loop made by friction device was rectangular in shape.
Analytical study and seismic testing shows the effectiveness of damper and the behaviour of
FDBF was superior than conventional structure.
AVTAR PALL AND R.TINA PALL In modern buildings, concern about structural collapse is
not enough. The non-structural elements and contents should also be considered for safety as the
cost become very high even much higher than the structural element. Now With the help of Pall
Friction Dampers the performance-based design of structure become economical and provides
enough safety. By using the Pall Friction Dampers, it is now possible to opt a new approach for
performance based design of newly made structure and effective retrofitting of the structure.
Pall friction damper gives a freedom to use them for earthquake resistance structure due to its
low cost and maintenance free characteristics. Developers, private sectors are widely using the
pall friction damper and benefitting from this.

FILIATRAULT AND S. CHERRY (1989) This paper studies about new and effective way of
numerical modelling of friction damped braced frames. It was done by deriving the hysteretic
properties of friction devices and then included in f The hysteretic properties of the friction
devices are derived theoretically and included in a friction damped braced frame analysis
program, which is suitable for computer. The designed friction damping system was checked
through experiment to check its performance; its shows clearly the reduction in seismic response
of structures. All the element tangent stiffness matrices of a friction device element has been
included and time step integration technique is used to extract the result which is adoptable for
computer in FDBFAP. It is evidently found that the result calculated for slip load from FDBFAP
is quite accurate and simple. It should noted the current FDBFAP does not include inelastic
deformation of main structural elements and is not designed to be a general-purpose structural
dynamic analysis program. Its purpose is to evaluate, the optimum slip load distribution of
structures quippede with friction damper

D.AIKEN et al. Discussion in this paper has been restricted to the statistical response of
linear structures to a small class of ARMA generated ground motions, our problem solving
approach is in fact quite general. In the immediate future, the thrust of our work will be directed
towards the identification of cause and effect relations existing between low order ARMA model
ground motions, and their effect on nonlinear hysteretic SDOF structures. Careful attention will
be given to the characterization of damage in a statistical setting. Because real earthquakes
exhibit considerable variations in both the shape and magnitude of the variance envelope, as well
as the frequency content of ground shaking itself, further work is also needed to extend the basic
ARMA models used in this study, so that the expected ground shaking at a site is more
realistically modeled.

MALHOTRA et al. The pall friction damper is applied on St. Vincent Hospital and it is shown
the application of damper gives economic and time expedient solution for seismic upgradation.
Analyses gave a highly satisfactory result and demonstrated the capability of energy dissipation
of the fed due seismic vibration. Therefore, the energy damped out quickly and gives lesser
displacement and member forces. It was observed through non linear dynamic analysis that
friction damped structure gives superior performance compared to general retrofitted structure. It
was shown that the time history of axial force in single diagonal brace at 4th floor in RB (rigid
braced compared to FD (friction braced) much higher. The maximum force in FD is almost 20% of
that for the RB. The axial forces in columns with FD are about 30% of those for the RB. It is seen
that the peak displacement of the FD is approximately 80% of that for the RB. The maximum
storey drift in the FD was about 0.7%. The base shears in the FD compared to RB is about 30%
of the RB. Finally it is clearly shown that the overall improvement of structure with FD.

A.PALL et al. (1993) It is tried to model the headquarter of the Canadian space agency with
friction damper to save it from earthquake. Then time history analysis has been carried out on the
model structure. It was observed from time history analysis that the peak amplitude of deflection
is minimum in FDBF as compared to MRF, BMRF, BF. The maximum story drift were in
lowermost storey. The maximum floor acceleration experienced by FDBF is only 30% of MRF.
As the max acceleration decreasing the damage become very feasible under seismic condition.
Here the new effective economical solution has reached to design a structure to resist earthquake
force. Besides saving the initial cost of construction, it also saves the life cycle cost of structure
as the damage is under control.

A.V.BHASKARARAO and R.S.JANGID Here to carry out the time history analysis on two adjacent

structure modeled as single degree of freedom and connected with friction damper are derived in
closed-form expressions for both non slip modes and slip modes. damper connected multi-
degree-of-freedom (MDOF) structures vibrating in sliding phase and the rest in non-sliding
phase at any instant of time. To mitigate this problem, two numerical model of MDOF were
made and matched with the results obtained from SDOF structures numerical models of friction
dampers. A parametric study has also been done here to calculate the optimum slip load of the
damper. In addition, it was tried to find out the optimal position of friction damper as it can
reduce the initial cost structure. The analysis result was quite satisfactory and it shows the
friction damper connected with adjacent structure with two different frequency of structure can
effectively reduce the earthquake induced response in both if the slip load of friction damper
selected appropriately. Further, it was observed that it is not necessary to connect the damper at
each floor rather connecting at appropriate position can also reduce the response of structure.
 CHAPTER-3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter deals with the methods followed for design and analysis of model considered in this
study. The analytical software ETABS 2015 has been used for this purpose. Subsequent sections
in this chapter explain the design methodology adopted, analysis procedures used and
mathematical formulations of anti-seismic devices employed. Though performance objectives
and effect of soil foundation superstructure interaction has been considered they have not been
explicitly used in modelling and analysis procedure. They have been limited towards existing
guidelines provided in codes.

3.2 DYNAMIC EQUATIONS OF MOTION:

3.2.1 Single Degree of Freedom System:

The response of a linear single degree of freedom (SDOF) system to ground motions g is the
solution to the dIfferential equation [Chopra (2007)]

m + c + ku=−m g (3.1)
where m is the mass of the system, c is the damping constant and k is the stiffness. Relative
displacement of the system as a function of time is denoted as u(t). First derivative of the
displacement is the velocity (t) and the second derivative is the acceleration of the system (t).
By dividing the equation above with the mass m the normalized equation of motion is obtained.

+2ζωn + ωn2 u=− g (3.2)

where ωn is the natural angular frequency and ζ is the damping ratio of the system.

ωn = (3.3)

ζ= (3.4)

The relation between period T and natural angular frequency ωn is given by

T =2π ωn= 2π (3.5)

3.2.2 Multiple Degrees of Freedom System:

The dynamic behaviour of structures involves simultaneous motion of several masses in shapes
that are unknown before the analysis. The theory of dynamics of a single degree of freedom can
be extended to multiple discrete masses and distributed mass systems like beam and frame
structures, as well as the whole building and structures such as bridges. The extension of the
theory from one degree of freedom involving a single mass to multiple degrees of freedom,
describes the coupled motion of several concentrated masses. This theory is called modal
analysis and has been explained in subsequent section. The dynamic response of a linear system
with n degrees of freedom

u(t)T = [u1(t),u2(t),...,un(t)] to ground motions is described by the set of second order differential
equations

m + c + ku =−mI g (3.6)
The physical parameters are: the mass matrix m, the viscous damping matrix c and the stiffness
matrix k. Effective earthquake forces are given by the vector −mI g where I is the influence
vector representing the displacements of the masses resulting from static application of a unit

ground displacement. Mode shapes and periods are found by solving the generalized eigenvalue
problem matrix

[k−ωn2m]φn = 0 (3.7)

The complete solution to the generalized eigenvalue problem consists of n sets of eigenvalues
and eigenvectors, arranged as corresponding pairs of natural frequency ωj and mode shape vector
φj.

(ωj,φj) j = 1,2,...,n (3.8)

3.3 DESIGN METHODOLOGY:

The current design requirements illustrated in IS 1893:2002 (criteria for earthquake resistant
design of structures) has been adopted here for design of concerned structure in this study. The
theory of capacity design concept developed in 1970s has been adopted in IS 1893:2002.

3.3.1 Capacity based design:

This method is an improvement over the force based method, under strength based design for
ERD of structures. It considers the hierarchical allocation of strength to structural members. The
hierarchy of structural member strength aims to ensure inelasticity being confined to
predetermined and preferred structural members to delay failure modes in non-ductile structural
behaviour. It considers providing sufficient stiffness and strength to structure both locally and
globally as well as considers strong column weak beam philosophy. The design of members for
shear is dependent on P-M interaction. The overall target of this philosophy is to design members
with sufficiently larger shear capacity against maximum probable equilibrium compatible shear
demand generated due to plastic hinge moment capacities mobilized at two ends. Within the
member it is desired that the ductile flexural failure occurs before the non-ductile shear failure
and axial compressive failure in a beam.

3.3.2 Strong column weak beam concept:

This hierarchy of strength between structural members is to ensure that columns do not form
plastic hinges so to be capable of carrying vertical axial load and that beams do not carry axial
load and develop ductile plastic hinges for inelastic energy dissipation. This is ensured by
preventing non-ductile shear failure of individual beams and columns by capacity design as well
as preventing non-ductile shear failure and anchorage failure of joints. This suggests that the
ratio of flexural capacity of columns to over-strength flexural capacity of beams should be
greater than 1. Further the foundation supporting columns is designed with higher strength than
columns in the hierarchy. The beam-column joints are designed to have stiffness and strength as
much as the adjoining beam and column so as to maintain the flow path between beam and
column.

3.3.3 Ductility:

The philosophy of deformation based design which is under development considers ductility to
be an important parameter apart from stiffness and strength requirements. This philosophy which
is by far most advanced for ERD of structures is necessary for important and life line structures.
The importance of this concept has been identified in IS 1893: 2002 in terms of ductile detailing
of members as per IS 4326:1993 (earthquake resistant design and construction of buildings-code
of practice) or IS 13920:1993 (ductile detailing of RC structures subjected to seismic forces-
code of practice) or SP 6 part6:1972 (handbook for structural engineers: application of plastic
theory in design of steel structures).

3.3.4 Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures (IS 1893 Part I: 2002):
This section deals with guidelines provided in this documented as it is, which has been
considered in design of the building under study. The document deals with various design
aspects that has been referred to necessary documents. The most importantly it deals with
procedures and methods for estimation of lateral load under seismic excitation and methods for
analysis of structure under these conditions, necessary for ERD of structure.

Following assumptions are made for ERD of structures

i. Earthquake causing impulsive ground motion is complex and irregular in nature,

changing oscillation period and amplitude for small duration. As such occurrence of
resonance is neglected.
ii. Wind and maximum flood/sea waves are unlikely to occur simultaneously with
earthquake.
iii. Modulus of elasticity of materials is taken as per static analysis unless more definite
value available for use in such condition (with reference to IS 456, IS 1343 and IS 800)

In limit state design of RC structures following load combinations is accounted for

1.5(DL + IL)

1.2(DL + IL ± EL) (3.9)

1.5(DL ± EL)

0.9DL ± 1.5EL

The orientation of horizontal orthogonal direction of lateral load resisting system and seismic
load must be considered for design horizontal earthquake load. If this effect is considered, the
contribution of orthogonal loads on response is that of 30%. The motions and their responses are
accordingly combined and maximum of the values is considered. Under seismic loading the
permissible stresses are increased by one-third, in elastic method of design. Since the building
designed has not incorporated the foundation and that the base is considered to be fixed and soil
foundation system as rigid, the modification in allowable bearing pressure in soils has been
neglected, But the effect of soil type has been considered for spectral acceleration coefficient. It
is this factor of varying spectral acceleration with soil type that has been used as one of the
varying parameter for study.

3.3.4.1 Plan and elevation criteria:

It is suggested that building configuration be simple and regular both in plan and elevation. The
building is considered to be irregular if it meets the conditions described in table 4 and table 5 of
the document. It is also advised that the distribution of mass and stiffness be regular in both plan
and elevation. The mass and stiffness irregularities have also been defined in the same table of
the document.

3.3.4.2 Design spectrum:

The design horizontal seismic coefficient Ah for a structure is given by following expression

Ah= (3.10)

Where Z is the zone factor for MCE and factor 2 in denominator is a modifier for ZMCE to ZDBE

I is the importance factor depending on building type as described in table 6 of the document.
Only two values are considered, 1 and 1.5.

R is the response reduction factor. The actual base shear generated for structural response to
DBE being under elastic range, is reduced with this factor to obtain design lateral force. The
value of R is as given in table 7 of the document depending on perceived seismic damage
performance of the structure. Sa/g is the average response acceleration coefficient whose value
depends on natural time period of the structure and the site condition of the building (Table 1.1).
For 5% damping the values of spectral acceleration coefficient is given as follows for three site
conditions

Site condition Time period 0.00≤T≤0.10 10≤T≤ a a ≤T≤4.0

 Rocky/hard soil sites 1+15T 2.50 1/T

Medium soil sites 1+15T 2.50 1.36/T

Soft soil sites 1+15T 2.50 1.67/T

a = 0.40 for rocky/hard soil sites; 0.55 medium soil sites; 0.67 for soft soil sites

TABLE 3.1 Sa/g values at 5% damping for various time periods of structure and various site
conditions.

Where T is the approximate fundamental natural time period of vibration of building in seconds
and is given as

For moment resisting frame building without brick infill panels

T=0.075h0.75, for RC frame building (3.11)

T=0.085h0.75, for steel frame building (3.12)

T= , for all other building types including MRF with brick infill panels (3.13)

Where h is the height of the building in m and d is base dimension of the building at plinth level
in considered direction of lateral force.

3.3.4.3 Design lateral forces:

Total design lateral force or design seismic base shear (VB) along any principal direction is given
as

VB=AhW (3.14)

where W is the seismic weight of the building

3.3.4.4 Distribution of design forces

The design base shear is distributed along the height of the building as per following expression
 Qi = VB (3.15)

Qi is design lateral force at ith floor, Wi is the seismic weight of ith floor, hi is the height of ith
floor measured from the base and n is the no of storeys of the building.

The distribution of the floor forces is in accordance with the diaphragm action. For rigid
diaphragm action total shear in any horizontal plane is distributed to various vertical elements of
lateral load resisting system, considering infinite rigidity in the horizontal plane.

The effect of torsion if any should be evaluated by considering the design eccentricities as
explained in section 7.9 of the document.

3.3.4.5 Procedure for dynamic analysis:

The Indian standard IS 1893: 2002 suggests that dynamic analysis should be performed to
evaluate design seismic forces and their distribution along the building height and to various
lateral load resisting members. It mandates that dynamic analysis should be performed for
regular buildings greater than 40m in height in zones IV and V and 90m height in zones II and
III. The methods suggested for dynamic analysis are time history method and response spectrum
method. The value of damping may be taken as 2% and 5% of the critical for steel and RC
buildings respectively, for performing dynamic analysis.

3.4 METHODOLOGY FOR ANALYSIS:

analyses that is based on modal superposition. Thus, modal analysis is done by following
methods,

i. Eigenvector analysis
ii. Ritzvector analysis
3.4.1.1 Eigenvector analysis:

iii. Eigenvector analysis determines un-damped free-vibration mode shapes and frequencies
of system. These natural modes provide insight into behaviour of structure. Free vibration
of linear MDOF systems without damping with p (t) = 0 is given as,
iv. (3.16)
v. When floors of a frame are at their extreme displacement at the same time as well as pass
through the equilibrium position, then each characteristic deflected shape obtained is
known as natural mode of vibration of a MDOF system. During natural mode of vibration
of a MDOF system the point of Zero displacement that does not move at all is called as
node. The number of mode increases with the number of nodes.

On substitution,

(3.17)

Where, and are constants.

= The deflected shape.

= natural frequency for nth number of mode.

Substituting the value of u (t) in the above expression, we obtain

(3.18)

For solution either , which indicates u(t)=0 and there is no motion in the system
(known as trivial solution). Or the other solution can be given as,

(3.19)

(3.20)

This equation is the matrix eigenvalue problem and it has non-trivial solutions if

Det [ ]=0 (3.21)

On expanding the determinant a polynomial of order N in is obtained. Hence the above
expression is known as frequency equation. The N roots, of the equation determine the N
natural frequencies (n = 1, 2,.....N) of vibration. Corresponding to N natural vibration
frequencies of N-DOF system, there is N independent vectors which are known as
natural modes of vibration, or natural mode shapes of vibration. The natural mode
corresponding to the natural frequency has an element where j indicates the DOFs. The
N eigenvectors can be displayed in a single square matrix of size NxN, whose each column
represents a natural mode:

(3.22)

The N eigenvalues assembled into a diagonal matrix Ω2, is known as Spectral matrix of
eigenvalue problem,

(3.23)

3.4.1.2 Ritz vector analysis:

Ritz vector analysis is performed for structures oscillating under external excitation. Ritz vectors
are shape vectors which are linearly combined along with generalized coordinates to
express displacement as per Rayleigh-Ritz method using following expression

(3.24)

Ritz vectors approximate natural modes of vibration. The reliability of method depends on
proper selection of Ritz vectors. It is suggested to select force dependent Ritz vectors obtained by
using spatial force distribution vector. Using the force dependent Ritz vectors the coupled
reduced system of equations are solved with time stepping methods using above expression. For
numerical evaluation of dynamic response using time stepping method can either be explicit or
implicit. For linear systems with non-classical damping Central Difference Method and
Newmark’s method have been developed whereas for nonlinear systems Average acceleration
method, Modified Newton-Ramphson iteration and Wilson’s method are available.

3.4.2 Time History Analysis:

Time history analysis of the structure is carried out to determine its response under a given
dynamic loading. The response history is divided into time increments of Δt and the structure is
subjected to a sequence of individual time-independent force pulses Δf (t). The nonlinear
response is hence approximated by series of piecewise linear systems. Here 3 time history
records of 1994 Northridge Earthquake is used for the time history analysis. Various time
history analysis methods are available. The non-linear time history (FNA- fast numerical
analysis) method has been used, as it gives better result over the direct integration method.
ASCE 7-10 specifies the procedure to carry out non-linear time history analysis by selecting a
minimum of 3 ground motion records and scaling them to a given response spectrum record. In
order to perform the time history analysis the method of modal analysis is employed with the
external excitation being an accelerogram of a previously occurred earthquake. The application
of ground motion in this particular study uses multiple support excitation theory, where total
displacement response is a combination of dynamic and quasi-static displacements. To evaluate
forces on structural elements total structural displacement and prescribed support displacement
are used by following method of nodal displacements using element stiffness properties. In order
to perform time history analysis it is suggested to not use raw accelerogram data of recorded
earthquakes, instead obtain a synthetic accelerogram for the selected time history record of the
earthquake.
3.4.3 Synthetic Accelerogram:

A synthetic accelerogram is an artificially generated accelerogram. Various researchers argue

three types of accelerogram viz. artificial, synthetic and real. Real accelerogram is time history
record of the earthquake, whereas when accelerogram is generated on the basis of a suitable
seismological model it is referred as synthetic accelerogram and a real accelerogram matched to
response spectra is called artificial accelerogram. Since the synthetic accelerogram by definition
is not a typical to generate, in our study we shall refer the artificial accelerogram as synthetic
accelerogram.

Generation of Synthetic Accelerogram

The basic steps involved in the generation of a Response Spectrum Compatible Accelerogram
are:

i. and then inverse Fourier transformation of b(iω) is performed to obtain the new time
history. Step (v) is then performed for generation of a new spectrum. The process is
continued until and unless a reasonable convergence is achieved.

3.5 METHODOLOGY FOR SELECTION OF ANTI-SEISMIC DEVICES

AND ITS PROPERTIES:

The damper selected here is pall friction dampers. The dampers have not been specifically
designed but to make the dampers commercially available in the market have been used and their
respective mechanical values adopted in this literature are based on the data provided by
manufacturers. The dampers used are on the basis of suggestions in various literatures and
manufacturer catalogues. Also the selection has been guided by the market popularity of the
manufacturers.
 Chapter 4

MODELLING AND ANALYSIS

This chapter shows the detail process of modelling and design of the particular structure under
study and subsequently how the analysis performed. Commercial software ETABS 2015 has
been used for this analytical study.

4.1DESCRIPTION OF ETABS 2015:

The software package has been developed and distributed by Computers and Structures Inc. it is
a FEM based software. The software become wonderful tool for modelling, analysis and design
of every kind of buildings . The software is designed for modelling of various types of link
elements to represent non-linear behaviour as like dampers. It can also model isolator. The
software can also generate synthetic accelerogram by matching the time history acceleration data
with the response spectrum and can give scaled data in frequency domain as well as time
domain. It is extremely capable of performing non-linear analysis as well as model structure and
various elements in non-linear manner.

4.2 MODELLING PROCEDURE:

4.2.1 Description of structure: G+10 RC building has been modelled and designed as per IS
456-2000 and reinforcement overridden to show the ductility behaviour of the building. The
building is an open frame building. The frame detailing is done as it behaves like Special
Moment Resisting Frame(SMRF)
4.2.2 Geometry of building: The chosen building is regular in its configuration in plan as well as
elevation. The building is 25x25 m2 in plan. In both direction, in plan, the building is divided
into 5 bays each of width 5.0 m. The total height of the building is 38 m. the height of 1st floor
from ground floor is 3 m. All other storey heights above the 1st floor are 3.5 m.

4.2.3 Grid definition: the grid is selected as per the building’s suitability as the building is in SI
unit so the grid is also in SI unit. The unit can be changed throughout the process as per user
suitability. The grid has been selected in that manner so that structural elements can coincide
with grid lines. The grid definition is in global coordinates.

4.2.4 Unit definition: as the units used are SI where length is in meters (m), mass in kilograms
(kg), time in seconds (s) and temperature in degree Celsius (0C).

FIGURE 4.1 Plan view of the building model.

4.2.5 Material definition:

Material properties carry the information about behaviour of material. As the building is
designed for non linear analysis so the material concrete chosen with backbone curve Takeda
model of stress strain behaviour. To associate with steel the stress strain curve for steel is chosen
as per Takeda model. Grade of concrete used- M25 and M30

Grade of steel used- HYSD Fe 415 (conforming to IS: 1786)

4.2.6 Frame sections definition: Various frame sections have been used to model the building
depending upon design requirements. They have been tabulated below.

Nos .Longitudinal bars in

Tran. Rebar Spacing

Rebar Material

Long. configuration

Long. Rebar Area

Tran. Rebar Type

Tran. Rebar Area

Material

# Tran. 2-axis
Name

Width
Shape

Depth

Cover
3 axis

mm mm mm mm2 mm2 mm

C1 M25 450 450 4 40 300 113 150 3

M1 M25 300 500 4 30 260 113 150 3

Rectangular

Rectangular
HYSD 415

M2 400 600 4 30 320 113 150 3

Ties

Table 4.1 Frame section property and reinforcement detail

The slab is designed opting the shell thin .The slab is 125 mm thick. M25 grade of concrete has
been used in.

Fi Figure 4.2 elevation view with member section for the basic building model
3D view of basic model (a) without damper (b) with damper
 (C) (D)

Elevation view of structure in (C) X direction with damper (D) Y direction with damper
4.2.7 Define other structural parameters:

Following important structural parameters have also been defined for the frame as follows

i. A rigid diaphragm has been defined

ii. Beam is defined by modifying the stiffness and has been used 0.5I and column modified
with 0.7I.
iii. For connection rigidity also modified with 0.5 (rigidity factor)

4.2.8 Load definitions:

For analysis of building dead load , live load, and load due to earthquake should be considered .
As per IS 875 Part 1, 2 and 5 f dead load, imposed load and load combinations have been used
to define loads on the building. And for earthquake load IS 1893-2002 has been used to design
the building but for evaluating the response of building time history of earthquake at real
location has been used. The loads are following

Dead load- elemental self-weight

Wall dead-superimposed dead load to incorporate the weight of wall

Live and roof live- imposed loads for floors.

Earthquake loads-Ex and Ey have been defined for following conditions

Natural time period of building T=1.1478 sec; seismic zone factor Z=0.24; Importance factor
I=1; Response reduction factor R=5

Soil site class-II

The mass source definition is created as per code IS 1893-2002.

Dead load+0.5 Live load

The modal case selected as ritz vector as the ritz vector records more responses than eigen
vector. Load combinations- manual load combination for design purpose have been defined. A
total of 9 load combinations have been generated as per definitions in IS 1893:2002.

4.2.9 Draw frame structure:

The building is designed by considering the wall load but the infill walls have not been
considered. So the interaction between wall and structure is avoided but the load due to wall has
been considered here to resemble with real structure. It is designed as open structure. The step by
step process includes draw column, draw beam and finally draw shells/floors.

4.2.10 Assign properties:

Once the frame wire model is ready then different section of the frame are assigned requisite
properties and loads. In current model following frame properties have been assigned

Outer beams- MB1.1;

Inner beams-1.2;

All columns-2.1

All floors-Shell thin slab of 125 mm

All the floors are assigned a rigid diaphragm action as it is very necessary to design the structure
properly as it can transfer the load in vertical member. No soil structure interaction is considered
here to simplify the analysis and to concentrate on overall behaviour of building. So The base is
fixed to restrain in all 6 DOFs.

4.2.11 Load assignments:

The loads as defined above are assigned on the frame, beam is assigned load as uniformly
distributed load and the shell element (slab) is assigned load as pressure (KN/m2). Columns are
not assigned any imposed vertical load. By default it is assigned only dead load. The beams
along with default dead load are assigned wall dead load in following manner

Dead load-all the members self weight acting as dead load

Outer walls: on every floor (except roof)-15.3 KN/m

Inner walls: on every floor (except roof)-7.5KN/m

Parapet load-4.5 KN/m

Wind load parameter for frame elements is modified to none

The imposed load on shell elements is assigned as pressure in following manner

Roof- roof live of 1.5 KN/m2

All other floors-live of 4 KN/m2

Earthquake load-earthquake load has been assigned as per IS 1893:2002 in X direction as well as
Y direction

Load combination has been done according to IS 1893:2002

i) 1.5(DL+LL)
ii) 1.2 (DL + IL + EXTP)
iii) 1.2 (DL + IL – EXTP)
iv) 1.2 (DL + IL + EZTP)
v) 1.2 (DL + IL – EZTP)
vi) 1.5 (DL + EXTP)
vii) 1.5 (DL – EXTP)
viii) 1.5 (DL + EZTP)
ix) 1.5 (DL – EZTP)
x) 0.9 DL + 1.5 EXTP
xi) 0.9 DL - 1.5 EXTP
xii) 0.9 DL + 1.5 EZTP
xiii) 0.9 DL - 1.5 EZTP
4.3.12 Analysis:

Input the load cases including modal-ritz for run analysis. After analysis go for concrete design
then check the design whether the members are passing or not if all members are adequate then
go for further analysis otherwise repeat the step till the members become safe. Then the analysis
will consist Time history analysis of this model with and without fixing the damper which would
be done later on.

4.3.13 Assign non-linear hinge properties:

For beams- use non linear hinge assignment property from definitions in ASCE 41-13. By using
table 10-7 beam has been designed with assigning the hinge to free M3 direction. In each beam
the hinges are assigned at relative distance of 0.1 and 0.9.

For columns-no hinges have been assigned in column as the assumed model expected to show
non linear behaviour where the assumption in design is strong column and weak beam. So the
hinge formation would be in beam only.

For braces-to assign hinge properties to braces (shall be used later) definition of auto hinge
assignment property for buckling restrained brace is used and assigned at relative distance of 0.1
and .9.

These procedure confirms the basic requisite of model. Further the FD will be assigned as link
element and property will be assigned accordingly.

4.3.14.1 Modelling and property definitions of FD:

Tension only cross brace with Pall FD has been modelled as per suggestions available on
manufactures website (Pall Dynamics, Canada).AS the damper is designed with bracing the
bracing should also be designed as non linear element the it will be assembled with damper. The
values different properties have been adopted from manufactures website. Before defining link
element it is necessary to define a brace element. In this study the brace defined is a buckling
restrained brace (BRB). The earlier defined non-linear hinge for brace has to be assigned here.
The mass and weight properties along with mechanical properties are added to FD properties for
definition of required link element, and not used directly into the frame model. The non-linear
behaviour of BRB is elastic-perfectly plastic.

The link type is defined as Plastic (Wen). For the damper mass=429.32 kg; Weight=4.2116 KN.
The damper is modelled only along one longitudinal direction and restrained in other two
transverse directions, in its local coordinate system. Non-linearity is considered along the active
direction U1. Rotational inertia is zero and rotation is restrained.

Effective stiffness=55772.853 KN/m

Effective damping= 0 KN-s/m

Yield strength= slip load=100 KN

Post yield stiffness ratio=0.0001

Yielding exponent=10

Once the damper link is defined it is drawn in form of cross braces, as the name suggests. In this
particular study the braces have been assigned in the periphery of the frame along the entire
height of the building, in even positioned bays.

4.4 ANALYSIS PROCEDURE:

The analysis adopted as non linear time history analysis. As the structure designed to behave non
linearly so it is important to use a non linear analysis method as time history dynamic analysis. A
time history function could be anything like a sine function, cosine function or a ramp function
as per user choice it is chosen. It is advised to use a synthetic accelerogram as a input function
which is extracted from earthquake acceleration recorded in past. Since it is suggested to
generate a synthetic accelerogram, a response spectrum function has also to be defined. This
scaled time history function should be used as input excitation function.
4.4.1 Define functions:

4.4.1.1 Define Response spectrum function

A response spectrum function has been defined using IS 1893: 2002. The spectrum specified in
the standard is used as the response spectrum function. The response spectrum function defined
here is for a damping of 5% and Z=0.24. Hence response spectrum is chosen as per soil site
given in IS 1893-2002 as the assumed building is designed in soil site II.

FIGURE 4.4 Design response spectra for site conditions II as per IS 1893:2002 (part 1)

(a)
 (b

FIGURE 4.5 Accelerogram record from ST MONICA (USA) Earthquake at (a) 0o (b) 90o .

The record is a set of acceleration data at equal time interval of 0.02 seconds. The record is in
form of text file of 3000 points of acceleration data at 0.02 sec intervals in units of cm/s2.

4.4.1.3 Generate synthetic accelerogram

To define synthetic time history accelerogram the time history data should be matched with
response spectrum. This is done using the definition of define time history function matched to
response spectrum. The spectral matching is done in time domain.

4.4.2 Define load cases:

4.4.2.1 Non-linear gravity load case

A non-linear static load case intended to act vertically is defined to begin analysis from initial
unstressed state. The definition includes the effects of dead and live loads with respective scale
factors. The definition is set to modal case and P-delta effect.

4.4.2.2 Modal case definition

The modal case defined as is Ritz vector modal case. The loads for this case are defined using
acceleration load applied in 2 directions of translation (Ux; Uy) with target dynamic participation
ratio of 99% (default value). A minimum of 1 and a maximum of 12 modes is requested. This
case continues at the end of above case.

4.4.2.3 Time History load case definition

The time history load case defined in this study is a non-linear modal time history which uses
Fast numerical analysis (FNA). This load case has been defined using set of 2 synthetic
accelerogram in 2 directions (U1, U2) simultaneously, to create multi-support excitation
condition. The directions are set in global coordinate system. The definition uses scale factor of
2.846 as the acceleration has been modified and scaled it double. And a time factor of 1 and
modal damping at 0.05. For the purpose of analysis in this study only above defined two load
cases are set to run for analysis. Static load case definitions are not used.

Figure 4.6 matched response spectra with time history data of earthquake at Santa Monica
 CHAPTER 5

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

This chapter presents the result of study according to problem statement which has been
discussed before. The results of time history analysis and modal analysis have been represented
for the current study. The responses of the non linear time history analysis have been discussed
as parameter like Absolute max. storey displacements and storey drifts; and time history
responses for base shear, storey shear, roof displacement and roof acceleration. The dampers
behaviour due to time history responses also been recorded.

5.2 RESULTS OF MODAL ANALYSIS:

It is necessary to study the at least as many modes as the structure has after reducing by static
condensation method. Here in this analysis only 12 modes of vibration has been studied as most
of the responses can be recorded by these mode and the modal time period has been noted down
for every mode. Since the frequencies are just the inverse of time period hence they have not
been specifically noted down here. It can be clearly seen that as the mode number increases time
period decreases and first mode carries the higher time period. It should be also noted that the
time period for every mode in structure with FD is significantly lower than without FD. The
variation along the modes is considerable for friction dampers where the time period after mode
4 is very small as such the frequency of oscillation is very high. Other modal results have not
been considered as most of the information is carried by first 2 to 3 mode.
5.3 RESULTS OF NON-LINEAR TIME HISTORY ANALYSIS:

Non linear time history analysis has been carried out using the synthetic accelerogram and the
responses are presented in terms of storey v/s storey response as well as time history functions
of the responses. The storey responses considered here are absolute maximum storey
displacement to be considered as AMSD and absolute maximum storey drift to be hereafter
referred as AMSd.

5.3.1 Absolute Max. Storey Displacements:

Here after time history analysis AMSD has been plotted in both global X as well as Y directions
for every stories of both structure. These plots clearly indicating the effect of friction dampers in
max displacement of every floor. It is observed that absolute max displacement in both direction
reducing significantly in the structure attached with friction damper. For the building model
without FD the maximum storey displacement attained at top story is 81.20 mm in global X
direction and 60.1 mm in global Y-direction as compared to 57.8 mm and 53.2mm for building
model with damper at top story in global X and Y directions respectively. A reduction in AMSD
clearly shows the effectiveness of frictional damper.

12

10
Without FD
8
With FD
Storey no

0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Max displacement in mm

Figur5.1 Max Storey Displacement in global X direction

 12

10
With FD
8
Storey no
6

0
0 20 40 60 80
Max displacement in mm

Figure5.2 Max Storey Displacement in global Y direction

4.1.2. Absolute Max. Storey Drift (Unit less)

Here the Absolute maximum storey drift has been defined as inter-story drift ratio (IDR). The
study has tried to find out the IDR of different stories in both X and Y direction of model
building. The code IS 1893-2002 defines a limiting value of IDR is about 0.004 times the storey
height for drift in any storey. The IDR cab be obtain from the following formula IDR= (D n+1 –
Dn)/Hn . Where, Dn+1 is the displacement of upper floor or n+1th floor, Dn is the displacement of
nth floor and Hn is the storey height or floor separation for the given storey. Here the IDR plot
shows that this value is in limit for both direction.Although the IDR is in limit the deflection can
force the structural member change after one earthquake but after attaching FD the IDR is further
reduced so that no need to change the structure members. The maximum value of IDR for
building without damper is 0.003607 and 0.002693 in global X and Y direct ions respectively at
story 3.Whereas the maximum value for building with damper is 0.002351 at story 3 in global X-
direction and 0.002189 at story 2 in global Y-direction. So the IDR further reducing in both
direction in structure with FD.
 12

10
Storey no 8

6
Without FD
4
Without FD
2

0
0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004
Interstorey Drift Ratio

Figure 5.3 Storey v/s IDR plot in global X direction

12

10

8
Storey no

6
Without FD
4
Without FD
2

0
0 0.001 0.002 0.003
Interstorey Drift Ratio

Figure 5.4 Storey v/s IDR plot in global Y direction

4.2. Time History of Responses

The response of the structure for THA has been plotted as time history functions of response
against time in global X-direction. AS the time history plot defined by calculation of each step it
gives better insight of structure. The time history plot has been represented for following
responses viz. Roof acceleration, Roof displacement, Base Shear force, and storey shear force.

4.2.1. Roof Displacement and Roof Acceleration

One of the most important observation from time history analysis must be plotting the roof
displacement VS time and roof acceleration VS time because the behaviour of structure at every
step of time clearly visible. The structural response of acceleration VS time and displacement VS
time has been plotted from the analysis result of time history. The displacement result shows that
the max displacement of top floor in X direction is 81.2 mm and relatively lower value observed
from the structure attached with friction damper is as high as 53.2 mm. It is clearly shown that
the damper help the structure to reduce the displacement values at all-time instances in
comparison to building without dampers and has managed to keep the overall displacement of
building within a limited range with smooth transitions. Similarly the roof acceleration is not
reduced a . The roof acceleration for building with damper is as high as 0.885 m/sec2 which is
even higher than the maximum roof acceleration of0 .840 m/sec2 for building without dampers.
 1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
-200 Without FD
-400
Wth FD
-600
-800
-1000
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Time in sec

Figure 5.5 Time History plot of roof acceleration in global X direction

With FD

100 Without FD
80
Displacement in mm

60
40
20
0
-20
-40
-60
-80
-100
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Time in Sec

Figure 5.6 Time History plot of roof displacement in global X direction

 4000000

3000000

2000000
Base Shear in N

1000000

0 Without FD
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
-1000000 With FD

-2000000

-3000000
Time in Sec

Figure 5.7 Time History response of base shear in global X direction

 2500000
2000000
Storey Shear Force in N

1500000
1000000
500000
0
-500000
-1000000 Without FD
-1500000 With FD
-2000000
-2500000
0 5 10 15
Time in Sec

Figure 5.8 Time History Response of storey shear for 3rd floor

2000000

1500000

1000000
Storey Shear in N

500000

0 Without FD
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
-500000 With FD

-1000000

-1500000
Time in Sec

Figure 5.9 Time History Response of storey shear for 6th floor
 800000
600000
400000
Storey Shear in N

200000
0
Without FD
-200000 0 5 10 15
With FD
-400000
-600000
-800000
Time in Sec

Figure 5.10 Time History Response of storey shear for 9th floor

200000

150000

100000
Storey Shear in N

50000

0 Without FD
0 5 10 15
-50000 With FD

-100000

-150000
Time in Sec
 Figure 5.10 Time History Response of storey shear for 11th floor

Table 5.1 Maximum storey shear force for building with and without damper

Storey Storey3 Storey6 Storey9 Storey11

KN KN KN KN

Without FD 2260.34 1459 659.45 126.1

With FD 1298.65 1027.14 575.1 109.9

CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

6.1 SUMMARY:

To summarize the present study on a G+10 office building for seismic performance with and
without friction damper following investigation was made.

i. A 3D model of G+10 RC SMRF building for office was designed using ETABS 2015 for
soil site conditions II using IS 1893:2002 recommendations.
 ii. The model was analysed for seismic forces using Non-linear Time History analysis by
fast numerical analysis method.
iii. For the purpose of analysis synthetic accelerogram matched to response spectrum
defined in IS 1893:2002 for site condition II was generated using the ground acceleration
records of ST.MONICA
iv. The storey response results and Time History response plots where studied for various
parameters. The parameters under study included AMSD and AMSd, PSA, TH of roof
displacement and roof acceleration, base shear force, storey shear at roof level, storey
drift.
v. The study concluded with comparison of plots for different models (with and without
friction damper).

CONCLUSION
The result s of the non-linear modal time history analysis conducted on a 11 storey RC frame
structure with and without FD, represented using story responses and time history plots for
various parameters, demonstrate that the story response of the structure in form of AMSD and
AMSd have been reduced considerably by use of dampers. The time history plot of roof
displacement shows considerable reduction by use of dampers against the building without
friction damper. The effectiveness of dampers is evident in form of reduced storey responses and
stress demands on structural elements and indicates the nature of the FD which is a displacement
based damper. The time history plot of roof acceleration, base shear and storey shear reveals that
by use of dampers there is an overall increase in the value of these parameters which implies the
ineffectiveness of FD in reducing the value of these parameters damaging effects on the
structure. The damping demand on structural members is reduced due to frictional damping and
hysteretic damping by damper brace system. This indicates a lower hysteretic damping by
structural members. A lower hysteretic damping by structural members indicates that the
structure shows less inelastic behaviour and remains within elastic limit preventing damage to
structural members. Even though the FDs have significantly reduced the responses, the damping
demand of structure can be further reduced by optimum selection and installation of FDs at
various critical locations.

6.3 FUTURE SCOPE:

i. The study concluded with inferences about the effectiveness of the friction damper on
response control of structures. This study needs to be expanded towards better
understanding of interaction between dampers and structural elements.
ii. Study should be made to observe the effect of soil parameters on the behaviour of
dampers and damping phenomenon through soil-foundation-structure-damper interaction.
iii. Method needs to be developed to evaluate combined performance of dampers for both
response control and damage control to structural elements and the structure as a whole.
iv. Test methodologies should be developed for accurate prediction of damper behaviour
under dynamic loading.
v. The recent advancements in material technology with development of smart materials
like SMA, MR and ER fluids and nano-polymers, considerable attention should be paid
to adopt these materials in development and design of dampers.
vi. More accuracy towards dynamic loading inputs using recorded accelerogram is required
for better understanding of ground motion behaviour and subsequent structural response.
This will be helpful in proper design of dampers.

REFERENCES
[1] Austin, M. A. and Pister, K. S., (1985). "Design of Seismic-Resistant Friction-Braced
Frames," Journal of Structural Engineering, 111, pp. 2751-2769.
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with Friction Damped Cross Bracing”, Report No. UCB/EERC-88/17, Earthquake Engineering
ResearchCentre of the University Of California, Berkeley, pp. 1-7.
[3] Chopra A.K., 2007, “Dynamics of Structure- Theory and application to earthquake
engineering”, 2nd edition. Prentice Hall of India Pvt Ltd, New Delhi.
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Dampers," Earthquake Spectra, 9, pp. 447-466.
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A.K. Sinha and Sharad Singh
[9] Filiatrault, A. and Cherry, S., (1989b). "Parameters Influencing the Design of Friction
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