1.

Theoretical background
(general problem…urbanization shit, disadvantages of using impermeable concrete)
(problems in cebu.. include geographic or topographic description of cebu )
(introduce pervious concrete as a solution)
Many cities over the world are experiencing a rapid pace of urbanization. Urbanization entails
construction of large areas of pavement and structures both for residential and commercial use.
With this, natural surfaces are covered by impermeable layers such as concrete.

1.1 pervious concrete

1.1.1 Definition of pc (history of pervious concrete (if possible)
History of Pervious Concrete:
In the middle of 19th century, Pervious Concrete has been used as a building material and described
as a no-fines concrete or gap-graded concrete.
In year 1852, pervious concrete was first used as a construction material of 2 houses in United
Kingdom (UK). In the late 1930s, the Scottish Special Housing Association Limited used pervious
concrete for residential construction. By 1942, pervious concrete had been used to construct over
900 houses. In 1939 to 1945 during World War II, Pervious Concrete was used to aid vast housing
needs in Europe. Scotland 1945 to 1956, many homes were built with Pervious Concrete due to
absence of good facing bricks and presence of unlimited supplies of hard aggregates. (Committee,
2011)

1.1.2 application
1.1.3 Benefits/disadvantages/limitations
1.1.4 Previous studies (detailed description of each property of pervious concrete)
(relationship between the properties)
(standard tests… include pics and tables)
1.1.5 gap (why low in compressive strength, tackle about A/B ratio)

(suggest fly ash to improve compressive strength, include source)

due to the low mechanical properties of pervious concrete, partially replacement of cement
with cementitious materials fly ash, silica fume, rice husk ash, cement kiln dust and furnace slag
can lead to enhancing the compressive strength of pervious concrete. (Smit et al., 2017)

Fly ash has been known and used to its chemical and physical properties which gives benefits to
concrete properties and mostly used as a pozzolan in Portland Cement Concrete (PCC)
(American Coal Ash Association, 2013)

Production of cement is high-energy concentrated Industry that producing a tonne of cement,

produced about 1 tonne of CO2 emitted to the atmosphere leading to greenhouse gas emission.
Less requirement of cement leads to less emission of CO2 result in reduction of greenhouse gas
emission. (A. K. Mathur, 2010)

Naga Power Plant Complex (NPPC) in Cebu which is co-owned by Korea Electric Power Company
(KEPCO) and Salcon Power Corporation (SPC) made connections with APO Cement Corporation,
in Naga, Cebu, and Geo-Transport and Construction Incorporated for the disposal of Fly Ash by-
products created. The powerplant contains one diesel power plant, two thermal power plants,
 and two land-based gas turbine plants which assurances a gross capacity of 185.8 MW. The
thermal power plants uses coal serves half of the capacity of the Visayas grid in terms of coal-
power production (KEPCO Philippines, n.d.)

Approximately 120 tons of a common by-product in the burning of ground coal Fly Ash are
produced daily. The agreement between NPPC and cement companies is to recycle 100% of Fly
Ash and was achieved since 2012. (Asian Development Bank, 2015).

Using waste materials in cement and concrete industry has a potential to reduce environmental
problems of powerplants. (Pitroda, Zala, & Umrigar, 2012)

Fly Ash, a by-product of coal combustion in thermal power plants was simply discrete into the
atmosphere that may pose environmental and health problems if not managed well. (Nawaz &
Ash, 2007)

1.2 fly ash

1.2.1 definition(properties)
Fly ash is a fine, powdery particle with spherical shape that is produced by burning coal in
thermal power plant. (Ghosh, Chaudhury, Datta, & Bera, 2015). Fly ash particle diameter size
ranges from 0.1µm-150 µm (Ramezanianpour, 2014). Primarily, Fly ash contains oxides of
silicon, aluminum iron and calcium. (American Coal Ash Association, 2013). While the presence
of Lime and gypsum are present either from mineral sources or may be procured from industrial
wastes (Elango & Revathi, 2017). Depending on the burning method, Fly ash is divided into class
F, which is produced from burning anthracite or bituminous coal and class C, produced from
lignite or sub-bituminous coal.(Thomas, 2007). Fly ash is also classified as either class F or class C
based on its chemical composition when used as a mineral admixture in concrete. (American
Coal Ash Association, 2013). From the chemical viewpoint, fly ash class F has highly amorphous
silica and alumina phases that allows the fly ash to reach with the Portlandite to form additional
calcium-silicate-hydrate (C-S-H) ad/or calcium-aluminate-silicate-hydrate (C-A-S-H) phases,
called as pozzolanic reaction. The pozzolanic reaction of fly ash is relatively slow that the
contribution to the concrete strength will be in later days, and reduction of early strength
(normally up to 28 days) if a large amount of fly ash is used. (Yu, Lu, Leung, & Li, 2017). It is
evident that incorporating fly ash decreases the compressive strength of concrete within 28
days of curing. (Faysal & Karim, 2016)

1.2.2 benefits of fly ash ( source, economicalness)

fly ash improves the flowability and workability of concrete.(Na Jin, 2010)

when fly ash is used in pervious concrete, the occupation of landfill space can be reduced and
CO2 emissions generated during cement production can be decreased, improving the
sustainability of pervious concrete.(Na Jin, 2010)

utilization of fly ash as a partial replacement of cement may reduce the cost of cement due to
lower price of fly ash compare to cement (American Society of Concrete Contractors, 1985)
 Fly ash not only increases workability, density and chemical resistance of concrete but also
cheaper than OPC. (Faysal & Karim, 2016)

Fly ash has many benefits when incorporated into a Portland Cement Concrete (PCC) such as:
Higher ultimate strength, Improved workability, Reduced bleeding, Reduced heat of hydration,
reduced permeability, Increased resistance to sulfate attack, Increased resistance to alkali-silica
reactivity, lowered costs, Reduced shrinkage, and Increase durability. (American Coal Ash
Association, 2013)

Utilizing fly ash may create advantages such as saving of space for disposal and to save energy
since fly ash is a by-product that uses no energy in production and it can replace material which
otherwise would need to be produced by consuming energy. (Nawaz & Ash, 2007)
1.2.3 fly ash in pervious concrete (previous studies)
Many studies have proven that fly ash may or may not increase the mechanical properties of
pervious concrete, and the application of fly ash doesn’t affect the permeability.

In 2016, Ong et al. investigated the physical/chemical and water flow characteristics of various
pervious concrete mixes made of different concrete materials. One of the materials used were
fly ash as a replacement of cement. Samples were characterized for such physical properties as
compressive strength, void content and permeability of water. From their experiment, A
replacement of Portland cement by 15% of fly ash produce a better workability, and sufficient
mortar materials to fill the spaces among the coarse aggregate particles. However the 28 day
compressive strength of the pervious concrete with 15% replacement of fly ash to cement
shows lower value of 2120 ± 207 psi compare to the normal Portland cement mix 2285 ± 228
psi. (Ong, Wang, Ling, & Shi, 2016)

a study by Na Jin (2010) investigates the important engineering properties of pervious concrete
with the use of fly ash. Physical properties and permeability of pervious concrete were
examined with analyzation of parameters affecting the strength and hydraulic conductivity of
pervious concrete. it was found out that using 2% of fly ash in pervious concrete can achieve
higher compressive strength greater than 3,200 psi than 32% fly ash in pervious concrete with
value of 1700 psi. (Na Jin, 2010)

G. Teja (2017) did a comparison of a normal pervious concrete and pervious concrete with
partial replacement of fly ash to the cement. 10, 20, 30, and 40 % partial replacement of fly ash
was used. Fly ash class F was also used with the specific gravity of 1.975. The study shows that
30% replacement of cement by fly ash has a rise in compressive strength of 11.2% and
determined as the optimum replacement of fly ash class F in porous concrete.

Study by Rupesh et al. (2015) on Utilization of Fly Ash Aggregates in Pervious Concrete uses 10,
20, 30 % of fly ash to replace cement. shows that 30% replacement of fly ash to the cement
increased the mechanical properties of pervious concrete in 7 and 28 day.(Rupesh, Arvinda, & S,
2015)

In 2017, a study to investigate the effect of partial replacement of cement by 10% and 20% of fly
ash using Class C fly ash to the pervious concrete shows that replacement of cement by fly ash
(up to 20%) has reduced the compressive strength. And replacement of class C fly ash has
resulted in reduction of total voids. (Maguesvari, 2017)

Natural available earth surface has been covered with buildings, roads or paved surface. As a
result the precipitation of water to get into the soil is lessen while the groundwater table in
urban area is depleting. Pervious concrete was introduced with fly ash as a blended material
tested for its strength and permeability. as a conclusion, 20% replacement of fly ash gives slight
increase in the compressive strength and the usage of fly ash reduced the cost of concrete to
certain extent. (Usha & Smitha, 2016)

A Review on Performance of Pervious Concrete Using Waste Materials by Ghosh et al. says that
utilization of fly ash in pervious concrete by replacing a portion of cement gives better long term
compressive strength and it will decrease with increase in fly ash content while it is not effecting
Permeability. (Ghosh et al., 2015)