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• Respect the independence and sovereignty and the existing borders


of Ukraine in accordance with the principles of the Helsinki Final Act
(1975);
• Refrain from threats or the use of force against the territorial integrity or
political independence of Ukraine, except in self-defence or otherwise in
accordance with the United Nations Charter;
• Refrain from the use of economic coercion to subordinate Ukraine to their
own interests;
• Seek immediate action from the United Nations Security Council to pro-
vide assistance to Ukraine if it becomes a victim of an act of aggression
or the object of a threat of aggression in which nuclear weapons are used;
• Not to use nuclear weapons against Ukraine, except in self-defence;
• To consult with one another if questions arise regarding these commit-
ments.

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