Hamdard University Islamabad Campus

Management Information System

Submitted By:

Nirmal Khan

Submitted To:
 FUZZY LOGIC
Introduction:

The use of fuzzy logic is the advantage especially at decision making

processes where the description by algorithms is very difficult and criteria are
multiplied. The advantage is that the linguistic variables are used. The fuzzy logic
measures the certainty or uncertainty of membership of element of the set.
Analogously the man makes decision during the mental and physical activities. The
solution of certain case is found on the principle of rules that were defined by fuzzy
logics for similar cases. The fuzzy logics belong among methods that are used in the
area of decision making of firms and offices.

What is Fuzzy Logic?

Fuzzy logic focuses on linguistic variables in natural language and aims to

provide foundations for approximate reasoning with imprecise propositions. It reflects
both the rightness and vagueness of natural language in common-sense reasoning.
Fuzzy logic can be considered as an extension of infinite-valued logic in the sense of
incorporating fuzzy sets and fuzzy relations into the system of infinite-valued logic.

Figure 1 – Evolvement of Fuzzy Logic

Description:

The calculation of fuzzy logics consists of three steps:

 Fuzzification
 Fuzzy inference
 Defuzzyfication.

• The fuzzyfication means that the real variables are transferred on linguistic
variables. The definition of linguistic variable goes out from basic linguistic variables,
for example, at the variable risk it is set up the following attributes: none, very low,
low, medium, high, very high risk. Usually there are used from three to seven
attributes of variable. The attributes are defined by the so called membership
function, such as L, F, Z, S and some others. The membership function is set up for
input and output variables.

• The fuzzy inference defines the behaviour of system by means of rules of type
<When>, <Then> on linguistic level. The conditional clauses evaluate the state of
input variables by the rules. The conditional clauses are in the form <When> Inputa
<And> Inputb ….. Inputx <Or> Inputy …….. <Then> Output1, it means, when the state
occurs Inputa and Inputb.... Inputx or Inputy …… then the situation is Output1.

The fuzzy logic represents the expert systems. Each combination of attributes of
variables, incoming into the system and occurring in condition <When>, <Then>,
presents one rule. Every condition behind <When> has a corresponding result
behind <Then>. It is necessary to determine every rule and its degree of supports
(the weight of rule in the system). The rules are created by the expert himself.

• The defuzzification transfers the results of fuzzy inference on the output variables,
that describes the results verbally for example, whether the risk exists or not. The
system with fuzzy logics can work as an automatic system with entering input data.
The input data can be represented by many variables.

Fuzzy Logic Control:

Fuzzy logic models employ fuzzy sets to handle and describe imprecise and
complex phenomena and uses logic operations to arrive to conclusion. Fuzzy sets in
particular fuzzy numbers and fuzzy logic applied to control problems form a field of
knowledge called fuzzy logic control. It deals with control problems in an
environment of uncertainty and imprecision; it is very effective when high precision is
not required and the control objects has variables available for measurement or
estimation. Imitating human judgment in common sense reasoning fuzzy logic
control uses linguistic values framed in if then rules. For instance: if client's annual
income is low and total net worth is high, then client's risk tolerance is moderate.
Here the linguistic variables annual income and total net worth are inputs; the
linguistic variable risk tolerance is output; low, high, and moderate are values (terms
or labels) of linguistic variables. The implementation of fuzzy logic requires the
development of a knowledge base which would make possible the stipulation of if
then rules by using fuzzy sets. Important role here plays the experience and
knowledge of human experts. They should be able to state the objective of the
system to be controlled. The goal of control in engineering is action. In business,
finance, and management the meaning of control and give broader interpretation of
action; it might be also advise, suggestion, instruction, conclusion, evaluation,
forecasting.

Fuzzy logic control is effective when a good solution is sought; it cannot be

used to find the best solution. However in the real world it is difficult to determine
what is meant by the best. A block diagram for control processes is following.

Figure 2 – Block Diagram of Fuzzy Logic Control

Modelling of Control Variables:

Control problems have inputs and outputs considered to be linguistic

variables. Take example of fuzzy logic control technique on a system with two inputs
A, B and one output C. The same technique can be extended and applied to
problems with more inputs and outputs. It can be applied also in the case when the
problem has only one input and one output. Linguistic variables are modelled by sets
A, B and C, containing certain number of terms Ai, Bj and Ck.

A = {A1,..., Ai, Ai+1,..., An}

B = {B1,..., Bj , Bj+1,..., Bm}

C = {C1,..., Ck, Ck+1,..., Cl}

The terms Ai, Bj, and Ck are fuzzy sets defined as

Ai = {(x, µAi (x))|x є Ai c U1}, i = 1,..., n

Bj = {(y, µBj (y))|y є Bj c U2}, j = 1,..., m

Ck = {(z, µCk (z))|z є Ck c U3}, k = 1,..., l

The design of the sets requires:

(i) Determination of the universal sets U1, U2 and U3 or operating domains of

the base variables x, y and z for the linguistic variables described by A, B
and C.

(ii) Selection of shapes, peaks, and flats of the membership functions of Ai, Bj
and Ck. Most often triangular, trapezoidal, or bell-shaped types of
membership functions are used hence then sets are fuzzy numbers.

(iii) Specifying the number of terms AB and C i.e. the numbers n, m and l
Usually these numbers are between 2 and 7.

(iv) Specifying the supporting intervals (domains) for the terms Ai, Bj and Ck.