Last Rev.

: 12 JLY 08 RANKINE CYCLE : MIME 3470 Page 1

Grading Sheet
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
MIME 3470—Thermal Science Laboratory
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Laboratory №.16
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

RANKINE (VAPOR POWER) CYCLE

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Students’ Names / Section №

POINTS SCORE TOTAL
PRESENTATION—Applicable to Both MS Word and Mathcad Sections
APPEARANCE / ORGANIZATION / ENGLISH / GRAMMAR 5
ORDERED DATA, CALCULATIONS & RESULTS
PLOT OF ALL DATA vs. TIME W/ TIME MARKERS SHOWING
STEADY-STATE REGION YOU ARE CONSIDERING 10
(SCALE DATA AS NEEDED)
AVERAGE DATA OVER STEADY-STATE PERIOD 5
COMPUTE THERMODYNAMIC EFFICIENCY OF THE
RANKINECYCLER & OF THE TURBINE-GENERATOR SET 10
MAXIMUM THERMODYNAMIC EFFICIENCY OF
IDEAL RANKINE CYCLE 10
T-s PLOT OF SATURATION DOME & OPERATING POINTS 15
TECHNICAL WRITTEN CONTENT
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
HOW DOES THE THROTTLING PROCESS EFFECT  th? 5
WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF THE THROTTLING VALVE? 5
HOW CAN THE THERMODYNAMIC EFFICIENCY OF THE
CYCLE BE INCREASED? 5
COMPARE RANKINECYCLER AND IDEAL RANKINE
CYCLE EFFICIENCIES 5
WHY WAS IT DIFFICULT TO MAINTAIN STEADY BOILER
TEMPERATURES AFTER THE EXPERIMENT HAD BEEN
OPERATED FOR SOME TIME? WHAT WOULD YOU DO TO 5
ELIMINATE THIS PROBLEM?
WHY IS THE BOILER OUTPUT SUPERHEATED AS TO
SATURATED? 5
HOW GOOD IS THE ENGINEERING APPROXIMATION THAT
FLOW ACROSS AN EXPANSION VALVE IS AT CONSTANT h? 5
CONCLUSIONS 5
ORIGINAL DATA SHEET OF HAND-WRITTEN DATA 5
TOTAL 100
COMMENTS

GRADER— d
MIME 3470—Thermal Science Laboratory ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Last Rev.: 12 JLY 08 RANKINE CYCLE : MIME 3470 Page 2

Laboratory №. 16 Thus said, the following relations describe the energy usage for each
RANKINE (VAPOR POWER) CYCLE component of the cycle:
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ W turb
LAB PARTNERS: NAME NAME Turbine: wturb   h1  h2 (1)
NAME NAME m
NAME NAME where, m – mass flow of water/steam in the closed cycle
SECTION № 
Wturb – power generated by the turbine
EXPERIMENT TIME/DATE: TIME, DATE
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ wturb – specific work ( W turb / m  ) generated by the
OBJECTIVE—of this lab is to operate a small-scale, steam turbine turbine
power plant in order to gain insight into real-world thermodynamic
cycles and to compare this mini-plant to the ideal Rankine cycle. h1 – steam enthalpy leaving boiler/entering turbine
INTRODUCTION—Vapor power plants, gas turbine power plants, h2 – steam enthalpy leaving turbine/entering condenser
IC engines, and hydro-electric power plants produce virtually all of
the electrical and mechanical power used worldwide. Thus, it is Q cond
Condenser: q cond   h2  h3 (2)
important that the student has a basic knowledge of such processes m
before being flung into the real world. Here is investigated the 
where, Q cond –heat rejected to cooling system by the condenser
Rankine cycle (a.k.a. the vapor power cycle) which is used to rate the
performance of steam power plants. In this cycle the working fluid is q cond – mass-specific heat rejected to cooling system
water and follows a closed cycle where it is alternately vaporized and
condensed. In gas turbines and IC engines, the working fluid is a gas. h3 – enthalpy of vapor leaving condenser/entering pump
Pump: w pump  h4  h3 (3)
B w pump – specific work into the pump
Stack
D A
w turb h4 – enthalpy of water leaving pump / entering boiler

C– Electric
Cooling + Generator
Turbine Boiler
Boiler: qboil  h1  h4 (4)
Tower q boil
 q boil – (mass specific) heat flux introduced by the boiler
Condenser
The thermal efficiency is a measure of the amount of useful work
P
q cond Fuel produced per unit of heat input; that is (what one gets out per what
 P  Air
one puts in that costs),
Makeup Water w pump
th 
wturb  w pump

 h1  h2    h4  h3 
 h1  h4 
Figure 1—The basic components of a vapor power plant [After 1]
The majority of electrical generating plants are variations of vapor qboil
h  h 
(5)
power plants where water is the working fluid. The basic
scomponents of a simplified fossil-fuel vapor power plant are shown
 1 2 3
in Figure 1. To simplify analysis, the overall plant can be broken
down into four major subsystems identified by the letters A through
 h1  h4 
D in the diagram. The focus of our considerations in this lab is As the net work equals the net heat input
Subsystem A, where the important energy conversion from heat to q boil  q cond  h1  h4    h2  h3 
work occurs. [1] th  
Subsystem A represents the water’s thermodynamic cycle and is qboil  h1  h4 
h  h 
(5a)
detailed in the next section. The function of Subsystem B is to supply
the energy needed to vaporize the water passing through the boiler. In  1 2 3
fossil-fuel plants, this is accomplished by heat transfer to the working  h1  h4 
fluid passing through tubes and drums in the boiler from the hot gasses
produced by the combustion of a fossil fuel. Whatever the fuel type, The Rankine cycle differs from the Carnot cycle in that the heat trans-
the vapor produced in the boiler passes through a turbine, where it fer processes take place at constant pressure instead of constant tem-
expands to a lower pressure. The shaft of the turbine is connected to an perature. On the other hand, much of the Rankine cycle cooling and
electric generator (Subsystem D). Vapor leaving the turbine passes heating processes include phase changes, and thus, they also preserve
through the condenser, where it condenses on the outside tubes carry- the isothermal character while the phase change is in progress. For this
ing cooling water. The cooling water circuit comprises Subsystem C. reason the efficiency is very good, but still less than the Carnot effici-
For the plant shown, the cooling water is sent to a cooling tower, where ency. For example, the isothermal character is not preserved for the
energy taken up in the condenser is rejected to the atmosphere. The first part of the heating process, when the liquid is in the compressed
cooling tower water is then recirculated through the condenser. form, and or the last part of the heating process, when the fluid is in the
superheated vapor region. The steam must be in a superheated state
RANKINE CYCLE before entering the turbine so that the liquid state inside the turbine
The Rankine cycle is the thermodynamic cycle that models Subsys- can be avoided. Condensation in the turbine can cause blade erosion.
tem A of Figure 1. In analyzing this cycle, one neglects the stray heat
that takes place between the plant components and their There are modifications to the Rankine cycle which lead to more prac-
surroundings. Further, kinetic and potential energy effects are tical designs. In the reheat cycle, two turbines work in series and the
ignored. Finally, each component is considered to be operating at steam from the high-pressure stage is heated again in the boiler before
steady state. entering the low-pressure turbine. This avoids problematic condensa-
tion in the turbine and also increases the power output per heat
Last Rev.: 12 JLY 08 RANKINE CYCLE : MIME 3470 Page 3

supplied. The regenerative cycle is another modification to increase 2. A steam admission throttling valve regulating the flow from the
Rankine cycle efficiency. In many Rankine cycle implementations, boiler has been introduced. This valve also regulates the boiler
the water enters the boiler in the subcooled state, and also, the large pressure —as the valve is opened the boiler pressure will tend to
difference in temperature between the one at which heat is supplied to decrease. The throttling valve is not part of the ideal Rankine
the boiler and the fluid temperature will give rise to irreversibilities cycle. The throttling process is usually modeled as a constant
which will cause the efficiency to drop. In the regenerative cycle, the enthalpy process but is extremely anisentropic. This process takes
condenser output is heated by some steam tapped from the turbine. place between States 1 and 1a.
This causes the overall efficiency to increase. [2] 3. The water is not returned to the boiler after it emerges from the
Ideal Rankine Cycle turbine at State 2. Instead, the water passes on to the cooling
Equations 1 through 5 are T tower where some of it passes into the atmosphere and some
 pboil condenses in the bottom of the tower. Thus, the RankineCycler
developed from mass and energy 
balances. So, they apply both to does not employ a heat exchanger to condense the flow from the
actual cycles with irreversibilities pcond turbine—this experiment is not a closed cycle. One expects
and to idealized cycles not having 4s minimal frictional losses between the turbine exit and the cooling
irreversibilities. It is instructive to  tower; thus State 2 also represents vapor/mixture sent to the
 
consider an idealized cycle in  2s cooling tower. State 2 is shown in Figure 3 as a saturated mixture
which irreversibilities are s but it might be superheated.
assumed absent as such a cycle Figure 2—T-s diagram of II. Boiler &
establishes an upper limit on the the Ideal Rankine Cycle
Stack
performance of the Rankine cycle.
I.
If the working fluid passes through the various components of the Forced Air
Gas Burner
simple vapor power cycle without irreversibilities, friction pressure V.
V.
drops would be absent from the boiler and condenser and the working Cooling
Cooling Tower
Tower
fluid would flow through these components at constant pressure.
Also, in the absence of irreversibilities and heat transfer with the
surroundings, the processes through the turbine and pump would be
isentropic. A cycle adhering to these idealizations is the ideal Rankine
cycle shown in Figure 2. The four internally reversible processes III.
III. Steam
exhibited in the figure are Admission Throttle
Steam Admission IV.
IV. Turbine-
Turbine-
Valve Generator
Generator Set
Set
Process 1 – 2s Isentropic expansion of the working fluid through the Throttle Valve

turbine from a superheated vapor at State 1 (at boiler

pressure) to State 2s (at condenser pressure).
Process 2s– 3 Heat transfer from the working fluid as it flows at
constant pressure through the condenser which
outputs saturated liquid at State 3.
Process 3 – 4s Isentropic compression in the pump to State 4s in
the subcooled liquid region. I. Forced Air Gas Burner II. Boiler & Stack
Process 4s– 1 Heat transfer to the working fluid as it flows at con-
stant pressure though the boiler completing the cycle.
The ideal Rankine cycle thermodynamic efficiency is

th 
 h1  h4s    h2s  h3 
 h1  h4s 
(5b)
III. Steam Admission Throttle Valve IV. Turbine-
Generator Set
The RankineCycler™ Experiment
The RankineCycler experiment of Figures 4 and 5 is set up similar
to the plant shown in Figure 1. The differences are that
1. There is no pump to bring the
T
feedwater up to boiler pressure.
Instead the boiler water jacket is p
 boil IVa. Axial-Flow Steam Turbine Wheel V. Cooling Tower
filled and the burner lit off. The f    p
g turbin
cool water in the jacket after
  1a
filling would correspond to the  pturbout
point marked fill on Figure 3.1   p
 atm
As the water is heated, its state  fill
moves along a constant volume
s
curve until it reaches the normal Figure 3  T - s Diagram for the Figure 4—RankineCycler experiment
boiling pressure. The state then RankineCycler
moves along the constant experiment
pressure curve until boiling occurs at Point f. Then there is a
change in phase to Point g. Superheated vapor is emitted from
the top of the boiler (Point 1) and sent to the throttle valve.
1
Figure 3 shows Points 3 and 4. These points do not exist in the
RankineCycler experiment but are part of a true Rankine cycle.
Last Rev.: 12 JLY 08 RANKINE CYCLE : MIME 3470 Page 4

Steam Admission Stack

Throttle Valve

– Electric Turbine
 Boiler
+ Generator
Cooling 
Tower
 

Fuel
Air

Figure 5—The basic components of the RankineCycler Experiment

Analysis of the RankineCycler

The steady-state analysis of the RankineCycler is really a quasi-
steady-state analysis since the amount of water in the boiler is
Figure 6—Screen capture of data from RankineCycler experiment
constantly decreasing because of boil off. In the denominator of
Equation 5, one used qboil = h1 – h4. For the RankineCycler, one Average all data over the data-taking interval determine steady-
assumes reservoir water at a constant temperature and steady-state state operating data values. Remember the vectors used by
heat addition causes a phase change only. Thus, one defines the Mathcad’s mean function start at zero.
thermodynamic efficiency of this experiment as Using these steady-state values, compute enthalpies and entropies
wturb h  h2 for the points marked fill, f, g, 1, 1a, 2, 3, and 4 of Figure 3 and
 th   1a (7) points marked 2s and 4s of Figure 2.3 From these values, compute
q boil h1  u f the thermodynamic efficiency of the RankineCycler and of the
The internal energy, as to the enthalpy, is used at Point f because turbine-generator set. Compare the thermodynamic efficiency with
there is no flow. the maximum efficiency of an ideal Rankine cycle working between
One cannot measure the isentropic efficiency of the turbine but the same temperatures and pressures—boiler and the turbine outlet
can measure the actual, power-producing, thermodynamic pressures— refer to Figure 2.
efficiency of the turbine-generator set against the energy added to You will need relations you can program into Mathcad to determine
the steam in the boiler. Remember, electrical power 2 is the enthalpy, entropy, specific volume, and internal energy of
 subcooled, liquid water and superheated steam. In Appendix B, such
W gen  iv (8)
Mathcad relations are developed and verified. These relations have
where, W already been included in the supplied Mathcad object for
gen –power produced by the generator
performing your calculations. The basic functions are shown below.
i – DC current from the generator These relations use absolute units and the units must be stated—e.g.,
v
– DC voltage from the generator h3:= hcool(14.7psi, 530R).
The power supplied to the turbine is 1. Subcooled liquid region [273.15K < T < 673.15K]
  h1 a  h2 
W turb  m (9) hcool(p,T) scool(p,T) vcool(p,T) ucool(p,T)
2. Superheated vapor region [273.15K < T < 673.15K]
Thus, the thermodynamic efficiency of the turbine-generator is
hsuper(p,T) ssuper(p,T) vsuper(p,T) usuper(p,T)
W gen iv
 th  t - g   (10)
3. Saturated pressure as a function of saturation temperature
Wturb m  h1a  h2 
 psat(Tsat) [273.15K < T < Tcrit = 647.096K ]
FOR THE REPORT Using these relations, on one T-s graph (see example of Figure 7)
plot the following
After reading in your data, construct a plot of all numerical data 1. Both the saturated liquid and the saturated vapor curves
vs. time. This plot will look similar to Figure 6 except the plot will between the temperatures of 273.15K and ~625.15K.
start at time zero. MAKE SURE TO SCALE UP OR DOWN 2. Then according to your calculations, plot the temperatures and
THE VALUES SO THAT NONE OF THE CURVES LIE entropies for Points fill, f, g, 1, 1a, 2, 2s, 3, 4, and 4s.
ALONG THE HORIZONTAL TIME AXIS. Since most of
In your discussion, comment on the following:
students will be printing their reports in black and white, they may
1. How does the throttling process affect the efficiency?
want to use different thickness of lines (as well as types of lines)
2. What is the purpose of the throttling valve?
to help differentiate the data being plotted.
3. How can the thermodynamic efficiency of the cycle be
increased?
4. Why was it difficult to maintain steady boiler temperatures
after the experiment had been operated for some time? What
would you do to eliminate this problem?

3
NOTE: You will need to use a root solver (as presented on p. 2 of the Simple
Pipe Flow experiment) to determine T3, T4, T2s.sat, x2s, T4s, and Tfg. T2s.sat is the saturated
tempera-ture at Point 2s. Use this temperature with p2s to determine superheated
2
Twinkle, twinkle little star; power equals i-squared, r entropy and compare it to s1 to determine if Point 2s is a saturated mixture or
Ohh, Ohh, now I see! Power equals i-times, v. –Anon. superheated.
Last Rev.: 12 JLY 08 RANKINE CYCLE : MIME 3470 Page 5

5. In the boiler we have water in two phases and might expect the out-
put from the boiler to be a saturated vapor. Yet, the data (usually)
shows the boiler output to be superheated. Why is this so?
6. How good is the usual engineering approximation that flow
across an expansion valve occurs at constant enthalpy?

Figure 7—Example plot of results

REFERENCES
1. Moran, Michael J., and Shapiro, Howard N., Fundamentals of
Engineering Thermodynamics, 2nd ed., John Wiley & Sons, 1992
ORDERED DATA, CALCULATIONS, and RESULTS
A sample data file generated by the National Instruments (NI) software used by the experiment appears below in Figure 7. Because of the
header and footer (shown in blue) this can not be read into a Mathcad matrix. Thus, first make a copy of your data file as you will need to
know the information of the column headers. Then, using conventional editing techniques, strip away the header and footer information
of the copy file and place that file in the C:\ directory. Actually, the file can be placed in any directory; but, Mathcad requires an absolute
pathname to the file in order to read it. Make sure that the first line of the edited file is the first line of data.
FOR THE "STEADY­STATE PERIOD"       BEGINNING TIME:      14:25:56     ENDING TIME:         14:32:39        REPLACEMENT WATER:   1 LITER

VIRTUALBENCH­LOGGER 2.5 REPORT
NATIONAL INSTRUMENTS
DATE CREATED 12:57:08 11/03/2004

USER

START COMMENT

END COMMENT

START DATA
Date     Time              Boiler     Turb         Turb   Boiler    Turb       Turb   Fuel Flow     Gen.      Gen. 
                                   Press    Inlet Press  Exit Pres  Temp     Inlet Temp  Exit Temp
                                  (PSIG)      (PSIG)      (PSIG)   (Deg C)    (Deg C)    (Deg C)   (ltr/min)    (Amps)    (Volts)
11/03/2004 14:16:07.859     3.78     0.44     0.37    87.84    26.55    27.13     6.56     0.00     0.00
11/03/2004 14:16:15.753     3.80     0.44     0.37    89.59    26.71    27.04     6.56     0.00     0.00
11/03/2004 14:16:23.647     3.78     0.44     0.37    91.87    26.50    27.23     6.57     0.00     0.00
11/03/2004 14:16:31.540     3.60     0.44     0.37    94.28    26.21    26.90     6.56     0.00     0.00
11/03/2004 14:16:39.434     2.65     0.46     0.37    96.09    26.39    26.94     6.57     0.00     0.00
11/03/2004 14:16:47.328     2.62     0.44     0.36    97.34    26.52    26.81     6.57     0.00     0.00
11/03/2004 14:16:55.222     3.00     0.45     0.37    98.38    26.32    26.96     6.58     0.00     0.00
11/03/2004 14:17:03.116     3.76     0.45     0.37    99.69    26.43    26.98     6.58     0.00     0.00
11/03/2004 14:17:11.009     4.80     0.45     0.37   101.05    26.49    27.00     6.57     0.00     0.00
14:17:18.903
11/03/2004 14:33:06.161     5.95
  100.31     0.44
   10.88     0.36
    2.97   102.03
  187.79    26.18
  143.31    26.71
  129.34     6.57
    1.65     0.00
    0.46     0.00
    4.52
14:17:26.797
11/03/2004 14:33:14.054     6.62
   94.27     0.45
   15.07     0.37
    3.75   103.52
  188.56    26.18
  144.69    26.69
  130.69     6.56
    1.15     0.00
    0.44     0.00
    4.67
11/03/2004 14:17:34.691
14:33:21.948     7.44
   89.21     0.45
   14.09     0.37
    3.74   104.77
  189.40    26.07
  145.05    27.04
  131.56     6.53
    0.83     0.00
    0.41     0.00
    4.43
14:17:42.585
11/03/2004 14:33:29.842     8.31
   84.47     0.46
   13.08     0.37
    3.49   105.73
  189.65    26.13
  144.84    26.67
  131.59     6.50
    0.61     0.00
    0.31     0.00
    3.70
14:17:50.479
11/03/2004 14:33:37.736     9.23
   80.02     0.47
   12.48     0.37
    3.34   107.05
  190.38    26.11
  145.38    26.73
  132.44     6.49
    0.45     0.00
    0.38     0.00
    7.20
11/03/2004 14:17:58.372
14:33:45.630    10.06
   75.06     0.47
   13.35     0.36
    3.40   108.33
  190.77    26.18
  145.17    26.64
  132.96     6.50
    0.32     0.00
    0.37     0.00
    6.80
11/03/2004 14:33:53.524    70.68    12.41     3.33   190.89   144.47   132.59     0.22     0.34     6.28
11/03/2004 14:34:01.417    66.61    11.47     3.09   190.92   143.88   132.25     0.13     0.31     5.81
11/03/2004 14:34:09.311    62.95    10.66     2.89   191.13   142.54   131.79     0.07     0.28     5.40
11/03/2004 14:34:17.205    59.52     9.91     2.72   191.08   141.58   130.09     0.06     0.27     5.05
END DATA

Figure 7—Sample Data File Generated by NI VirturalBench-Logger

The reading of this file is shown in the Mathcad object below. The generation and initial manipulation of a Mathcad matrix, M, which is
read from the data file (C:\ ClassData3NOV04.log) is shown below.
Last Rev.: 12 JLY 08 RANKINE CYCLE : MIME 3470 Page 6
====================================================================================================================
Mathcad object, DOUBLE CLICK to open
NOTE: THE FUNCTIONS FOR INTERNAL ENERGY, ENTHALPY, ENTROPY, & SPECIFIC VOLUME WHICH ARE PRESENTED IN APPENDIX B ARE ARE
ALREADY IN THIS WORKSHEET ABOVE THE DOUBLE DASHED LINE.
Data: Do not modify your original data file; instead make a copy of it and make modifications to the copy.
Strip Header and Footer from the copy file using everyday text editing techniques and read this file from the C:\ drive.
See the write up for the Brayton Cycle (Jet Engine) for instructions on how to read a data file.
Read Data M  6 2 -2 -1
File: k  100 MPa  Pa  10 R  461.526 m s K
5
bar  Pa  10 VOLT  V

Inspect data that has been  M 0   "02/24/2004"  M 1   "13:36:14.092"  M 2   114.59  M 3   11.83
read in to see what we are  k  k  k  k
dealing with. Here we are
looking at the k-th row of  M 4   3.11  M 5   199.25  M 6   171  M 7   153.36
 k  k  k  k
the matrix--k is defined above.
 M 8   6.46  M 9   0.34  M 10   8.11
 k  k  k
All of the data appears to be in normal decimal (floating point) format except the first two columns of the matrix which are alphanumeric
(text) fields. This is indicated by the double quotes bracketing the data. The first column, the date, is not needed. However, the times
of the second column are needed. There is no option to convert HOURS:MINUTES:SECONDS to decimal hours or minutes. There is no
easy way to convert this vector from text to decimal data. Thus, do the following:

 1  3 3
1. Determine the length of the vectors: Len  length  M  Len  345 L  1  10 m

 M 1   "13:27:38.651"  M 1 

2. Retrieve the first and last times of the vector:  0   Len 1  "07:30:48.937"
3. Manually calculate the time ( 14  hr  10  min  41.902sec)  ( 13  hr  37  min  56.343  sec)
interval between readings: t  t  5.71383 s
Len  1
4. Generate time vector: i  0  Len  1 t  t  i
i
===========================================================================================================

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
How does the throttling process effect  th?
Answer:
CONCLUSIONS

What is the purpose of the throttling valve?

Answer:

How can the thermodynamic efficiency of the cycle be

increased?
Answer:

Compare RankineCycler and Ideal Rankine Cycle efficiencies.

Answer:

Why was it difficult to maintain steady boiler temperatures

after the experiment had been operated for some time? What
could be done to eliminate this problem?
Answer:

Why is the boiler output superheated as to saturated?

Answer:

How good is the engineering approximation that the flow

across an expansion valve is constant at constant h?
Answer:
Last Rev.: 12 JLY 08 RANKINE CYCLE : MIME 3470 Page 7
Last Rev.: 12 JLY 08 RANKINE CYCLE : MIME 3470
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A—BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF WILLIAM JOHN MACQUORN RANKINE
William John Macquorn† Rankine
Born: 5 July 1820 in Edinburgh,Aryshire, Scotland‡
Died: 24 Dec 1872 in Glasgow, Scotland
Rankine received his early education from his
father, David, and tutors. His father was superin-
tendent for the Edinburgh and Dalkeith Railway
and undoubtedly introduced his son to the idea of
civil engineering.
His high level of intelligence was recognized early. In 1836 (age 16),
while attending the University of Edinburgh, Rankine was awarded a
gold medal for his essay on the undulating theory of light, and in 1838, he
won another medal for his essay on methods of investigation. He left
school before earning a degree and worked with his father for a time, and
then moved to Ireland to become a surveyor for waterworks and railways.
He later studied under Sir John Benjamin MacNeill (a notable civil
engineer of his time who had been Thomas Telford’s chief assistant) and
become a civil engineer. He published a paper in 1843 on metal fatigue in
axles which changed the way rail cars were constructed. After four years
in Ireland, he returned to Scotland and worked with railway companies
and consultants until about 1848.
In 1848, Rankine switched careers to study mathematical physics,
thermodynamics, and applied mechanics. In 1849, he was elected a
fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. In 1853, Rankine was elected a
fellow of the Royal Society. Also in 1853, he stated the Law of Conserva-
tion of Energy as "all different kinds of physical energy in the universe are
mutually convertible." He also invented an absolute temperature based
on the interval of one degree Fahrenheit termed the Rankine temperature
scale. In 1854, he was awarded the Keith medal for his work in
thermodynamics. He developed methods to solve the force distribution
in frame structures.
In December of 1855, at age 35, Rankine was appointed by the Queen’s
Commission to the Chair of Civil Engineering and Mechanics (a Regius
Chair established by royal decree) at the University of Glasgow which
enjoyed no notable reputation in education. But Rankine changed that.
He instituted a degree program in engineering (1863), a Bachelors of
Science degree (instituted just after his death), and was responsible for
establishing the University's famous sandwich courses (cooperative
program) in co-operation with leading industrialists in Scotland. In his
teaching, Rankine taught from practice and theory. His writing was no
different. Rankine authored a very successful collection of engineering
textbooks. Through his books, he was able to deliver systematic
instruction in engineering. Among his most important works are
Manual of Applied Mechanics (1858),
Manual of the Steam Engine and Other Prime Movers (1859)
A Manual of Civil Engineering,
A Manual of Machinery and Millwork,
On the Thermodynamic Theory of Waves of Finite Longitudinal
Disturbance.
Shipbuilding Theoretical and Practical (principal contributor & editor)
________________________________________________
†
Some historians want to spell this MacQuorn. However,
Rankine appears not to use a majuscule Q in signing his name.
‡
Mactutor at St Andrews states 2 July–the Encyclopedia
Britannia, 5 July.
APPENDIX B — THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF WATER AND STEAM—IAPWS-IF97
Page 8
These writings, however, corresponded to but one phase of Rankine’s
immense energy and many-sided character. He was an enthusiastic and
most useful leader of the volunteer movement from its beginning, and a
writer, composer and singer of humorous and patriotic songs, some of
◊
which, as The Three Foot Rule and They never shall have Gibraltar,
became well known far beyond the circle of his acquaintance.
During the next seventeen years Rankine rendered this hitherto obscure
chair famous throughout the world, and made the humble Scottish
University to which it was attached the envied rival, so far as scientific
instruction was concerned, of far more pretentious schools of learning.
It may merely have been accidental that Mr. James Robert Napier, bound
by a heavy penalty to build a certain vessel to steam at a certain speed,
should have applied to Rankine for assistance; but, accidental or not, it is
this circumstance which appears to have directed his attention to the
theory of naval architecture— he seems to have pursued it with avidity.
Taking as his starting-point the data to be derived from a knowledge of the
resistance offered to water in flowing through iron pipes at high
velocities, and adapting these to an approximate calculation of the
engine-power required by a ship of any given design, Rankine eventually
arrived as his theory of streamlines. Afterwards, he took up and modified
William Froude's theory on the rolling of ships among waves.
Rankine's research led him to the study retaining walls and earth pres-
sures in soil mechanics. He is perhaps best remembered for the Rankine
cycle which describes the changes in pressure and temperature of water
in a steam engine. The Rankine cycle is used to rate the performance of
steam power plants.
Rankine died December 24, 1872, after an extended illness, in Glasgow.
http://www.suite101.com/article.cfm/biographies_scientists/101664
http://www.iesis.org/images/map6.htm
http://www.ejge.com/People/Rankine/Rankine.htm
http://www.bruzelius.info/Nautica/Biography/Rankine,_William.html
http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Rankine.html
http://www.ejge.com/People/Rankine/Rankine.htm
http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Rankine.html
http://www.fife.50megs.com/william-rankine.htm
http://www.ejge.com/People/Rankine/Rankine.htm
http://www.gla.ac.uk:443/avenue/29/legacy4.html
http://www.iesis.org/images/map6.htm
http://www.iop.org/EJ/abstract/0031-9120/10/3/003
________________________________________________
◊
William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) also taught at Glasgow
as Professor of Natural Philosophy. Thomson and Rankine had much
in common: international reputations as physicists and engineers, but
also linguists, classical scholars and musicians and very much at
home in the fertile borderland between theory and practical
application. And both were convinced of the fundamental
importance of the act of measurement. But the two great men's
opinions differed profoundly on the nature of the units in which the
measurements should be made. Rankine was in favor of the British
or Imperial System, as a song he wrote called The Three Foot Rule
testifies:
Some talk of millimetres and some of kilograms
And some of decilitres to measure beer and drams
But I'm a British Workman, too old to go to school
So by pounds I'll eat and by quarts
I'll drink and I'll work by my three foot rule.
Last Rev.: 12 JLY 08 RANKINE CYCLE : MIME 3470 Page 9

Reference: The International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam (IAPWS), Erlangen, Germany, September 1997, Release on the
IAPWS Industrial Formulation 1997 for the Thermodynamic Properties of Water and Steam http://www.iapws.org/
Excerpts from the above reference are presented here based on the needs of this simple experiment. Although many commercial software
packages exist where the reference’s relations are fully programmed, the desire here is to engender the engineering student with the skills to
construct his/her own computer tools tailored to the particular analysis he/she attempting.

The formulation provided in this release is recommended for Indus- 1 0 –2 0.146 329 712 131 67
2 0 –1 – 0.845 481 871 691 14
trial use, and is called IAPWS Industrial Formulation 1997 for the 3 0 0 – 0.375 636 036 720 40 × 101
Thermodynamic Properties of Water and Steam abbreviated to 4 0 1 0.338 551 691 683 85 × 101
IAPWS Industrial Formulation 1997 (IAPWS-IF97). IAPWS also 5 0 2 – 0.957 919 633 878 72
6 0 3 0.157 720 385 132 28
has a formulation intended for general and scientific use. 7 0 4 – 0.166 164 171 995 01 × 10–1
8 0 5 0.812 146 299 835 68 × 10–3
Figure B.1 shows the five regions into which the entire range of 9 1 –9 0.283 190 801 238 04 × 10–3
validity of IAPWS-IF97 is divided. The boundaries of the regions 10 1 –7 – 0.607 063 015 658 74 × 10–3
can be directly taken from the figure except for the boundary 11 1 –1 – 0.189 900 682 184 19 × 10–1
12 1 0 – 0.325 297 487 705 05 × 10–1
between Regions 2 and 3. 13 1 1 – 0.218 417 171 754 14 × 10–1
The functions f and g indicated in the figure should not be 14 1 3 – 0.528 383 579 699 30 × 10–4
15 2 –3 – 0.471 843 210 732 67 × 10–3
confused with similar subscripts found in thermodynamic tables 16 2 0 – 0.300 017 807 930 26 × 10–3
indicating saturated gas and fluid properties. As used here 17 2 1 0.476 613 939 069 87 × 10–4
18 2 3 – 0.441 418 453 308 46 × 10–5
f – specific Helmholtz free energy 19 2 17 – 0.726 949 962 975 94 × 10–15
g – specific Gibbs free energy. 20 3 –4 – 0.316 796 448 450 54 × 10–4
21 3 0 – 0.282 707 979 853 12 × 10–5
This experiment ranges in temperature from 290 to 750K and in pres- 22 3 6 – 0.852 051 281 201 03 × 10–9
sure from 0.1a to 0.9MP. Obviously, we are only dealing with a very 23 4 –5 – 0.224 252 819 080 00 × 10–5
24 4 –2 – 0.651 712 228 956 01 × 10–6
narrow band at the bottom of Figure B.1 and need only consider 25 4 10 – 0.143 417 299 379 24 × 10–12
Regions 1 and 2 plus line separating these two regions (the saturated 26 5 –8 – 0.405 169 968 601 17 × 10–6
region) which is designated as Region 4. Equations for these three 27 8 –11 – 0.127 343 017 416 41 × 10–8
28 8 –6 – 0.174 248 712 306 34 × 10–9
regions are presented and programmed in Mathcad below. 29 21 –29 – 0.687 621 312 955 31 × 10–18
30 23 –31 0.144 783 078 285 21 × 10–19
31 29 –38 0.263 357 816 627 95 × 10–22
32 30 –39 – 0.119 476 226 400 71 × 10–22
33 31 –40 0.182 280 945 814 04 × 10–23
34 32 –41 – 0.935 370 872 924 58 × 10–25
Table B.1– Numerical values of the coefficients and exponents of the
dimensionless Gibbs free energy for Region 1, Equation B.1
Critical Point Property Relation
Tc = 647.096K

v  ,  
Specific volume
p
Pc = 22.064MPa
v   g p  T   
RT
u  ,  
Specific internal energy

     
u  g  T  g T  p  p  g RT
p  T

Figure B.1—Regions and equations of IAPWS-IF97 Specific entropy s  ,  

s   g T  p     
Equations for Region 1— Single Phase Liquid Region R
This section contains details relevant for the use of the basic equation
h  ,  
Specific enthalpy
of Region 1 of IAPWS-IF97. The basic equation for this region is a
  
fundamental equation for the specific Gibbs free energy g. This h  g  T  g T  p RT
equation is expressed in dimensionless form,  = g/(RT), and reads
Specific isobaric heat capacity c p  ,  
g  p, T 
34
c p   h T  p    2  
RT
   ,     n  7.1  
i 1
i
Ii
   1.222 Ji
R
(B.1) Specific isochoric heat capacity cv  ,        2
where   p p * ,   T * T and the asterisk (*)indicates a cv   u T  v    2    
R  
reducing quantity. The term  is the reduced pressure,  is the inverse
reduced temperature, p* = 16.53MPa, T* = 1386K and the gas constant       2
w 2  ,   
Speed of sound

is R = 0.461526kJ/kgK. The coefficients ni and exponents Ii and Ji of   2       

Equation B.1 are listed in Table B.1. 
w  v   p v  s 1 / 2  RT 
  2   

All thermodynamic properties can be derived from Equation B.1 by
where,
using the appropriate combinations of the dimensionless Gibbs free 34

 n I
energy and its derivatives. Relations between the relevant thermody-   
     i i  7.1   Ii 1    1.222  J i
namic properties and  and its derivatives are summarized in Table 2.    
i 1

34
 2 
   

 
2
 

 i 1

ni I i  I i  1 7.1    I i  2    1.222 J i

i Ii Ji ni
Last Rev.: 12 JLY 08 RANKINE CYCLE : MIME 3470 Page 10

28 9 13 0.198 097 128 020 88 10–7

29 10 4 0.104 069 652 101 74 10–18
34

 n  7.1  
  
J i    1.222 J i 1
Ii 30 10 10 – 0.102 347 470 959 29 10–12
     i 31 10 14 – 0.100 181 793 795 11 10–8
   
i 1 32 16 29 – 0.808 829 086 469 85 10–10
33 16 50 0.106 930 318 794 09
34 18 57 – 0.336 622 505 741 71
34
 2  35 20 20 0.891 858 453 554 21 10–24
   
  2

 

 i 1

ni  7.1   I i J i  J i  1   1.222 J i 2 36
37
20
20
35
48
0.306 293 168 762 32 10–12
– 0.420 024 676 982 08 10–5
38 21 21 – 0.590 560 296 856 39 10–25
39 22 53 0.378 269 476 134 57 10–5
34 40 23 39 – 0.127 686 089 346 81 10–14
 2 
     
  
  i 1

 ni I i  7.1    I i 1 J i    1.222 J i 1 41
42
24
24
26
40
0.730 876 105 950 61 10–28
0.554 147 153 507 78 10–16
43 24 58 – 0.943 697 072 412 10 10–6
Table B.2–Relations of thermodynamic properties to the dimensionless Table B.4— Numerical values of the coefficients and exponents of the
Gibbs free energy  and its derivatives a when using Eqn. B.1 residual part  r of the dimensionless Gibbs free energy
Equations for Region 2—Single Phase Vapor Region for Region 2, Equation B.4
The basic equation for this region is a fundamental equation for The equation for ° of the dimensionless Gibbs free energy reads
the specific Gibbs free energy, g. This equation is expressed in 9
 ,    ln    nio  J i
o
dimensionless form,  = g/(RT), and is separated into two parts, an (B.3)
ideal-gas part, °, and a residual part,  r, so that i 1

g  p, T  where the nio and J io are given in Table B.3

   ,      ,     r  ,  (B.2)
RT The form of the residual part r follows:
43
where   p p * ,   T * T and the asterisk (*) indicates a
reducing quantity. The term  is the reduced pressure,  is the
 r  ,    n 
i 1
i
Ii
   0 .5  J i (B.4)

inverse reduced temperature, p* = 1MPa, T* = 540K, and the gas

where  and  have already been defined and the coefficients ni, Ii,
constant is R = 0.461526kJ/kgK.
and Ji are listed in Table B.4.
i o o
Ji ni All thermodynamic properties can be derived from Equation B.2 by
1 0 –0.969 276 865 002 17 × 101 using the appropriate combinations of ° and  r and their derivatives.
2 1 0.100 866 559 680 18 × 102
3 –5 –0.560 879 112 830 20 × 10–2
Relations between the relevant thermodynamic properties and ° and
4 –4 0.714 527 380 814 55 × 10–1  r and their derivatives are summarized in Table B.5.
5 –3 – 0.407 104 982 239 28 Property Relation
6 –2 0.142 408 191 714 44 × 101

v  ,  
Specific volume
p
7 –1 – 0.438 395 113 194 50 × 101
v   g p  T    o   r 
8 2 – 0.284 086 324 607 72
RT  
9 3 0.212 684 637 533 07 × 10–1

u  ,  
Specific internal energy

Table B.3 Numerical values of the coefficients and exponents of the    o   r     o   r 
ideal-gas part ° of the dimensionless Gibbs free energy for u  g  T  g T  p  p  g
RTp  T    
s  ,  
Region 2, Equation B.3 Specific entropy
s   g T  p    o   r     o   r 
R    
i Ii Ji ni
h  ,  
Specific enthalpy
1 1 0 – 0.177 317 424 732 13 10–2
2 1 1 – 0.178 348 622 923 58 10–1    o   r 
3 1 2 – 0.459 960 136 963 65 10–1 h  g  T  g T  p RT  
4 1 3 – 0.575 812 590 834 32 10–1
5 1 6 – 0.503 252 787 279 30 10–1 Specific isobaric heat capacity c p  ,  
6 2 1 – 0.330 326 416 702 03 10–4 c p   h T  p    2   o   r 
7 2 2 – 0.189 489 875 163 15 10–3 R  
8 2 4 – 0.393 927 772 433 55 10–2
9 2 7 – 0.437 972 956 505 73 10–1 1   r  
c v  ,  
Specific isochoric heat capacity

cv   u T  v 
10 2 36 – 0.266 745 479 140 87 10–4
11 3 0 0.204 817 376 923 09 10–7   2   o   r  
R   1   2  r
12 3 1 0.438 706 672 844 35 10–6
13 3 3 – 0.322 776 772 385 70 10–4 2
1  2 r    r 
w 2  ,  
14 3 6 – 0.150 339 245 421 48 10–2
15 3 35 – 0.406 682 535 626 49 10–1 Speed of sound  

16 4 1 – 0.788 473 095 593 67 10–9 RT 1   r   r
17
18
4
4
2
3
0.127 907 178 522 85 10–7
0.482 253 727 185 07 10–6

w  v   p v  s 1 / 2  1   2  r   

 
  2 o r 
       
19 5 7 0.229 220 763 376 61 10–5
 
20 6 3 – 0.167 147 664 510 61 10–10
21 6 16 – 0.211 714 723 213 55 10–2 where,
22 6 35 – 0.238 957 419 341 04 102   o   2o  1
o
1  o     0
23 7 0 – 0.590 595 643 242 70 10–17      0   2   2
– 0.126 218 088 991 01 10–5      
24 7 11  
25 7 25 – 0.389 468 424 357 39 10–1
26 8 8 0.112 562 113 604 59 10–10
27 8 36 – 0.823 113 408 979 98 101
Last Rev.: 12 JLY 08 RANKINE CYCLE : MIME 3470 Page 11

 2 o  9 where A   2  n1  n 2

9   o
  o   o J i
o   0 nio J io  J io  1  J i 2
o
  
 

  0

 i 1

nio J io
 1  2 
  i 1
  B  n3  2  n 4   n5
C  n 6  2  n 7   n8
 2o  43
  r 
o
  
 

  00


 r  
 

 

 i 1

ni I i  I i 1  The .5 J i
 0equations
IAPWS-IF97.
thus far presented are only part of the material of
Mathcad programming and verification of these
equations follows.
 2r  43 Remember: Every set of thermodynamic tables uses different
 r  
  2

 

 i 1

ni I i  I i  1  Ii 2    0.5 J i reference temperatures and pressures. Thus in verifying computed
values of enthalpy and entropy, one must use the difference in
values between two states.
43
  r 
 r  
 

 

 i 1

ni  I i J i    0.5 J i 1

43
 2r 
 r  
  2

 



i 1
ni  I i J i  J i  1   0.5 J i  2

43
 2 r 
 r  
 

 

 i 1
ni I i  I i 1 J i    0.5 J i 1

Table B.5— Thermodynamic properties relations for the ideal part

° and the residual part  r of the dimensionless Gibbs
free energy and their derivatives

Equations for Region 4—Saturated Curve

The equation for describing the saturation line is an implicit quadratic
equation which can be directly solved with regard to both saturation
pressure psat and saturation temperature Tsat. This equation reads
 2  2  n1 2   n 2  2  n3 2  n 4 
(B.5)
 n 5   n 6  2  n 7   n8  0
where 
  p sat p* 
1/ 4
(B.5a)

Tsat n9
and 
T *

T sat 
T *  n10
(B.5b)

with p* = 1MPa, T* = 1K, and coefficients ni as defined in Table B.6.

i ni
1 0.116 705 214 527 67 × 104
2 – 0.724 213 167 032 06 × 106
3 – 0.170 738 469 400 92 × 102
4 0.120 208 247 024 70 × 105
5 – 0.323 255 503 223 33 × 107
6 0.149 151 086 135 30 × 102
7 – 0.482 326 573 615 91 × 104
8 0.405 113 405 420 57 × 106
9 – 0.238 555 575 678 49
10 0.650 175 348 447 98 × 103
Table B. 6— Numerical values of the coefficients of the dimensionless
saturation equation, B.5
To derive the saturation pressure from the saturation temperature, use
4
 
p sat 2C
 
 
(B.6)
p*  2 1/ 2 
  B  B  4 AC 
Last Rev.: 12 JLY 08 RANKINE CYCLE : MIME 3470 Page 12
Last Rev.: 12 JLY 08 RANKINE CYCLE : MIME 3470 Page 13

6 5
Define units: kJ  J  1000 MPa  Pa  10 bar  Pa  10
Region 1 ii  1  34 ii 1  1  17 ii 2  18  34
II  JJ  nn  II  JJ  nn 
ii 1 ii 1 ii 1 ii 2 ii 2 ii 2

0 2 0 2 3 5
0.14632971213167  10 0.44141845330846  10
0 1 2 17
0  15
0 0 0.84548187169114  10 3 4 0.72694996297594  10
0 1 1 3 0 4
0.37563603672040  10 0.31679648845054  10
0 2 3 6
1 5
0 3 0.33855169168385  10 4 5 0.28270797985312  10
0 4 0 4 2 9
0.95791963387872  10 0.85205128120103  10
0 5 0 4 10 5
0.15772038513228  10 0.22425281908000  10
1 9 5 8
1 6
1 7 0.16616417199501  10 8 11 0.65171222895601  10
1 1 3 8 6  12
0.81214629983568  10 0.14341729937924  10
1 0 21 29
3 6
1 1 0.28319080123804  10 23 31 0.40516996860117  10
1 3 3 29 38 8
0.60706301565874  10 0.12734301741641  10
2 3 30 39
1 9
2 0 0.18990068218419  10 31 40 0.17424871230634  10
2 1 1 32 41  18
0.32529748770505  10 0.68762131295531  10
1  19
0.21841717175414  10 0.14478307828521  10
4  22
0.52838357969930  10 0.26335781662795  10
3  22
0.47184321073267  10 0.11947622640071  10
3  23
0.30001780793026  10 0.18228094581404  10
4  25
0.47661393906987  10 0.93537087292458  10

kJ
Physical constants: Gas constant R  0.461526 
kg  K
Reduced pressure P r1  16.53  MPa Reduced temperature T r1  1386  K

Write Equation B.1 as a

 II
ii
JJ 
ii   II  1
ii
JJ 
ii 
function and its partial
derivatives wrt  &  :
 (    )  � nnii  ( 7.1   )  (   1.222 )

  (    )  � nnii  IIii  ( 7.1   )  (   1.222)

ii ii
 II
ii
JJ  1 
ii 
  (    )  � nnii  (7.1   )  JJ  (   1.222 )
ii 
ii
Enthalpy function for  Press T r1 
subcooled region: Hcool (    )  R  T r1    (    ) h cool ( Press Temp )  Hcool   
 Pr1 Temp 
Entropy function for  Press T r1 
subcooled region: 
Scool (    )  R      (    )   (    )  scool ( Press Temp )  S cool   
 Pr1 Temp 
Internal energy function R  T r1  Press T r1 
for subcooled region: Ucool (    ) 


     (   )      (   )  u cool ( Press Temp )  Ucool   
 Pr1 Temp 
Specific volume function R  T r1  Press T r1 
for subcooled region: Vcool (    )    (   ) vcool ( Press Temp )  Vcool   
  Pr1  Pr1 Temp 
Verification: Remember that the reference temperatures and pressures used in reporting thermodynamic values in steam tables vary from table to table.
So to verify, use the difference between 2 states. Here we will use the Steam Tables of Reference 1 verify the following:
3
1. Take a point on the kJ kJ kJ m
saturated liquid curve:TT 1  ( 20  273.15 )  K PP 1  0.02339  bar hh 1  83.96 
kg
ss1  0.2966 
kg  K
uu 1  83.95 
kg
vv1  0.0010028 
kg
3
2. Compressed liquid kJ kJ kJ m
point: TT 2  ( 300  273.15 )  K PP 2  300  bar hh 2  1327.8  ss2  3.1741  uu 2  1287.9  vv2  0.0013304 
kg kg  K kg kg

Compare 3 kJ
Enthalpies  
h cool PP1  TT 1  h cool PP 2  TT 2  1.245  10  kg hh 1  hh 2  1.244  10
3 kJ
kg
Compare kJ kJ
Entopies   
scool PP1  TT 1  scool PP 2  TT 2  2.879  kg  K
ss1  ss2  2.878
kg  K

Compare kJ kJ
Internal Engeries  
u cool PP1  TT 1  u cool PP 2  TT 2  1204.777   kg
uu 1  uu 2  1203.95
kg
3 3
Compare m m
Specific Volumes   
vcool PP 1  TT 1  vcool PP2  TT 2  0.0003303  kg
vv1  vv2  0.0003276
kg

==============================================================================================================
Region 2
Last Rev.: 12 JLY 08 RANKINE CYCLE : MIME 3470 Page 14

==============================================================================================================
Region 2
iii o  1  9 iii  1  43 iii 1  1  22 iii 2  23  43
JJJo  nnn o  III  JJJ  nnn  III  JJJ  nnn 
iii o iii o iii 1 iii 1 iii 1 iii 2 iii 2 iii 2

0 1 1 0 2 7 0  17
0.96927686500217  10 0.17731742473213  10 0.59059564324270  10
1 1 1 7 11
2 1 5
5 0.10086655968018  10 1 2 0.17834862292358  10 7 25 0.12621808899101  10
4 2 1 3 1 8 8 1
0.56087911283020  10 0.45996013696365  10 0.38946842435739  10
3 1 6 8 36
1 1  10
2 0.71452738081455  10 2 1 0.57581259083432  10 9 13 0.11256211360459  10
1 0 2 2 1 10 4 1
0.40710498223928  10 0.50325278727930  10 0.82311340897998  10
2 1 2 4 4 10 10 7
0.14240819171444  10 0.33032641670203  10 0.19809712802088  10
3 2 7 10 14
1 3  18
0.43839511319450  10 2 36 0.18948987516315  10 16 29 0.10406965210174  10
0 3 0 2 16 50  12
0.28408632460772  10 0.39392777243355  10 0.10234747095929  10
3 1 18 57
1 1 8
0.21268463753307  10 3 3 0.43797295650573  10 20 20 0.10018179379511  10
3 6 4 20 35  10
0.26674547914087  10 0.80882908646985  10
3 35 20 48
7 0
4 1 0.20481737692309  10 21 21 0.10693031879409  10
4 2 6 22 53 0
0.43870667284435  10 0.33662250574171  10
4 3 4 23 39  24
5 7 0.32277677238570  10 24 26 0.89185845355421  10

6 3 2 24 40  12
0.15033924542148  10 0.30629316876232  10
6 16 1 24 58 5
0.40668253562649  10 0.42002467698208  10
6 35
9  25
0.78847309559367  10 0.59056029685639  10
7 5
0.12790717852285  10 0.37826947613457  10
6  14
0.48225372718507  10 0.12768608934681  10
5  28
0.22922076337661  10 0.73087610595061  10
 10  16
0.16714766451061  10 0.55414715350778  10
2 6
0.22171472321355  10 0.94369707241210  10
2
0.23895741934104  10

JJJo
Dimensionless ideal and residual iii o 1
Gibbs functions & their derivatives o (    )  ln (  )  �nnnoiii o   o  (    ) 

0
iii o
JJJo 1
iii o
o  (    )  0  �nnnoiii o  JJJoiii o  
iii o
III JJJ III  1 JJJ
iii iii iii iii
r(    ) 
�nnniii    (   0.5 ) r (    ) 
�nnniii  IIIiii    (   0.5 )
iii iii
III JJJ  1
iii iii
r (    ) 
�nnniii    JJJ
iii
 (   0.5 )
iii
Reduced pressure Pr2  1  MPa Reduced temperature T r2  540  K
Superheated 
P T r2 
enthalpy function: 
Hsuper(    )  R  T r2  o  (    )  r (    )  h super( P  T )  Hsuper  
 Pr2 T 
Superheated  P T r2 
entropy function: Ssuper(    )  R    o  (    )  r (    )   o (    )  r(    ) 
  ssuper( P  T )  Ssuper  
 Pr2 T 
Superheated internal R  T r2    P T r2 
energy function: 
Usuper(    )  R  T r2  o  (    )  r (    )   

 o  (    )  r (    )  u super( P  T )  Usuper  
 Pr2 T 
Superheated specific R  T r2  P T r2 
volume function: Vsuper(    ) 
  Pr2

 o  (    )  r (    )  vsuper( P  T )  Vsuper  
 Pr2 T 

==============================================================================================================
Last Rev.: 12 JLY 08 RANKINE CYCLE : MIME 3470 Page 15

==============================================================================================================

Verification: Remember that the reference temperatures and pressures used in reporting values for enthalpy and entropy in steam tables
vary from one set of tables to the next. However, the diffference in enthalpy or entropy between any two states should be the same.
Here we will use the Steam Tables of Reference 1 verify the following:
3
3. Take a point on the kJ kJ kJ m
saturated vapor curve: TT 3  ( 20  273.15 )  K PP 3  0.02339  barhh 3  2538.1 
kg
ss3  8.6672 
kg  K
uu 3  2402.9 
kg
vv3  57.791 
kg
4. Superheated liquid kJ kJ 3
point: TT 4  ( 600  273.15 )  K PP 4  320  bar hh 4  3424.6  ss4  6.1858  kJ m
kg kg  K uu 4  3085.3  vv4  0.01061 
kg kg
Compare kJ kJ
Enthalpies   
h super PP 3  TT 3  h super PP4  TT 4  890.369  kg
hh 3  hh 4  886.500
kg

Compare kJ kJ
Entopies   
ssuper PP 3  TT 3  ssuper PP 4  TT 4  2.476  kg  K
ss3  ss4  2.481
kg  K
Compare kJ kJ
Internal Energies   
u super PP 3  TT 3  u super PP4  TT 4  686.191  kg
uu 3  uu 4  682.4
kg
3 3
Compare m m
Specific Volumes   
vsuper PP 3  TT 3  vsuper PP 4  TT 4  57.756  kg
vv3  vv4  57.78
kg

==============================================================================================================
Region 4 iii  1  10 iii 1  1  5 iii 2  6  10 nnn  nnn 
iii 1 iii 2

4 2
0.11670521452767  10 0.14915108613530  10
6 4
0.72421316703206  10 0.48232657361591  10
2 6
0.17073846940092  10 0.40511340542057  10
5 0
0.12020824702470  10 0.23855557567849  10
7 3
0.32325550322333  10 0.65017534844798  10

2 2 2
A ( )    nnn    nnn B ( )  nnn    nnn    nnn C( )  nnn    nnn    nnn
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

 4
  2  C T sat  K
 1  


p sat T sat   1   MPa 
1  
   
  2  
  2
1  
 B T sat  K 1   B  T sat  K    4  A  T sat  K 
1 1
 C T sat  K  
     

Verification: p sat[ ( 50  273.15 )  K]  0.12351 bar

p sat[ ( 100  273.15 )  K ]  1.01415 bar

p sat[ ( 200  273.15 )  K ]  15.54628 bar

<< All of these values agree
p sat[ ( 300  273.15 )  K ]  85.87334 bar with Reference 1

APPENDIX C— DATA SHEET

Last Rev.: 12 JLY 08 RANKINE CYCLE : MIME 3470 Page 16

Most of the data for this experiment will be in an electronic data file. However, you will need to determine a mass flow rate of steam.
This is determined by setting the

Time/Date: ___________________

Lab Partners; ____________________________ ____________________________

____________________________ ____________________________

Volume of fresh water to fill boiler between the sight tube indicators: ____________________(________)

Starting time of steady-state interval: ______h _______m ______s

Ending time of steady-state interval: ______h _______m ______s

Assume room temperature and pressure for the boiler fill water: 22°C, 1atm