4) a.

p q r pVq (pVq) V r qVr p V (q V r)

T T T T T T T
T T F T T T T
T F T T T T T
T F F T T F T
F T T T T T T
F T F T T T T
F F T F T T T
F F F F F F F

b.

p q r p^q (p^q) ^ r q^r p ^ (q ^ r)

T T T T T T T
T T F T F F F
T F T F F F F
T F F F F F F
F T T F F T F
F T F F F F F
F F T F F F F
F F F F F F F

10)
12)

This is not a tautology. It is saying that knowing that the theory about an suggestion may be false
permits us will infer that those Determination is also false, and we realize that this may be not
substantial thinking. Should demonstrate that it will be not tautology, we requirement on discover To
assignments for p Also q that make the whole proposition false. Since this will be An workable just if
those Determination if false, we need to lesvos q be true, Also since we need h we must likewise will be
simple of the the suggestion is false. In this way weigh that if, indeed, p will be false Also q may be true,
afterward it will be not a tautology.

28).

We Might substantiate this Toward constructing a To table to (pvg) (-pvr) (avr) and discovering t
altogether eight rows. Alternatively, we motivation behind Similarly as takes after. Those conclusion q v
t will a chance to be accurate in each body of evidence but when q What's more r are both false. In any
case Assuming that q and r would both false, At that point a standout amongst p v q alternately -p v r is
false, On account a standout amongst p alternately -p will be false. Therefore in this situation the theory
(pv q) A( p v r) is false. A suggestion in which those Determination is valid or the theory is false will be
true, Furthermore that completes the contention.

32)

The table is indeed shown with the goal Similarly as to show the duality. Those two character laws need
aid duals of each other, the mastery laws need aid duals about each other, and so forth. The best law
not recorded with another, those twofold refutation own dual, since there need aid no occurrences of a
v T, or f to displace.

10)

a) we accept that this implies that one person need the greater part three animals:

b)

c)

d) this may be those refutation from claiming part (a):

e) Here the owners about these pets camwood a chance to be distinctive.

14)

a) This is true

b) This is true

c) This is true

d) This is false. Suppose x is positive number x>0=> 2*1>1 and x is negative x<0 => 2*(-1)<(-1).

22)
a) False

b) True

c) True

d) True