Myke Miggyl C.

Morales
STEM 11-30

1. History of Statistics

The history of statistics can be said to start around 1749 although, over time, there have been changes to
the interpretation of the word statistics. In early times, the meaning was restricted to information about states.
This was later extended to include all collections of information of all types, and later still it was extended to
include the analysis and interpretation of such data. In modern terms, “statistics” means both sets of collected
information, as in national accounts and temperature records, analytical work which requires statistical inference.
The word statistics came from Latin word “status” meaning “political state”.

2. Meaning of statistics

Branch of mathematics concerned with collection, classification, analysis, and interpretation of numerical
facts, for drawing inferences on the basis of their quantifiable like hood (probability). Statistics can interpret
aggregates of data too large to be intelligible by ordinary observation because such data tend to behave in regular,
predictable manner.

3. Uses of Statistics
 Statistics helps in providing a better understanding and exact description of a phenomenon of nature.
 Statistical helps in proper and efficient planning of a statistical inquiry in any field of study.
 Statistical helps in collecting an appropriate quantitative data.
 Statistics helps in presenting complex data in a suitable tubular, diagrammatic and graphic form for an
easy and clear comprehension of the data.
 Statistics helps in banking by the bankers use statistical approaches to estimate the numbers of depositors
and their claims for a certain day.

4. 2 Types of Statistics
A. Descriptive Statistics
In descriptive statistics, it deals with collection of data, its presentation in various forms, such as
tables, graphs and diagrams and finding averages and other measures which would describe the data.
Examples are industrial statistics, population statistics, and trade statistics.

B. Inferential Statistics
In inferential statistics, it deals with techniques used for analysis of data, making the estimates
and drawing conclusions from limited information taken on sample basis and testing the reliability of the
estimates.

5. 4 levels of Measurement in Statistics

 Nominal level – Data may only be classified. In this level of measurement, words, letter, and alpha-
numeric symbols can be used. Example: Jersey numbers of football players.
 Ordinal level – Data are arranged in some order. Example: your rank in class
 Interval – Meaningful difference between values. Example: Temperature
 Ratio – The interval level with an inherent zero starting point. Differences and ratios are meaningful for
this level of measurement. Example: number of patients seen.
6. Define 6 Preliminary steps in statistical study
A. Define the problem
The explanation of an issue that is existing which needs to be talked. It gives the context for the
research study that leaves questions for the research to answer.
B. Determine the Population/ Subject the study
All experimental and observational designs involving human subjects should define the study of
population. The number of population will become the basis for applying the research results.
C. Devise the set of Questions
This refers to the questions that the audience will answer. It is important to plan the questions
needed in order to get the response from the audience.
D. Determine the Sampling design
This refers to the principles of selecting a sample for research, including how to avoid bias and
ensure precision. Choose a sampling frame. Determine the target population its elements and
sampling units.
E. Prepare a manual Instruction
This will help you to understand about the things you need to do and things that you need to
avoid. It is helpful for your work because you will be guided with the instructions.
F. Organize and train personnel
The last step or the last thing you need to do is that you should have personnel who has that
knowledge on what you will do. You need to have a proper training so that you will gain some
knowledge that will help you finish your work.

7. Define 4 Main Steps in statistical study

A. Collection of Data
Use a suitable plan to collect important data to use. It is the process of gathering and measuring
information on targeted variable in an established systematic fashion, which then enables one to
answer relevant questions and evaluate outcomes.

B. Presentation of Data
Graphs are good means of describing, exploring or summarizing data because the use of visual
image can simplify complex information and help to highlight patterns and trends in the data.

C. Analysis of Data
This is the process of inspecting, cleansing, transforming, and modeling data with the goal of
discovering useful information, suggesting conclusions, and supporting decision- making.
D. Interpretation of data
It is the process of critiquing and determining the significance of important information, such as
survey results.
8. 3 Methods in the collection of Data
A. Observation Method
It is a systematic data collection approach. Researchers use all their senses to examine people in
natural settings or naturally occurring situations. It is a field of setting involves: prolonged
engagement in a setting or social situation.

B. Use of existing records

Researchers often analyze data that they did not collect. Existing data may be data sets, but may
also be interview notes or audio or video tapes. Existing data may have been collected for
research purposes or non-research purposes, such as driver’s license information or school
records.

C. Interview Method
Surveying is also involved in this method, you need to gather data from other people by
interview or survey which will help you to get some data that you need

9. Define Sampling Techniques & probability Sampling, Non- Probability sampling

Sampling Technique – is the name or other identification of the specific process by which the entities of
the samples have been selected.
Probability Sampling – it refers to sampling method in which all the members of the population has a
pre-specified and an equal chance to be part of the sample. This technique is based on the
randomization principle, wherein the procedure is so designed, which guarantees that each and every
individual of the population has an equal selection opportunity. This helps to reduce the possibility of
bias.
Non- Probability Sampling – In this technique as such, there is no probability attached to the unit of
population and the selection relies on the subjective judgement of the researcher.

10. Give 4 Common types of Probability Sampling and non- probability sampling

Probability Sampling Non- probability Sampling

 Simple Random Sampling (SRS)
 Quota Sampling
 Stratified Sampling
 Convenience Sampling
 Cluster Sampling
 Purposive Sampling
 Systematic Sampling
 Self-selection Sampling