Oscillations, Waves and Optics

fiziks
Institute for NET/JRF, GATE, IIT‐JAM, JEST, TIFR and GRE in PHYSICAL SCIENCES

Oscillations, Waves and Optics
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
IIT-JAM-2005
Q1. Consider a beam of light of wavelength λ incident on a system of a polarizer and an
analyzer. The analyzer is oriented at 450 to the polarizer. When an optical component is
introduced between them, the output intensity becomes zero. (Light is incident normally
on all components). The optical component is
(a) a full-wave plate (b) a half-wave plate
(c) a quarter-wave plate (d) an ordinary glass plate
Ans.: (b)
Solution: Half wave plate introduce phase difference of π, if incidence wave is plane polarized
than after passing through HWP the wave is also plane polarized. If electric field of the
incidence wave makes angle 450 with optic axis of HWP than plane polarized at output
will be at 450, as a result it will incidence on polarizer at 900. According to malus law
intensity at output will be
I = I 0 cos 2 θ = I 0 cos 2 (π / 2) = 0
Q2. A combination of two thin convex lenses of equal focal lengths, is kept separated along
the optic axes by a distance of 20 cm between them. The combination behaves as a lens
system of infinite focal length. If an object is kept at 10 cm from the first lens, its image
will be formed on the other side at a distance x from the second lens. The value of x is
(a) 10 cm (b) 20 cm (c) 6.67 cm (d) infinite
Ans.: (b)
1 1 1
According to lens formula = +
v u F
Given u = 20 cm, F = ∞
Thus v = 20cm

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IIT-JAM-2006
Q3. At a given point in space the total light wave is composed of three phasors P1 = a,
a iθ a
P2 = e and P3 = e −iθ . The intensity of light at this point is
2 2
⎛θ ⎞ ⎛θ ⎞
(a) 4a 2 cos 2 ⎜ ⎟ (b) 4a 2 cos 4 ⎜ ⎟
⎝2⎠ ⎝2⎠
(c) a 2 cos 2 (θ ) (d) 4a 2 cos 2 (2θ )
Ans.: (b)
a iθ a − iθ a
Solution: P = P1 + P2 + P3 = a + e + e = ( 2 + cos θ + i sin θ + cos θ − i sin θ )
2 2 2
θ
= a (1 + cos θ ) = 2a cos 2
2
⎛θ ⎞
I = P 2 = 4a 2 cos 4 ⎜ ⎟
⎝2⎠
Q4. A spring-mass system has undamped natural angular frequency ω 0 = 100 rad s-1. The
solution x(t) at critical damping is given by x(t ) = x0 (1 + ω 0 t ) exp(− ω 0 t ) , where x0 is a

constant. The system experiences the maximum damping force at time
(a) 0.01 s (b) 0.1 s (c) 0.01π s (d) 0.1π s
Ans.: (a)
dx
Damping force, Fd = −b
dt
dFd d 2x d 2x
For maximum damping force, = 0 ⇒ −b 2 = 0 ⇒ =0
dt dt dt 2
dx
= x0 (1 + ω 0 t )e −ω0t (− ω 0 ) + x0ω 0 e −ω0t = ( x0ω 0 + x0ω 0 (1 + ω 0 t ))e −ω0t
dt
d 2x
2
= ( x0ω 0 + x0ω 0 (1 + ω 0 t ))e −ω0t (− ω 0 ) + x0ω 0ω 0 e −ω0t = − x0ω 02 (1 + ω 0 t )e −ω0t = 0
dt
1 + ω0t = 0 ⇒ t = 1 ⇒ t = 0.01sec
ω0





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G
Q5. ( )
E ( x, y, z, t ) = A 3iˆ + 4 ˆj exp[i (ωt − kz )] represents an electromagnetic wave. Possible
directions of the fast axis of a quarter wave plate which convert this wave into a
circularly polarized wave are
(a)
1
[7iˆ + ˆj ] and
1
[− iˆ + 7 ˆj ]
2 2
(b)
1
[3iˆ + 4 ˆj ] and
1
[4iˆ − 3 ˆj ]
2 2
(c)
1
[3iˆ − 4 ˆj ] and
1
[4iˆ + 3 ˆj ]
2 2
(d)
1
[7iˆ − ˆj ] and
1 ˆ
[
i + 7 ˆj ]
2 2
Ans.: (a)
Solution: The fast axis of the quarter wave plate must make angle of 450 with the direction of
vibration of electric field so that amplitude of ordinary ray and extra-ordinary ray is equal
to produce circularly polarized light.
G G
( )
E ( x, y, z , t ) = A 3iˆ + 4 ˆj exp[i (ωt − kz )] = E 0 A exp[i (ωt − kz )]
G
Where E 0 = 3iˆ + 4 ˆj ( )
G G G
Let us calculate the angle between E0 and A =
1 ˆ ˆ
7i + j [ ] and B=
1
[
− iˆ + 7 ˆj ]
2 2
1 1
G G (21 + 4) × 25
E0 ⋅ A 2 2 1
cos θ = G G = = = ⇒ θ = 45 0 and
E0 A 25 × 50 / 2 25 2
1 1
G G (− 3 + 28) × 25
E0 ⋅ B 2 2 1
cos θ = G G = = = ⇒ θ = 45 0
E0 B 25 × 50 / 2 25 2





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IIT-JAM-2007
Q6. When two simple harmonic oscillations represented by x = A0 cos(ωt + α) and y=
B0 cos(ωt + β) are superposed at right angles, the resultant is an ellipse with its major axis
along the y-axis as shown in the figure. The conditions which correspond to this are
y
2
1
O x
1 2
π π
(a) β = α + ; A0 = 2 B0 (b) β = α − ; A0 = B0
2 4
π π
(c) β = α + ;2 A0 = B0 (d) β = α + ; A0 = B0
2 4
Ans.: (c)
Q7. Three polarizers P, Q and R are placed parallel to each other with their planes
perpendicular to the z-axis. Q is placed between P and R. Initially the polarizing
directions of P and Q are parallel, but that of R is perpendicular to them. In this
arrangement when unpolaized light of intensity I 0 is incident on P, the intensity coming
out of R is zero. The polarizer Q is now rotated about the z-axis. As a function of angle of
rotation, the intensity of light coming out of R is best represented by
(a)
Io
4
Io
8
π π 3π 2π
2 2





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(b) I0
4
I0
8
π π 3π 2π
2 2
(c) I0
4
I0
8
π π 3π 2π
(d) 2 2
I0
4
I0
8
π π 3π 2π
2 2
Ans.: (c)
Solution: After Polarizer P Intensity of light will be I 0 / 2
If polarizer Q is aligned at 450 with respect to P. The intensity of light after P is
I0 I I 1 I
I= cos 2 θ = 0 cos 2 (π / 4) = 0 × = 0
2 2 2 2 4





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IIT-JAM-2008
Q8. The instantaneous position x(t) of a small block performing one-dimensional damped
oscillations x(t) = Ae-rt cos(ωt + a). Here ω is the angular frequency, γ the damping
dx
coefficient, A the initial amplitude and α the initial phase. If x t =0 = 0 and = v,
dt t =0
the values of A and α (with n = 0, 1, 2, ….) are
(a) A =
v
,α =
(2n + 1) π (b) A =
v
, α = nπ
2ω 2 ω
(c) A =
v
,α =
(2n + 1)π (d) A =
2v
,α =
(2n + 1)π
ω 2 ω 2
Ans.: (c)
( 2n + 1)
Solution: x t =0 = A cos α = 0 ⇒ cos α = 0 ⇒ α =
2
dx
= Ae−γ t ( −γ ) cos (ω t + α ) + Ae−γ t sin (ωt + α ) ω
dt
= Ae −γ t ( −γ cos (ωt + α ) + sin (ωt + α ) ω )

dx v
=v ⇒ A ( −γ cos (α ) + ω sin (α ) ) = v ⇒ Aω = v ⇒ A=
dt t =0 ω
IIT-JAM-2009
Q9. Among the following displacement versus time plots, which ones may represent an over-
damped oscillator?
(P) (Q)
x(t ) x(t )
t t





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(R) (S)
x(t )
x(t ) t
(a) only (P) and (Q) (b) only (P) and (R)
(c) only (P) and (S) (d) only (P), (R) and (S)
Ans.: (a)
IIT-JAM-2010
Q10. A quarter-wave plate is placed in between a polarizer and a photo-director. When the
optic axis of the quarter-wave plate is kept initially parallel to the pass axis of the
polarizer and perpendicular to the direction of light propagation. The intensity of light
passing through the quarter-wave plate is measured to be I0 (see figure). If the quarter
wave plate is now rotated by 45 0 about an axis parallel to the light propagation, what
would be the intensity of the emergent light measured by the photo-director?
Direction of
rotation of
quarter wave
plate
Polaroid Quarter wave plate Photo - detector

Io I0 I
(a) (b) (c) 0 (d) I 0
2 2 2 2
Ans.: (d)
Solution: After passing through QWP plane polarized light of intensity I0 will convert into
circularly polarized with intensity I0.





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IIT-JAM-2011
Q11. Six simple harmonic oscillations each of same frequency and equal amplitude are
superposed. The phase difference between any two consecutive oscillations i.e.,
th
φ n − φ n −1 = Δφ is constant, where φ n is the phase of the n oscillation. If the resultant
amplitude of the superposition is zero, what is the phase difference Δφ ?
π π π
(a) (b) (c) (d) 2π
6 3 2
Ans.: (d)
Solution: Resultant amplitude of the superposition of n SHM is
a sin (nδ / 2) Δφ
R= , where, δ = ⇒ nδ = Δφ
sin (δ / 2) n
a sin (nδ / 2)
R= = 0 ⇒ sin (nδ / 2 ) = 0 ⇒ nδ / 2 = π
sin (δ / 2)
Δφ
=π ⇒ Δφ = 2π
2
Q12. Intensity of three different light beams after passing through an analyzer is found to vary
as shown in the following graphs. Identify the option giving the correct states of
polarization of the incident beams from graphs.
1 1
Graph1 Graph 2
0.5 0.5
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Analyzer Orientation (Radians) Analyzer Orientation (Radians)





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1
Graph 3
0.5
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Analyzer Orientation (Radians)
(a) Graph1: Linear Polarization Graph2: Circular Polarization, Graph3: Elliptic

Polarization
(b) Graph 1: Circular Polarization, Graph 2: Linear Polarization, Graph 3: Elliptic
Polarization
(c) Graph 1: Unpolarized Graph 2: Circular Polarization, Graph 3: Linear Polarization
(d) Graph 1: Unpolarized Graph 2: Elliptic Polarization, Graph 3: Circular Polarization
Ans.: (b)
IIT-JAM-2012
Q13. A lightly damped harmonic oscillator loses energy at the rate of 1% per minute. The
decrease in amplitude of the oscillator per minute will be closest to
(a) 0.5% (b) 1% (c) 1.5% (d) 2%
Ans.: (d)
Solution: Decay of energy is governed by equation, E = E 0 e −2γt
Decay of amplitude is governed by equation, A = ae−γ t





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Q14. Group I contains x- and y- components of the electric field and Group II contains the type
of polarization of light.
Group I Group II
E0
Ex = cos(ωt + kz )
P. 2 1. Linearly Polarized
E y = E 0 sin (ωt + kz )
Q. E x = E 0 sin (ωt + kz ) 2. Circularly Polarized

E y = E 0 cos(ωt + kz )
R. E x = E1 sin (ωt + kz ) 3. Unpolarized

E y = E 2 sin (ωt + kz )
E x = E 0 sin (ωt + kz )
S. ⎛ π⎞ 4. Elliptically Polarized
E y = E 0 sin ⎜ ωt + kz + ⎟
⎝ 4⎠
The correct set of matches is
(a) P → 4; Q → 2; R → 4; S → 1 (b) P → 1; Q → 3; R → 1; S → 4
(c) P → 4; Q → 2; R → 1; S → 4 (d) P → 3; Q → 1; R → 3; S → 2
Ans.: (c)
E0
Solution: P. E x = cos(ωt + kz ) and E y = E 0 sin (ωt + kz )
2
The phase difference between Ex and Ey is π/2 with different amplitude. Therefore the
resultant will be elliptically polarized.
Q. E x = E 0 sin (ωt + kz ) and E y = E 0 cos(ωt + kz )
The phase difference between Ex and Ey is π/2 with same amplitude. Therefore the
resultant will be circularly polarized.
R. E x = E1 sin (ωt + kz ) and E y = E 2 sin (ωt + kz )
The phase difference between Ex and Ey is 0 with different amplitude. Therefore the
resultant will be linarly polarized.
⎛ π⎞
S. E x = E 0 sin (ωt + kz ) and E y = E 0 sin ⎜ ωt + kz + ⎟
⎝ 4⎠





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The phase difference between Ex and Ey is π/4 with same amplitude. Therefore the
resultant will be elliptically polarized.
IIT-JAM-2013
⎛ 2abxt − a 2 x 2 − b 2 t 2 ⎞
Q15. A traveling pulse is given by f ( x, t ) = A exp⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ where A, a, b and c
⎝ c2 ⎠
are positive constants of appropriate dimensions. The speed of the pulse is
b 2b cb b
(a) (b) (c) (d)
a a a 2a
Ans.: (a)
⎛ 2abxt − a 2 x 2 − b 2 t 2 ⎞ ⎡ − (ax − bt )2 ⎤
Solution: f ( x, t ) = A exp⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = A exp ⎢ ⎥
⎝ c2 ⎠ ⎣ c2 ⎦
Phase factor is constant
− (ax − bt )
2
= const ⇒ − (ax − bt ) = const × c 2
2
2
c
Taking differentiation, we get
(ax − bt )(adx − bdt ) = 0 ⇒ adx − bdt = 0 ⇒ dx / dt = b / a
Velocity of the pulse is b/a
IIT-JAM-2014
Q16. A collimated beam of light of diameter 1 mm is propagating along the x-axis. The beam
is to be expanded to a collimated beam of diameter 10 mm using a combination of two
convex lenses. A lens of focal length of 50 mm and another lens with focal length F are
to be kept at a distance d between them. The values of F and d respectively, are
(a) 450 mm and 10 mm (b) 400 mm and 500 mm
(c) 550 mm and 600 mm (d) 500 mm and 550 mm
Ans.: (d)





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Q17. The electric fields of two light sources with nearby frequencies ω1 and ω 2 , and wave
G G
vectors k1 and k 2 , are expressed as E1 = E10 iˆ e − i (k1z −ω1t ) and E 2 = E 20 iˆ e − i (k2 z −ω2t ) ,
respectively. The interference pattern on the screen is photographed at t = t 0 ; denote
(k1 − k 2 )z − (ω1 − ω 2 )t 0 by θ . For this pattern
(a) a bright fringe will be obtained for cos θ = −1

(b) a bright fringe intensity is given by (E10 ) + (E 20 )
2 2
(c) a dark fringe will be obtained for cos θ = 1

(d) a drak fringe intensity is given by (E10 − E 20 )
2
Ans.: (d)
Q18. White light is incident on a grating G1 with groove density 600 lines/mm and width
50 mm. A small portion of the diffracted light is incident on another grating G 2 with
groove density 1800 lines/mm and width 15 mm. The resolving power of the combined
system is
(a) 3× 10 3 (b) 57 × 10 3 (c) 81× 10 7 (d) 108 × 10 5
Ans.: (c)





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IIT-JAM-2015
Q19. At room temperature, the speed of sound in air is 340 m/sec. An organ pipe with both
ends open has a length L = 29 cm . An extra hole is created at the position L / 2 . The
lowest frequency of sound produced is
(a) 293 Hz (b) 586 Hz (c) 1172 Hz (d) 2344 Hz
Ans.: (c)
v
Solution: The fundamental frequency in organ pipe with both end open is f =
2L
L/2
L
L
with additional rate at , the fundamental frequency becomes
2
v v v 340 m / sec
f′= = = = = 1172 Hz
2 L ′ 2 L L 29 × 10−2 m
2
Q20. Vibrations of diatomic molecules can be represented as those of harmonic oscillators.
Two halogen molecules X2 and Y2 have fundamental vibrational frequencies
vX = 16.7 ×1012 Hz and vY = 26.8 × 1012 Hz , respectively. The respective force constants
are K X = 325 N / m and K Y = 446 N / m . The atomic masses of F, Cl and Br are

19.0, 35.5 and 79.9 atomic mass unit respectively. The halogen molecules X 2 and Y2 are
(a) X 2 = F2 and Y2 = Cl2 (b) X 2 = Cl 2 and Y2 = F2
(c) X 2 = Br2 and Y2 = F2 (d) X 2 = F2 and Y2 = Br2
Ans.: (b)
Solution: The oscillation frequency of diatomic molecule with reduce mass ‘ μ ’ is
1 k 1 k
f = ⇒μ= where k is force constant.
2π μ 4π 2
f2





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mx mx m
For X 2 molecule: μ = = x
m x + mx 2
1 kx 1 325 N / m
⇒ mx = × = ×
2π f x 2 × ( 3.14 ) ( )
2 2 2 2
16.7 × 1012 Hz
⇒ mx = 59.07 ×10−27 kg = 35.5 × 1.67 × 10−27 kg = 35.5 a.m.u.
This is the atomic mass of chlorine ( Cl ) .
my my my
For Y2 molecule: μ = =
my + my 2
1 ky 1 446 N / m
⇒ my = × = ×
2π (f ) 2 × ( 3.14 ) ( 26.8 ×10 )
2 2 2 2
12
y Hz
⇒ my = 31.73 × 10−27 kg = 19 × 1.67 × 10−27 kg = 19 a.m.u.
This is the atomic mass of F . Thus, correct answer is option (b)

Q21. Doppler effect can be used to measure the speed of blood through vessels. Sound of
frequency 1.0522 MHz is sent through the vessels along the direction of blood flow. The
reflected sound generates a beat signal of frequency 100 Hz. The speed of sound in blood
is 1545 m/sec. The speed of blood through the vessel, in m/sec, is
(a) 14.68 (b) 1.468 (c) 0.1468 (d) 0.01468
Ans.: (d)
Solution: Consider Vb , Vsound are velocities of blood cell and sound in blood. The sound of
frequency ( f0 ) is traveling towards blood cell where blood cell is moving away with
velocity Vb
f0
Vsound Vb
Frequency of sound observed on blood cell is
⎛V − Vb ⎞
f ′ = f 0 ⎜ sound (i)
⎝ Vsound ⎟⎠





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Sound from blood cell of frequency f ′ reflect back.
f′
observer Vb
⎛ Vsound ⎞
The frequency observed by observer is f = f ′ ⎜ (ii)
⎝ Vsound + Vb ⎟⎠
⎛V − Vb ⎞ ⎛ Vsound ⎞
From equation (i) and (ii), we get f = f 0 ⎜ sound
⎝ Vsound ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ Vsound + Vb ⎟⎠
⎛V − Vb ⎞
⇒ f = f 0 = ⎜ sound ⎟ (iii)
⎝ Vsound + Vb ⎠
⎛V − Vb ⎞ ⎛ 2Vb ⎞
Now, Δf = f 0 − f = f 0 − f 0 ⎜ sound ⎟ = f0 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ Vsound + Vb ⎠ ⎝ Vsound + Vb ⎠
2Vb Δf V + Vb 2 f 0 Vsound
⇒ = ⇒ sound = ⇒ Vb =
Vsound + Vb f0 Vb Δf ⎛ 2 f0 ⎞
⎜⎝ Δf − 1⎟⎠
Given Vsound = 1545 m / sec, f 0 = 1.0522 × 106 Hz , Δf = 100 Hz
1545 1545
∴Vb = = = 0.073 ⇒ Vb = 0.073 m / sec
⎛ 2 × 1.0522 × 106 ⎞ 21043
⎜⎝ − 1⎟
100 ⎠
Thus the best suitable answer is option (d).





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SECTION–B: MSQ
Q22. The following figure shows a double slit Fraunhofer diffraction pattern produced by two
slits, each of width a separated by a distance b, a < b .
Secondary maxima
Primary maxima
Which of the following statements are correct?
(a) Reducing a increases the separation between consecutive primary maxima
(b) Reducing a increases the separation between consecutive secondary maxima
(c) Reducing b increases the separation between consecutive primary maxima
(d) Reducing b increases the separation between consecutive secondary maxima
Ans.: (a) and (d)
Solution: The minima condition for double slit Fraunhofer diffraction is
nλ
a sin θ = nλ ⇒ sin θ = where a is the width of slit.
a
Reducing ‘ a ’ increases the separation between diffraction minima i.e. increases the
separation between consecutive primary maxima.
The condition of interference maxima is
mλ
b sin θ = mλ ⇒ sin θ = where b is the separation between slits.
b
The position of interference maxima gives the separation between secondary maxima.
Reducing ‘ b ’ increases the separation between consecutive secondary maxima.
The correct answer is option (a) and (d).





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Q23. Unpolarized light is incident on a calcite plate at an angle of incidence 50 o as shown in
the figure. Take n0 = 1.6584 and ne = 1.4864 for calcite. The angular separation
( in degrees) between the two emerging rays within the plate is
Air
50 0
Optic axis Calcite
Ans.: 3.51
Solution: Inside the crystal incident light split into two components, ordinary ray and extra-
ordinary ray
i = 500
sin i
According to Snell’s law =n
sin r
For ordinary ray i = 500 , no = 1.6584 ro
sin i ⎛ sin i ⎞ re
∴ sin ro = ⇒ ro = sin −1 ⎜
no ⎝ no ⎟⎠ e- ray
o- ray
⎡ sin 500 ⎤ −1 ⎡ 0.766 ⎤
⇒ ro = sin −1 ⎢ ⎥ = sin ⎢ ⎥ = sin −1 [ 0.462] ⇒ r0 = 27.510
⎣ no ⎦ ⎣ 1.6584 ⎦
For extra-ordinary ray i = 500 , ne = 1.4864
sin i ⎛ sin i ⎞
∴ sin re = ⇒ re = sin −1 ⎜
ne ⎝ ne ⎟⎠
⎡ sin 500 ⎤ −1 ⎡ 0.766 ⎤

⇒ re = sin −1 ⎢ ⎥ = sin ⎢ ⎥ = sin −1 [ 0.515] ⇒ re = 31.020
⎣ ne ⎦ ⎣ 1.4864 ⎦
Thus, the angular separation between the o - ray and e - ray is θ = re − ro = 3.510





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Q24. For the arrangement given in the following figure, the coherent light sources A, B and C
have individual intensities of 2 mW / m 2, 2 mW / m 2 and 5 mW / m 2 respectively at point P .

The wavelength of each of the sources is 600 nm . The resultant intensity at point P
P
(in mW / m 2 ) is ___________.
15 mm
A
3.22 mm
B 1m
2.04 mm
C
2
Ans.: 9.23 mw / m
p
Solution: The electric field on the screen is the sum of the fields
produced by the slits individually. y
A
E = E1 + E2 + E3
d D O
iδ iaδ
= A + Ae + Be B
ad
2πd C
where δ = sin θ
λ
The total intensity at θ is
I = EE * = 2 A2 + B 2 + 2 A2 cos δ + 2 AB ⎡⎣ cos ( aδ ) + cos (1 − a ) δ ⎤⎦
2π d 2π d 2π d y 3.22 × 10−3 15 × 10−3

where δ = sin θ ≅ θ= × = 2π × × = 505.7
λ λ λ D 6 ×10−7 1
δ = 145.80
given, A2 = 2 mw / m , B 2 = 5 mw / m 2 , d = 3.22 mm, ad = 2.04 mm, a = 0.6335 mm
∴ I = 2 × 2 × 10−3 + 5 × 10−3 + 2 × 2 × 10−3 cos (δ ) + 2 2 5 × 10−3 ⎡⎣cos aδ + cos (1 − a ) δ ⎤⎦
= 9.23 × 10−3 w / m 2
I = 9.23 mw / m 2





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IIT-JAM-2016
Q25. Consider a particle of mass m following a trajectory given by x = x0 cos ω1t and
y = y0 sin ω2t , where x0 , y0 , ω1 and ω2 are constants of appropriate dimensions. The force on
the particle is
(a) central only if ω1 = ω2 (b) central only if x0 = y0 and ω1 = ω2
(c) always central (d) central only if x0 = y0 and ω1 ≠ ω2

Ans.: (c)
x = − x0ω12 cos ω1t
Solution: y = − y0ω22 cos ω2t
G G
r = xiˆ + yiˆ ⇒ (
r = − y0ω22 cos ω2tiˆ + x0ω12 cos ω1tjˆ )
G
If ω1 = ω2 then ( G
r = − y0ω22 cos ω2tiˆ + x0ω12 cos ω1tjˆ = −ω 2 r )
Q26. Two sinusoidal signals of frequency ω x and ω y having same y

1
amplitude are applied to x - and y - channels of a cathode ray
oscilloscope (CRO), respectively. The following stationary figure
x
will be observed when −1 1
(a) ω y = ω x (b) phase difference is 0

−1
(c) ω y = 2ω x (d) phase difference is π / 2
Ans.: (b)
ωx number of cuts on y -axis 4
Solution: = = ⇒ ω x = 2ω y
ω y number of cuts on x-axis 2
and this lissajous figure appears when phase difference is 0 . Thus correct option is (b)





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Q27. Light traveling between two points takes a path for which
(a) time of flight is always minimum (b) distance is always minimum
(c) time of flight is extremum (d) distance is extremum
Ans.: (c)
Solution: According to Fermat’s principle, the ray will correspond to that path for which the time
taken is an extremum in comparison to nearby paths i.e. it is either a minimum or a
maximum or stationary. Thus correction option is (c).
Q28. A train passes through a station with a constant speed. A stationary observer at the station
platform measures the tone of the train whistle as 484 Hz when it approaches the station
and 442 Hz when it leaves the station. If the sound velocity in air is 330 m / s , then the
tone of the whistle and the speed of the rain are
(a) 462 Hz , 54 km / h (b) 463 Hz , 52 km / h
(c) 463 Hz , 56 km / h (d) 464 Hz , 52 km / h
Ans.: (a)
Solution: Let f o = original frequency of the whistle
f a = observed frequency when train approaches platform
f r = observed frequency when train recedes platform
vt = velocity of train
v = velocity of sound in air
⎛ v ⎞ ⎛ v ⎞
∴ fa = fo ⎜ ⎟ and f r = f o ⎜ ⎟
⎝ v − vt ⎠ ⎝ v + vt ⎠
f a v + vt ⎛ f + fr ⎞ 484 − 442
Now, = ⇒ vt = ⎜ a ⎟ v ⇒ vt = × 330 = 15 m / sec = 54 km / hr
f r v − vt ⎝ fa + fr ⎠ 484 + 442
f ( v − vt ) 330 − 15
and f o = a = × 484 = 462 Hz
v 330





fiziks

Q29. The minimum length of a plane mirror to see the entire full-length image of an object is
half of the object’s height. Suppose δ is the distance between eye and top of the head of
a person of height h . The person will be able to see his entire full-length image with a
mirror of height h / 2 fixed on the wall
(a) when the bottom edge of mirror is kept h / 2 above the floor
(b) when the bottom edge of mirror is kept ( h + δ ) / 2 above the floor
(c) when the bottom edge of mirror is kept ( h − δ ) / 2 above the floor
(d) when the centre of the mirror is at the same height as centre of the person
Ans.: (c)
H
Solution: Let BH = h is the height of person
H′
HE = δ , where H represents top of head and E represents eye. δ
δ /2
δ E′
In the mirror, distance between eye and top of head will be . E
2 h/2
h
h
Since total height of mirror is ,
2
h δ B′
therefore, for diagram B′E ′ = − and BE′ = h − δ
2 2
δ δ δ h δ h −δ B
∴ BH ′ = h − δ + and BB′ = BH ′ − B′H ′ = h − − = − =
2 2 2 2 2 2





fiziks

Q30. A particle travels in a medium along a horizontal linear path. The initial velocity of the
particle is v0 and the viscous force acting on it is proportional to its instantaneous
velocity. In the absence of any other forces, which one of the following figures correctly
represents the velocity of the particle as a function of time?
(a) (b)
v (t ) v (t )
t t
(c) v t (d)
() v (t )
t t
Ans.: (d)
Solution: Viscous force ∝ instantaneous velocity
mdv ( t ) dv ( t ) b
F = −bv ( t ) ⇒ = −bv ( t ) ⇒ = − dt
dt v (t ) m
Integrating on both sides

dv ( t ) b b
∫ v (t ) = −∫ dt ⇒ ln v ( t ) = − t + c
m m
where t = 0, v ( t ) = v0 ∴ c = ln v0
b ⎛ v (t ) ⎞ b v (t ) b
− t
⇒ ln v ( t ) = − t + ln v0 ⇒ ln ⎜ ⎟=− t⇒ =e m
m ⎝ v0 ⎠ m v0
Thus graph (d) correctly represent the variation of v ( t ) w.r.t. time.





fiziks

Q31. A lightly damped harmonic oscillator with natural frequency ω0 is driven by a periodic
force of frequency ω . The amplitude of oscillation is maximum when

(a) ω is slightly lower than ω0
(b) ω = ω0
(c) ω is slightly higher than ω0

(d) The force is in phase with the displacement
Ans.: (a)
Solution: Amplitude in driven oscillator is
F0 / m
A=
(ω − ω 2 ) + 4b 2ω 2
2 2
0
To find the condition for maximum amplitude, differentiate above equation w.r.t. ω and
dA
put =0
dω
dA ⎛ F0 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ 2 (ω0 − ω ) ( −2ω ) + 8b ω
2 2 2
i.e. = ⎜− ⎟ =0
d ω ⎜⎝ m ⎟⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎡ 2 1/ 2
(ω − ω ) + 4b ω ⎦⎥
⎣⎢ 0
2 2 2 2⎤
⇒ 2b 2 − ω02 + ω 2 = 0 ⇒ ω = ω02 − 2b2
Thus ω is slightly lower than ω0 . Correct option is (a).
Q32. A block of mass 0.38 kg is kept at rest on a frictionless surface and attached to a wall
with a spring of negligible mass. A bullet weighing 0.02 kg moving with a speed of
200 m / s hits the block at time t = 0 and gets stuck to it. The displacement of the block
(in metre) with respect to the equilibrium position is given by
(Spring constant = 640 N / m )

(a) 2sin 5t (b) cos10t (c) 0.4 cos 25t (d) 0.25sin 40t





fiziks

Ans.: (d)
k k 640
Solution: ω = = = = 1600
m m + m′ 0.38 + 0.02
ω = 40 rad/sec
Let v′ be the velocity acquired by the block m where bullet m strikes it and comes to
rest in it.
By conservation of momentum
m′ 0.02 0.02
( m + m′ ) v′ = m′v ⇒ v′ = v= × 200 = × 200 = 10 m / sec
m + m′ 0.38 + 0.02 0.4
The block is set in oscillation about it mean position with maximum amplitude A
dx
∴ x = A sin ωt ⇒ = Aω cos ωt
dt
In the mean position, the velocity is maximum
10 10
∴ Aω = 10 ⇒ A = = = 0.25
ω 40
∴ x = 0.25sin 40t
Q33. In the optical arrangement as shown below, the axes

of two polarizing sheets P and Q are oriented such detector
unpolarized
that no light is detected. Now when a third polarizing light
P Q
sheet ( R ) is placed in between P and Q , then light is
detected. Which of the following statement ( s ) is (are) true?
(a) Polarization axes of P and Q are perpendicular to each other.

(b) Polarization axis of R is not parallel to P
(c) Polarization axis of R is not parallel to Q
(d) Polarization axes of P and Q are parallel to each other.





fiziks

Ans.: (a), (b) and (c)
Solution: According to Malu’s law
I0 I0
I= cos 2 θ where θ is angle between pass axis of P and Q I
2
unpolarized
where I = 0 , ⇒ θ = 900 light
P Q
i.e. P and Q are perpendicular to each other. Thus option (a) is correct.
If third polarizer R is introduced between P and Q making angle θ1 w.r.t. pass axis of
P and 900 − θ1 w.r.t. θ .
I0
∴I = cos 2 θ1 cos 2 ( 90 − θ1 )
2
If θ1 = 0 , then I = 0 thus R can’t be parallel to P . Now, If θ1 = 900 , then again I = 0 .
Thus R can’t be parallel to θ also.

Thus options (a), (b) and (c) are correct.
Q34. When sunlight is focused on a paper using a bi-convex lens, it starts to burn in the
shortest time if the lens is kept 0.5 m above it. If the radius of curvature of the lens is
0.75 m then, the refractive index of the material is…………….
Ans.: 1.75
Solution: For bi-convex lens
R1
⎛1 1 ⎞ 1
( μ − 1) ⎜ − ⎟ = R2
⎝ R1 R2 ⎠ f 0.5m = f
1 1 1 1
( μ − 1) = ⋅ = = 0.75 ⇒ μ = 1.75
f ⎛ 1 1 ⎞ 0.5 ⎛ 1 + 1 ⎞
⎜ − ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 0.75 0.75 ⎠
⎝ R1 R2 ⎠






Oscillations, Waves and Optics

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fiziks

solution x(t) at critical damping is given by x(t ) = x0 (1 + ω 0 t ) exp(− ω 0 t ) , where x0 is a

the values of A and α (with n = 0, 1, 2, ….) are

= Ae −γ t ( −γ cos (ωt + α ) + sin (ωt + α ) ω )

Polaroid Quarter wave plate Photo - detector

Analyzer Orientation (Radians) Analyzer Orientation (Radians)

(a) Graph1: Linear Polarization Graph2: Circular Polarization, Graph3: Elliptic

Decay of amplitude is governed by equation, A = ae−γ t

Q. E x = E 0 sin (ωt + kz ) 2. Circularly Polarized

R. E x = E1 sin (ωt + kz ) 3. Unpolarized

respectively. The interference pattern on the screen is photographed at t = t 0 ; denote

(k1 − k 2 )z − (ω1 − ω 2 )t 0 by θ . For this pattern

(a) a bright fringe will be obtained for cos θ = −1

(c) a dark fringe will be obtained for cos θ = 1

are K X = 325 N / m and K Y = 446 N / m . The atomic masses of F, Cl and Br are

⇒ mx = 59.07 ×10−27 kg = 35.5 × 1.67 × 10−27 kg = 35.5 a.m.u.

This is the atomic mass of chlorine ( Cl ) .

⇒ my = 31.73 × 10−27 kg = 19 × 1.67 × 10−27 kg = 19 a.m.u.

This is the atomic mass of F . Thus, correct answer is option (b)

Given Vsound = 1545 m / sec, f 0 = 1.0522 × 106 Hz , Δf = 100 Hz

Thus the best suitable answer is option (d).

Optic axis Calcite

For extra-ordinary ray i = 500 , ne = 1.4864

⎡ sin 500 ⎤ −1 ⎡ 0.766 ⎤

have individual intensities of 2 mW / m 2, 2 mW / m 2 and 5 mW / m 2 respectively at point P .

2π d 2π d 2π d y 3.22 × 10−3 15 × 10−3

∴ I = 2 × 2 × 10−3 + 5 × 10−3 + 2 × 2 × 10−3 cos (δ ) + 2 2 5 × 10−3 ⎡⎣cos aδ + cos (1 − a ) δ ⎤⎦

(c) always central (d) central only if x0 = y0 and ω1 ≠ ω2

Q26. Two sinusoidal signals of frequency ω x and ω y having same y

(a) ω y = ω x (b) phase difference is 0

Integrating on both sides

Thus graph (d) correctly represent the variation of v ( t ) w.r.t. time.

force of frequency ω . The amplitude of oscillation is maximum when

(c) ω is slightly higher than ω0

⇒ 2b 2 − ω02 + ω 2 = 0 ⇒ ω = ω02 − 2b2

Thus ω is slightly lower than ω0 . Correct option is (a).

(Spring constant = 640 N / m )

Q33. In the optical arrangement as shown below, the axes

detected. Which of the following statement ( s ) is (are) true?

(a) Polarization axes of P and Q are perpendicular to each other.

P and 900 − θ1 w.r.t. θ .

Thus R can’t be parallel to θ also.

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