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• Tony Yu
– Research Beamline Scientist, Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, GSECARS
• Yanbin Wang
– Senior Scientist, University of Chicago, GSECARS
2
Purified Attapulgite Clay
Agglomerated Dispersed
3
Thixotropy
Flocculation behavior
De-flocculation Re-flocculation
Floc
Time…
Cement particle
Flow behavior
Viscosity
Time
4
Breakdown and recovery kinetics
Protocol γ
γ/τ τ
1
1 Shear rate control
Breakdown kinetics 2
τapp< τy
time
Breakdown and recovery kinetics
Recovery kinetics
Nanoclays accelerate thixotropic recovery
Protocol γ Factor of 10 (vs 2 for bentonite clay*)
γ/τ τ
Kawashima et al., Cem Concr Res, 2015
1 f (t) = A*[exp(-t / a )r ]
α, characteristic time
r, fitting parameter
Recovery kinetics
Paste w/nanoclay
α = 0.0341 s
r = 2.52
time
Time [s]
Shear stress/Pa
Time/s
Creep Recovery
Strain
Strain
Shear stress/Pa
Adhesive strength
Cohesion
Sample height << diameter – determine adhesive force from static yield stress using lubrication
approach:
•Assuming Herschel Bulkley fluid [Meeten, Rheol Acta, 2002 through Kaci et al. CCC 2013]
n
2p R3t 0 2p k æ 2n +1 ö R3 æ RV ö
n
Fmax = + ç ÷ ç ÷
3hm n + 3 è n ø hm è hm2 ø
Slipform paving
Conventional SF mix “Semi” flowable SCC mix
SCC formwork pressure
Height
Thixotropic material
Shotcrete
Hydrostatic
Lateral Pressure
•Role of clays …
– High flowability during cementing
– Rapid stiffening to resist gas penetration
Pipe
Cement
at 25C at 60C
0.3% clay 0.3% clay
0% clay 0% clay
Pressure cell
Upper rotor
Temp sensor
17
Phase evolution
18
Materials
Water/cement = 0.43
Nanoclay blended with the mixing water in a Waring blender and added to the
cement as a suspension.
19
Phase evolution
20
Experimental Setup
21
Pressure marker
Sample assembly
Cylindrical Capsule
Cell assembly
22
Sources of Uncertainty
A constant load of 11 tons was maintained for all samples. Average marker
readings indicated that the pressure of the sample was within 100 MPa for all
tests
23
Effect of Temperature – 60, 85C
at 60C at 85C
at 60C at 85C
• Ongoing work:
– Development of the experimental setup to achieve precise pressure control
within range of interest.
– Silica systems (e.g. replacement of cement with silica flour and fly ash) will be
explored to mitigate jaffeite formation.
30
Thank you! Questions
31
Table 1 – Chemical composition of Class A oil well cement
SiO2 , % 20.1
Al2O3 , % 4.5
Fe2O3 , % 4.9
SO3 , % 2.3
CaO , % 63
MgO , % 2.5
Na2O , % /
K2O , % /
Loss of Ignition , % 0.51
Total , % 97.3
C3S, % 60
C2A, % 4
C4AF + 2C3A, % 22
32
Shear rheological protocol
2
Preshear
1
Rest
time
33
Results
70 Plain 80 0 bar
0.3% nanoclay 70 300 bar
60
60
Yield stress (Pa)
34
Results
Plain (0 bar) Plain (300 bar)
0.3% nanoclay (0 bar) 0.3% nanoclay (300 bar)
250 1.2
0.8
150
0.6
100
0.4
50 0.2
0 0
0 50 100 150 200 250 0 50 100 150 200 250
Time (min) Time (min)
35